La presente investigación tiene por objetivo determinar de qué manera el estrés laboral se relaciona con la rotación del personal de la empresa Master Medic E.R.S. S.A.C., periodo 2021. La metodología aplicada en esta investigación es cuantitativa, ya que utiliza la recopilación de datos para probar hipótesis basadas en mediciones numéricas y análisis estadísticos para establecer patrones de comportamiento y probar teorías. Para el presente trabajo se utilizará un diseño de investigación no experimental. Específicamente será un diseño transeccional correlacional. Los resultados muestran que el P-valor es mayor a 0.05 que es necesario para rechazar la hipótesis nula, por lo tanto, se rechaza la hipótesis del investigador y se acepta la hipótesis nula, lo que significa que el estrés laboral no se relaciona significativamente con la rotación del personal de la empresa Master Medic E.R.S. S.A.C., periodo 2021, lo cual implica que en la empresa donde se aplicó la investigación no tiene estrategias para la reducción de los niveles de estrés de los trabajadores y los niveles de rotación del personal, por lo que se recomienda que la empresa implemente estrategias que mejoren estos aspectos y se conviertan en una investigación nueva a realizar a futuro. / The objective of this research is to determine how work stress is related to the turnover of the staff of the company Master Medic E.R.S. S.A.C., period 2021. The methodology applied in this research will be quantitative, since it uses data collection to test hypotheses based on numerical measurements and statistical analysis to establish behavior patterns and test theories. For the present work, a non-experimental research design will be used. Specifically, it will be a correlational transectional design. The results show that the P-value is greater than 0.05 which is necessary to reject the null hypothesis, therefore, the researcher's hypothesis is rejected and the null hypothesis is accepted, which means that work stress is not significantly related to staff turnover of the Master Medic E.R. S company S.A.C., 2021 period. This implies that the company where the research was applied does not have strategies to reduce the stress levels of the workers and the levels of staff turnover, so it is recommended that the company implement strategies that improve these aspects and become a new investigation to be carried out in the future. / Tesis

No description available.

Mental disorders are now the most common disorders for sick leave benefit and the second most common for long periods of sick leave. They are also the most common reason for receiving disability pensions. Long term work-stress or burnout is a prevalent cause of mental disorders and since it’s causes could be clinical or societal, there is a need to systematically address it from different perspectives. The aim of this thesis is to construct an overarching model that encompasses more than the medical side to help local authorities develop a mental health strategy for work-stress mental health illnesses. The work-stress mental health situation in Stockholm is addressed using a systems mapping approach to visualize the effect of future strategies of relevant institutions. Literature is reviewed to understand the national context of mental health in Sweden, identify relevant actors which affect work stress mental health and highlight their roles. This is then presented in a systems map through which the impact of policies can be shown across sub-systems. It is presented to several experts for validation which results in agreement on the accuracy and relevance of the model, identification of more sub-systems, actors that can be added to the model and the limitations of important actors such as occupational health centres and primary care. The exercise also entailed insights on how national and local level mental health policies could factor in the individuals’ resources and support employers with wellness and rehabilitation to counteract stress at workplace. / Psykiska störningar är nu de vanligaste sjukdomarna för sjukfrånvaro och de näst vanligaste under långa sjukperioder. De är också det vanligaste skälet för att få invaliditetspension. Långvarig arbetstress eller utbrändhet är en vanlig orsak till psykiska störningar och eftersom orsakerna kan vara kliniska eller samhälleliga finns det ett behov av att systematiskt ta itu med det ur olika perspektiv. Syftet med denna avhandling är att konstruera en övergripande modell som omfattar mer än den medicinska sidan för att hjälpa lokala myndigheter att utveckla en mentalhälsostrategi för psykiska sjukdomar i arbetet. Arbetsstressens mentalhälsosituation i Stockholm behandlas med hjälp av en systemkartläggningsmetod för att visualisera effekten av framtida strategier för relevanta institutioner. Litteraturen granskas för att förstå den nationella kontexten för psykisk hälsa i Sverige, identifiera relevanta aktörer som påverkar arbetsstress mental hälsa och belyser deras roller. Detta presenteras sedan i en systemkarta genom vilken effekterna av policyer kan visas över delsystemen. Det presenteras för flera experter för validering som resulterar i en överenskommelse om modellens noggrannhet och relevans, identifiering av fler delsystem, aktörer som kan läggas till modellen och begränsningarna för viktiga aktörer som arbetshälsocentraler och primärvård . Övningen innehöll också insikter om hur psykisk hälsopolitik på nationell och lokal nivå skulle kunna påverka individens resurser och stödja arbetsgivare med wellness och rehabilitering för att motverka stress på arbetsplatsen.

Change in any form can become painful if individuals are not equipped with the necessary coping mechanisms. The transformation in the educational arena over the last few years has resulted in increased stress levels for school principals. This study investigates the role and impact of a stress intervention programme, the Art of Living workshop, using controlled breathing techniques, on the functioning of primary school principals in the Phoenix Circuit, Durban. A combined quantitative and qualitative research approach employing structured questionnaires and semi-structured individual interviews was used to compare the principals’ stress levels before and after the stress intervention programme. The findings revealed that the intervention programme was successful in reducing principals’ stress levels. A lack of resources, increased workloads, learner discipline, educator attitudes, indifferent parents and resolving conflicts created stress for principals. Benefits of the Art of Living workshop included the ability to remain calm and relaxed; and improved sleep patterns, increased energy levels and improved human relation skills. / Educational Leadership and Management / MED (ED MNG)

The research revolves on the emergence of globalisation, change, competition, work pressure, and risks among others which have exposed insurance employees to work stress that can interfere with home activities. The research purpose was to determine the relationship between work stress, work-home interference, and organisational culture among insurance employees in the Zimbabwean context. The sample consisted of 240 participants, from which data was collected from 190 employees who responded to the questionnaires. The questionnaires were analysed using SPSS, internal consistency reliability analysis, and the inter-correlation analysis. The inferential statistics used were multiple linear regression and one way ANOVA. Substantial positive and negative correlations were noted for the six sub-scales of the Occupational roles questionnaire (ORQ), negative work-home interference (NWHI) and positive work-home interference (PWHI) scales, and the three sub-scales of the Organisational culture index (OCI). The research concluded that different measures should be taken to manage work stressors, depending on the organisational culture, and its employees to prevent spill-over which contributes to negative work-home interference. / Industrial & Organisational Psychology / M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)

本研究主要目的為探討實習諮商心理師的工作壓力、自我照顧重視知覺及自我照顧行為之間的關係。諮商心理師是個工作壓力特殊的行業，需要自我照顧來調節自己的工作壓力及維持專業服務的品質，而實習生是此工作的新手，對於其自我照顧狀態更需被關注。然而國外文獻中指出心理師有自我照顧不足的趨勢，在這樣的長期工作壓力及照顧不足的狀況下，容易令其陷入耗竭、同理疲乏等損傷的狀況。研究者認為若要增加諮商心理師的自我照顧能力或行為，在學習階段將自我照顧的概念或行為放入教育單位或實習單位的訓練中，讓實習諮商心理師知覺到其對自我照顧是重視的，應有助於諮商心理師執行自我照顧行為，此種知覺重視度的概念，稱為自我照顧重視知覺。然而國外的研究報告指出教育單位或實習單位並沒有積極提供自我照顧的相關課程或訓練，國內亦沒有探討實習諮商心理師知覺教育訓練單位對於自我照顧重視度的研究，且有關實習生的自我照顧研究亦不多，因此本研究欲探討此主題。研究者以問卷調查方式收集國內143位全職實習諮商心理師的資料，進一步以差異分析、相關分析及階層迴歸分析等統計方法來了解其現況及工作壓力、自我照顧重視知覺及自我照顧行為三者間的變項關係。 本研究結果指出:1.實習諮商心理師在實習期間有低程度的工作壓力，其中較高的是「專業角色壓力」以及「與督導有關的壓力」，而自我照顧重視知覺及自我照顧行為也皆為中等程度。2.實習於大專院校的實習諮商心理師，工作壓力顯著高於在高中/職及醫療院所實習的實習諮商心理師；另外大學畢業於心理相關科系及非相關科系的實習諮商心理師，其工作壓力顯著高於大學畢業於心理諮商本科系的實習諮商心理師。3.實習諮商心理師的工作壓力與自我照顧重視知覺之間達顯著低度負相關，工作壓力與自我照顧行為達顯著低度負相關，自我照顧重視知覺與自我照顧行為達顯著中度正相關。4.工作壓力在自我照顧重視知覺與自我照顧行為關係中具調節效果。研究者根據上述研究結果進行討論並對實務及未來研究提出建議。 / This study examined the relation between work-stress, perceptions of self-care emphasis, and self-care behavior among a convenience sample of 143 counseling psychology graduate students. Specifically, this study proposed that there would be a relation between graduate trainee’s perceptions of self-care emphasis and graduate trainee’s self-care behavior and that this relation would be modified by work-stress of the graduate trainee. A non-experimental designed examined the linear relations among the 3 variables, which were assessed by two measures modified by the authors (work-stress scale of陳俊任 (2012) and perceptions of self-care emphasis questionnaire of Goncher, Sherman, Barnett, & Haskins (2013)) and the self-care behavior scale of張吟慈 (2008). Results of this study showed that (1) graduate trainees had low level work-stress , moderate level perception of self-care emphasis , and moderate level self-care behaviors during internship , (2) The work-stress of graduate trainee intern in colleges is greater than in high school and in the hospital, and the work-stress of graduate trainees graduated from the department of non-psychology is greater than from the department of psychology , (3) there was a low level significant negative relation between work-stress and perceptions of self-care emphasis positive, a low level significant negative relation between work-stress and self-care behaviors, and a moderate level significant positive relation between perceptions of self-care emphasis and self-care behaviors, (4) The test for modification as outlined by Baron and Kenny (1986) demonstrated support by the survey data as perceptions of self-care emphasis was a positive predictor of self-care behaviors and that this relation was modified by work-stress. Implications for training programs are addressed, and recommendations for individual and systemic changes to promote a culture of self-care within graduate training in professional psychology are provided that should be helpful for promoting enhanced self-care behavior among psychology graduate students.

雖然Hans Selye曾經說過：壓力也是生活的調味料，大家也承認壓力亦像錢幣有兩面一樣具有「正面效應」：如，努力工作，但是迄今之研究者仍然一致強調工作壓力對警察的「負面效應」。樂觀者見到玫瑰的美，悲觀者卻只看到它的刺。由於壓力不可避免，所以與其咀咒黑暗，不如點燃蠟燭，化壓力阻力為成功助力。基於此一觀點，本研究之目的，在於找出警察人員工作壓力的「正面效應」和個人工作績效之間的關連，以提出增進工作壓力的「正面效應」之實務性建議，來預防工作壓力的「負面效應」和改善個人工作績效。 本研究以台北市政府警察局交通警察大隊為研究母體，包括有三個直屬分隊和配置十四個分局中的交通分隊。本研究採用自編之量化問卷做普測式之調查，共發出問卷882份，回收732份，有效份數包含三線一星大隊長、二位二線四星副大隊長等計有576份，總體有效比率為78.8﹪。問卷調查所得之資料，以SPSS for Windows 9.0套裝軟體進行統計分析和檢驗研究假設。 研究發現計有21項，其中： 一、工作壓力的「正面效應」之因素為工作特性和角色、家計和家人期望、生涯發展、組織氣氛等四項； 二、壓力調節因子的因素為個人對壓力的管理、組織對壓力的管理、個性堅毅程度等三項； 三、未婚（含離婚）、年資6-10年、一線三星等三項警察人員的工作壓力的「正面效應」的得分和個人工作績效的得分最低； 四、多變數分析發現，以組織對壓力的管理、個人對壓力的管理、組織氣氛、個性堅毅程度、和家中有需要我親自照顧的老人或孩童等五項為預測警察人員個人工作績效的顯著因素，五項因素共可解釋之變異量為31.0％，又以組織對壓力的管理是預測警察人員個人工作績效的最重要的因素； 五、較有工作壓力感受者，其工作壓力的「正面效應」比較低； 六、較有憂鬱及自殺傾向者，其個人工作績效比較低； 七、電腦雖已廣泛使用，基層員警的文書作業仍然過多； 八、基層員警對執法工作仍有熱忱，但有心無力。 根據研究發現，提出15項實務上、5項未來實證研究上的建議，供警察組織、警察單位主管、警察人員個人，以及未來研究者參考。 關鍵字：交通警察、工作壓力、正面效應、工作績效、壓力管理 / Hans Selye ever said that stress is the spice of life,although current researchers consistently emphasized its negative effects on police officers.Admittedly,work stress could result in positive effects such as working harder.From this point of view,the aim of this study is to find out the relationship between the positive effcets of work stress and individual job performance of Taipei City traffic police officers. The population of this study is the police officers in Taipei City Police Department,Traffic Division,including 3 direct affiliated teams＆14 traffic police squads of regional police districts.This study adopted a general survey,using a self-edited quantitative questionnaire.Of the 882 questionnaires sent out,732 were returned,among which 576 were valid,including the commander＆the 2 deputy commanders.The returning rate of valid questionnaires was 78.8﹪.The data were analyzed with SPSS for Windows 9.0 edition. This study has 21 items of findings.For example： 1. The four factors of the positive effcets of work stress were job characteristics and police role,household and expectations from family,career development,and organizational atmosphere. 2. The three factors of the moderators of the stress response were individual management of stress, organizational management of stress,and hardiness. 3. Married Status of Single（unmarried or divorced）,six to ten years of service,and street-level police officers got the least average score not only on the positive effcets of work stress item but also on individual job performance item. 4. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that organizational management of work stress,individual management of work stress, organizational atmosphere,hardiness,and taking care of the elderly and children were the significant influencing factors of individual job performance.These five factors could explain the 31.0﹪of the total variance.The factor of organizational management of work stress was the most important predictable one. 5. Those who perceived more work stress would get less scores on the positive effcets of work stress item. 6. Those who were liable to be in depressive mood or to commit suicide would get less scores on individual job performance item. 7. Street-level police officers still have to do excessive paperwork,although computers are widely used in their office. 8. Street-level police officers still have great enthusiasm about enforcement task,although they found that they could do little for it. Based on the findings in this study,15 pieces of advice about how to impove police， job performance were submitted to police policy-makers,police supervisors and police officers；besides,5 aspects of future study were noted so that researchers could take advantage of one or all of them. Key Words：Traffic Police Officer,Work Stress, Positive Effects, Job Performance,Stress Managemant

Change in any form can become painful if individuals are not equipped with the necessary coping mechanisms. The transformation in the educational arena over the last few years has resulted in increased stress levels for school principals. This study investigates the role and impact of a stress intervention programme, the Art of Living workshop, using controlled breathing techniques, on the functioning of primary school principals in the Phoenix Circuit, Durban. A combined quantitative and qualitative research approach employing structured questionnaires and semi-structured individual interviews was used to compare the principals’ stress levels before and after the stress intervention programme. The findings revealed that the intervention programme was successful in reducing principals’ stress levels. A lack of resources, increased workloads, learner discipline, educator attitudes, indifferent parents and resolving conflicts created stress for principals. Benefits of the Art of Living workshop included the ability to remain calm and relaxed; and improved sleep patterns, increased energy levels and improved human relation skills. / Educational Leadership and Management / MED (ED MNG)

L’injustice au travail engendre des émotions négatives chez les employés, ces émotions influencent les résultats du travail. Cette recherche vise à mettre en évidence cette perspective en utilisant deux approches théoriques alternatives de l’injustice au travail : La justice organisationnelle et le déséquilibre effort-récompense ainsi que leurs conséquences sur les deux différents échantillons. Basé sur une étude transversale, ce travail compare la justice organisationnelle et le déséquilibre effort-récompense en examinant les perceptions de l’injustice par les employés et leurs relations aux rendements au travail au Pakistan (N=583) et en France (N=241). En plus, nous examinons les effets modérateurs des valeurs humaines sur la relation entre l’injustice au travail et le rendement. Cependant, les résultats de l'analyse de la régression hiérarchique révèlent que les deux modèles théoriques de l’injustice (la justice organisationnelle et le déséquilibre effort-récompense) étaient positivement liés à l'épuisement lié au travail et à l'intention de départ, et négativement liés à l'engagement organisationnel, et au comportement au travail. Nous avons démontré que les valeurs humaines et la sensibilité à l’équité modèrent la relation entre l’injustice et les conséquences du stress dans les deux échantillons. Nous avons aussi abordé notre contribution à la littérature existante, les multiples implications managériales et les pistes de recherches. / Unfairness at work often causes in inducing negative emotions among employees that influence their work outcomes or strains. In this research, we seek to advance this perspective by using two alternative theoretical models of unfairness at work: organizational (in)justice and effort-reward imbalance and its consequences on two different samples of employees. Based on cross-sectional two different samples this study offered a comparison between organizational (in)justice and effort-reward imbalance in examining employees' unfair perceptions and their relationships to work outcomes in Pakistan (N=583) and in France (N=241).Further, this research examined the moderating effects of personal human values and equity sensitivity between the relationships of unfairness at work and outcomes. However, results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that both theoretical models of unfairness (organizational (in)justice and effort-reward imbalance) were positively related to job-burnout, turnover intention whereas negatively related to organizational commitment, employees’ performance, and employees in role behavior. We also found that personal human values and equity sensitivity moderated the relationship between unfairness and stress outcomes in both samples. Contribution towards the existing literature, managerial implications, and future research direction was also discussed.

This research was conducted from the perspective of a positive human behaviour paradigm in the context of human resource management. It investigated the interrelationships between work stress, work engagement and service delivery of academics in a changing distance-learning environment in Zimbabwe, for which there is a paucity of research. A descriptive, cross-sectional survey design was applied to a sample of 83 academics at the largest distance-learning university, against the background of their ever-changing roles. A sample of 101 students was also included, so that the students provided balanced data for analysis regarding their perception of service delivery by academics. Confirmatory and exploratory analysis revealed a four-construct measurement model for work stress, a three-construct measurement model for work engagement and a four-construct measurement model for service delivery. Correlational analysis and structural equation modelling revealed some significant relationships between these constructs. Tests for significant differences among different groups of academics and students based on socio-demographic variables were revealed and showed some interesting differences among these variables. The t-test did not reveal significant differences in service delivery perceptions between the academics and the students on the dimensions of responsiveness and assurance. The study makes a valuable contribution to the organisational behaviour literature in terms of how work stress and work engagement influence academics’ service delivery in a distance-learning university. On a theoretical level, the study did well to expand on available literature on the constructs of work stress, work engagement and service delivery provided by higher education distance-learning universities. The statistical techniques that were utilised expanded previous empirical studies by studying the interrelationship dynamics andoverall relationship dynamics between work stress, work engagement and service delivery provided by distance-learning universities. On a practical level, this study should bring new knowledge to managers at distance- learning universities by improving their understanding of how academics are affected by increasing, new job demands, which in turn increase their workload. Distance- learning universities thus should adapt their people management practices accordingly. Provision of adequate resources at both individual and organisational levels should be prioritised in order to minimise work stress and improve work engagement, and subsequently service delivery. / Hierdie navorsing is vanuit die perspektief van ’n positiewe menslike-gedragsparadigma in die konteks van menslikehulpbronbestuur uitgevoer. Dit het die onderlinge verhoudings tussen werkstres, werksbetrokkenheid en dienslewering van akademici in ’n veranderende afstandsleeromgewing in Zimbabwe, waaroor daar ’n gebrek aan navorsing is, ondersoek. ’n Beskrywende, deursnee-ondersoekontwerp is op ’n steekproef van 83 akademici by die grootste afstandsleeruniversiteit, teen die agtergrond van hulle voortdurend veranderende rolle, gedoen. ’n Steekproef van 101 studente is ook ingesluit sodat die studente gebalanseerde data vir ontleding rakende hulle persepsie van dienslewering deur die akademici kon verskaf. Bevestigende en verkenningsontleding het ’n vierkonstruk-metingsmodel vir werkstres, ’n driekonstruk-metingsmodel vir werksbetrokkenheid en ’n vierkonstruk-metingsmodel vir dienslewering aangetoon. Korrrelasie-ontleding en strukturele vergelykingsmodellering het betekenisvolle verhoudings tussen hierdie konstrukte uitgewys. Toetse vir beduidende verskille tussen die verskillende groepe akademici en studente, gegrond op sosio-demografiese veranderlikes, het interessante verskille tussen hierdie veranderlikes aangetoon. Die t-toets het nie beduidende verskille ten opsigte van diensleweringspersepsies tussen die akademici en die studente oor die dimensies van gevoeligheid en gerusstelling aangetoon nie. Die studie het ’n waardevolle bydra gelewer tot die literatuur oor organisatoriese gedrag en oor hoe werkstres en werksbetrokkenheid akademici se dienslewering by ’n afstandsleeruniversiteit kan beïnvloed. Op ’n teoretiese vlak het die studie ’n goeie viii bydra gelewer tot die beskikbare literatuur wat betref die konsepte van werkstres, werksbetrokkenheid en dienslewering wat deur hoëronderwys-afstandsleeruniversiteite verskaf word. Die statistiese tegnieke wat gebruik is, het voortgebou op vorige empiriese studies deur die onderlingeverhoudingsdinamika en algehele verhoudingsdinamika tussen werkstres, werksbetrokkenheid en dienslewering wat deur afstandsleeruniversiteite verskaf word, te bestudeer. Op ’n praktiese vlak behoort hierdie studie nuwe kennis verskaf aan bestuurders by afstandsleeruniversiteite deur hulle begrip te verbeter van hoe akademici deur toenemende, nuwe eise by die werk, wat op hulle beurt hul werkslading verhoog, beïnvloed word. Afstandsleeruniversiteite moet dus hulle mensebestuurspraktyke ooreenkomstig aanpas. Om voorsiening te maak vir voldoende hulpbronne op individuele sowel as organisatoriese vlakke, moet prioriteit daaraan gegee word om werkstres te verminder en werksbetrokkendheid, en uiteindelik dienslewering, te verbeter. / Lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ngokohlelo lomqondo wokuziphatha kahle komuntu, lokhu kwenzeka ngaphansi kohlelo lwezokuphathwa kwabasebenzi. Ucwaningo luye lwaphenya izinhlelo zobudlelwano obuphakathi kwengcindezi yomsebenzi, ukusebenza ngokuzikhandla kanye nokuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezifundiswa mayelana nesimo esiguqukayo sohlelo lokufunda ukude eZimbabwe, naphezu kokwentuleka kocwaningo. Idizayini yesaveyi echazayo naleyo yohlobo lwe-cross-sectionalzasetshenziswa kusampuli yezifundiswa ezingama-83 yezifundiswa enyuvesi enkulu yohlelo lokufunda ukude, phakathi kwezindima zenyuvesi ezihlala ziguquka njalo. Kuye kwafakwa isampuli yabafundi aba 101, ukuze abafundi banikeza uhlaziyo lwedatha elingene mayelana nomqondo wezokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza wezifundiswa. Izinhlelo zokuhlaziya eziqinisekisayo kanye nalezo ezihlolayo ziye zaveza imodeli elinganisayo yokwakha embaxa-zinne, okuyimodeli yokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza. Izinhlelo zokuhlaziya, phecelezi (correlation analysis) kanye nohlelo lokumodeli, phecelezi, (i-structural equation) ziye zaveza ubudlelwano obusemqoka obuphakathi kwalezi zakhiwo. Kuye kwavezwa izinhlelo zokuhlola ezahlukahlukene hlangana namaqembu ahlukahlukene ezifundiswa nabafundi, lokhu kususelwe phezu kwezimpawu zedemogilafi yezenhlalakahle yabantu, kanti lokhu kukhombise umehluko ohehayo hlangana nalezo zimpawu. Uhlelo lokuhlola, phecelezi i( t-test) aluzange luveze izimpawu ezehlukile ezimayelana nemiqondo yokuhlinzekwa ngezinsiza phakathi kwezifundiswa kanye nabafundi mayelana nemikhakha yendlela yokuphendula kanye nokuqinisekisa. Ucwaningo lwenze umsebenzi omkhulu omuhle mayelana nombhalo wokuziphatha kwenhlangano, mayelana nokuthi ingcindezi yomsebenzi kanye nokusebenza ngokuzikhandla kunomthintela muni phezu kokuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi kuzifundiswa enyuvesi yohlelo lokufunda ukude. Ngokwesigaba esiphathekayo, lolu cwaningo kufanele lulethe ulwazi olusha kubaphathi emanyuvesi ohlelo lokufunda ukude ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwabo mayelana nokuthi izifundiswa zithinteka kanjani ngokwengeza, izidingo ezintsha zomsebenzi, eziphinde zingeze umthwalo womsebenzi. Wazo. Ngalokho-ke, amanyuvesi ohlelo lokufunda ukude, kufanele ajwayele izingqubo zawo zokuphathwa kwabantu ngendlela efanele. Ukuhlinzekwa ngemithombo eyanele ezigabeni ezimbili, somuntu ngamunye nesigaba senhlangano kufanele kuqalwe ngakho ukuze kuncishiswe ingcindezi yomsebenzi kanye nokuthuthukisa indlela yokusebenza ngokuzikhandla, kanye nangokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza. / Business Management / D. Com. (Business Management)