Com o objetivo de explorar outras formas de aproximar a história dos trabalhadores, essa dissertação tem por escopo analisar um conjunto de 724 fotografias acerca da rotina da Chicago and North Western Railway e entender as formas possíveis de um discurso fotográfico acerca do trabalho e dos trabalhadores das estradas de ferro. Essas fotografias foram produzidas pelo fotógrafo Jack Delano sob a direção de Roy Emerson Stryker que, à época, encontrava-se na direção da divisão de fotografia do Office of War Information. Mais precisamente, as imagens fazem parte da trajetória do que ficou mais conhecido como Historical Section do Farm Security Administration, um grupo de fotógrafos conhecidos por retratar a situação do mundo rural após a Grande Depressão. Por conta disso, como modo de se aproximar às fotografias para analisá-las, foi preciso realizar uma reflexão acerca de seus elementos constitutivos, a saber: a história dos ferroviários, da divisão de fotografia e o problema de encarar a fotografia como um documento histórico. Feito isso, caracterizam-se as fotografias como vestígio em que as trajetórias de fotógrafo e da divisão, premidos por pressões políticas internas à estrutura estatal estadunidense, e as dos ferroviários marcadas por várias tensões entre patrões e trabalhadores se cruzavam. Com isso em vista, partiu-se para uma análise por meio de banco de dados para compreender como esse discurso estava constituído nas imagens. A partir de uma análise quantitativa somada a uma aproximação detida das narrativas fotográficas presentes na coleção de fotografias, percebeu-se que ela se apoiou em um discurso de harmonia entre trabalhadores e companhia ferroviária em favor de uma visão de equilíbrio social e que se adequasse às expectativas liberais em relação ao esforço de guerra. Mesmo com imagens que poderiam trazer ruídos para essa visão, a força de certa mitografia que entendia o trabalho como fonte da ordem social apontava, de fato, para um discurso de dominação em que a lógica capitalista aparece imposta sobre os trabalhadores por meio do discurso fotográfico. / Having as an objective to explore other ways to approach the workers history, this dissertation has as scope analyze a collection of 724 photographs on the routine of the Chicago and North Western Railway and understand the contents of a photographic discourse about railroad work and labor. These photographs were produced by photographer Jack Delano under direction of Roy Emerson Stryker, the head of the Office of War Informations Division of Photography. More precisely, the pictures are part of what is mostly known as the Farm Security Administrations Historical Section, group of photographers acknowledged for picturing the situation of the rural America after the effect of the Great Depression. For that matter, as means to establish an analytic procedure, it was necessary to reflect on the photographs constitutive elements, as: the history of railroad workers, the history of the division of photography and the question of understand photography as a historical record. As a result, the photographs were characterized as vestiges in which the trajectories of the photographer and the division, pressed by the politics inside the American state, and the trajectories of the railroad companies and workers, marked by various tensions, met. With this in view, it was established an analysis of the photographs through a database so it could be understood how the discourse was constituted in these pictures. From a quantitative analysis coupled with a detained approach to the photographic narratives found in the photographic collection, it was understood that the pictures relied on a discourse of harmony between workers and the railway in favor of a vision of social balance that suited the liberals expectations towards the war effort. Even though some images have the potency to challenge such view, the power of the mythography that understood labor as a source of social order pointed, in fact, to a discourse of domination in which the logic of capital was imposed on workers by means of photographic discourse.

O partido nazista no Brasil (1928-1938) estava inserido em uma rede de filiais deste partido instaladas em 83 países do mundo e comandadas pela Organização do Partido Nazista no Exterior, cuja sede era em Berlim. O grupo instalado no Brasil teve a maior célula fora da Alemanha com 2900 integrantes sendo estruturado de acordo com regras e diretrizes do modelo organizacional do III Reich. A realidade brasileira interveio nesse processo causando o que chamamos de tropicalização do nazismo. A história do desenvolvimento da ação do partido no Brasil será analisada nos 17 estados brasileiros onde estava presente, tendo como contexto histórico a complexidade das relações Brasil e Alemanha durante o período da Era Vargas, a relação com o integralismo e eventuais conflitos raciais com a população brasileira e com judeus imigrados. Ênfase será dada ao papel do chefe do partido nazista no Brasil, Hans Henning von Cossel, considerado como Führer tupiniquim, tendo como fonte entrevistas com seus familiares. Contém extenso material iconográfico de documentos de época. / The Nazi party in Brazil (1928-1938) was inserted in a branch net spread in 83 countries around the world and headed by the Nazi Party Foreign Organization, whose seat was settled in Berlin. The group installed in Brazil had the major cell outside Germany with 2900 members and was structured according to the III Reich organizational model rules and policies. The Brazilian reality interfered in this process causing what is called the tropicalization of the Nazism. The history of the party actions development in Brazil will be analyzed in the 17 Brazilian states where it had a spot, having as a historical context the complexity of the Germany-Brazil connection during the Vargas Age, the relationship with the Integralism and the occasional racial conflicts with the Brazilian people and the immigrated Jews. Special attention will be given to the role of the Nazi party commander in Brazil, Hans Henning von Cossel who was considered as the native Führer, using interviews with his relatives as wellspring. The thesis contains a vast iconographic material of the period documents.

A II Guerra Mundial foi um conflito de proporções únicas, deixando remanescentes materiais e imateriais em todos os países envolvidos. No Brasil, sua herança se apresenta principalmente através da participação da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB). Apesar de conquistar vitórias importantes contra um regime ditatorial, o grupo foi desfeito antes mesmo do retorno ao Brasil, o que levou os combatentes do heroísmo ao esquecimento rapidamente. A exclusão e a desvalorização que sofreram por parte do governo e do Exército causaram trauma e ressentimento nos veteranos, que hoje temem que a falta de apoio e interesse levem sua história ao completo esquecimento. Este trabalho tem como objetivos entender qual o impacto desta desvalorização no que se sabe sobre a FEB atualmente e identificar o que o público em geral da cidade de São Paulo e, mais especificamente, os professores de história da rede pública, conhecem sobre o grupo. Visa ainda apresentar casos em que o Turismo Cultural, através do patrimônio histórico, tenha sido utilizado como instrumento de reconstrução da memória de grupos desvalorizados, cujos modelos possam ser aplicados aos remanescentes da FEB. Para isso, foram feitos estudos documentais, entrevistas quantitativas com o público em geral e qualitativas com os professores de história. Através das pesquisas e entrevistas realizadas, foi concluído que os professores de história não têm conhecimento aprofundado sobre a FEB e, consequentemente, o assunto é reproduzido superficialmente aos alunos em sala de aula, o que justifica o fato de a maior parte do público em geral não conhecer o grupo. Observou-se que a omissão de sua história, de seus feitos e de suas tradições pelos detentores de poder, numa tentativa de manter o regime ditatorial vigente e a estrutura do Exército, fizeram com que o grupo passasse a ser historicamente invisível. Ao estudar casos em que o Turismo Cultural foi utilizado como instrumento para reconstrução da memória de grupos desvalorizados, conclui-se que as mesmas estratégias podem ser utilizadas para a reconstrução da memória da FEB / The World War II was a conflict of exceptional dimension, leaving tangible and intangible cultural heritage in every country involved. In Brazil, its heritage presents itself especially through the participation of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB). Despite achieving important victories against a dictatorial regime, the group was broken up even before their return to Brazil, which led the combatants from the heroism to the oblivion quickly. The exclusion and the devaluation that they suffered from the government and from the Brazilian Army caused trauma and resentment to the war veterans, who nowadays fear that the lack of support and interest will sink their history into oblivion. This academic paper has the objective of understanding the impact of this devaluation regarding what we know about the FEB today and to identify what the general public and History teachers of public schools located in the city of Sao Paulo know about the group. In addition to that, this paper aims to present some cases in which the Cultural Tourism, through the historical heritage, has been utilized as an instrument of reconstruction of the memory of diminished groups and which examples could be applied to the heritage of the FEB. To that end, documental studies and interviews were made, including qualitative research with applied to History teachers and quantitative research applied to the general public. Through the data from those studies and researches, it was concluded that most of the population of Sao Paulo does not know about the FEB, and that result can be justified by the lack of approach on the subject from the formal education system, since History teachers have a superficial knowledge about the topic and the presence of the FEB history in the textbooks is very limited, according to the History teachers interview. From these results, it was perceived that the omission of the FEBs history, achievements and tradition, by the political forces, in an attempt to maintain the current dictatorship and the Army structure of power, led the historical invisibility of the group. However, studying cases in which the Cultural Tourism was used as an instrument of reconstruction of memory of diminished groups, such as the Holocaust Memorial and the Memorial of Resistance of Sao Paulo, it was concluded that the same strategies could be utilized to the reconstruction of the memory of the FEB

India’s North-West Frontier was the one area where the British Raj could suffer a knockout blow from either external Russian invasion or internal revolt. Frontier defence was amongst the greatest burdens during India’s inter-War financial austerity. Despite the RAF’s operational and financial efficacy in 1920s Iraq, air control was never implemented on the Frontier and air power’s potential was never fully exploited. Instead, aircraft were employed to enhance the Army’s traditional battlefield capabilities, resulting in efficient tactical co-ordination during the 1930s Waziristan campaign - the RAF’s most operationally-active pre-War theatre. To address why air power was constrained on the Frontier, the Thesis examines the inter-War relationship between the Armies of India and the RAF and its impact on the development and application of RAF doctrine. It concludes that the conservatively-natured Indian Armies were slow to recognise the conceptual shift required to fully exploit air power. This entrenchment was reinforced by inter-Service rivalry and the threat of aircraft replacing land forces with a concomitant loss of political standing. The enduring high-level internecine conflict resulted in the squandering of both resources and the opportunity to test independent, ‘strategic’ air power theory prior to WWII. Its legacy impacted on Army-RAF relations into WWII.

This thesis offers a comparative analysis of British wartime civilian internment policies, focusing on three key case studies: the South African War (1899-1902), the First World War and the Second World War. It seeks to determine the place of the ‗concentration camps‘ of the South African War within the history of internment and the extent to which world war internment episodes were shaped by both historical and contemporary experiences. It suggests that reactions to internment, at both state and popular levels, are revealing about Britain‘s self-image in relation to civil rights, justice and the treatment of minorities. In particular, the thesis argues that gender ideologies were highly significant in determining the development of internment policies, playing a central role in shaping popular images of the enemy and underpinning official assumptions about the treatment of women by the state. The debates and discussions which emerged around internment policy also provide insight into the ways in which the experience of war can accentuate the exclusion of minorities and the reinforcement of racial stereotypes. The thesis examines the ways in which racialized and gendered discourses converged during each conflict to create particular understandings of the enemy, which in turn had a discernible impact on the development of internment policies.

This thesis is a study and analysis of Nazi propaganda, specifically focusing on the medium of film. Throughout Hitler’s Third Reich, propaganda played a vital role in maintaining popular support for the party platform in addition to fueling the convictions of the Nazi elite. There are three main divisions to this study. First, an overview of the structure and organization of Nazi Germany and particularly The Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda will be given, followed by an exploration of the origins and evolution of anti-Semitism in the Third Reich. Last, two Nazi anti-Semitic propaganda films will be analyzed to exemplify the whole of Nazi propaganda. Specifically, an emphasis will be made that these films played a significant role in solidifying and sustaining the mentalities and actions desired by the Nazi regime. Consequently, these films can be correlated to historical events which occurred before and after 1940.

The historiography of women in Nazi Germany attests to the various roles of women in the Third Reich. Although politically invisible, women were deeply involved in the Nazi regime, whether they supported the Party or not. During Nazi racial schemes, men formed and executed Nazi racial programs, but women participated in Nazi racism as students, nurses, and violent perpetrators. Early studies of German women during World War II focused on the lack of Nazi mobilization of women into the wartime labor force, but many women already held positions in the labor force before the war. Nazi mistreatment of lower-class working women and the violence against their own people, as well as Allied terror bombing and mass rape, proved the Nazis inept at protecting German women. The historiography of women in Nazi Germany is complex and controversial but proves the importance of women in the male dominated regime.

The purpose of this study is to seek knowledge of how eugenics justified extreme racial policy, territorial expansion, committing unprecedented crimes against humanity; and to understand why and how eighty million human beings yielded to totalitarianism and racial murder. Further, by examining Nazi science and policies, through the lens of concentration/extermination camps at Dachau and Auschwitz, we sought to understand the linkage between scientific racism, Nazi ideology and genocide. Critiquing Germany’s failure to exercise sound science and morality in its occupation, subjugation, and depopulation during WW II, this paper will argue Nazi Germany’s evolution to systematized, industrial mass murder of Untermenschen (or “subhumans”) ‘justified’ their territorial expansion, and the elimination of whole populations based on the concept of an inferior class war. Consequently, my research indicates apathy and greed, ignorance and intolerance will inevitably pull society into the abyss of perdition, thus services humanity as a grave warning to remember the fallacy of racial intolerance.

Book Summary:Anlässlich seines 70. Geburtstags widmen rund 90 namhafte Schüler, Kollegen und Weggefährten aus Wissenschaft und Praxis dem Jubilar Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Peter Hommelhoff diese Festschrift zu seinen Ehren. Ihre zahlreichen Beiträge sind so vielseitig wie die Interessen des Jubilars, der mit seinem Wirken das deutsche und europäische Gesellschafts- und Bilanzrecht geprägt hat. Sie befassen sich u.a. mit aktuellen Fragestellungen aus: Aktienrecht, GmbHRecht, Konzernrecht, Corporate Governance, Rechnungslegung und europäischem Gesellschaftsrecht.

Excerpt: Towards the end of Ethan and Joel Coen's Academy-Award winning No Country for Old Men (2007), Carla Jean Moss's life depends on the toss of a coin. Heads or tails will decide whether she lives or dies.