Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como proposta trabalhar com cinema e o ensino de história: com o cinema e suas possibilidades pedagógicas para o ensino de história, frente a turmas de ensino médio. Mais especificamente com títulos comerciais e de apelo juvenil; filmes na maior parte conhecidos e apreciados pelo nosso público alvo. Trata-se, na verdade, de proposição ativa que visa a minimização de um gap pedagógico entre o mundo escolar e o mundo juvenil; entre o espaço educacional institucional e o espaço extra escolar. A ideia não é a de selecionar películas que abordem temas/períodos históricos e empregá-las como complemento, ilustração, fornecimento de ambientação temática e imagética. Isso já é feito, há algum tempo (e consiste em procedimento altamente válido, aliás). Não obstante, o que propomos são provocações interpretativas, com suporte analítico histórico, para filmes de apelo juvenil. Nesse sentido, a película Meu namorado é um zumbi (Warm bodies, EUA, Jonathan Levine, 2013) é tomada como estudo de referência/exemplo. Por intermédio de um approach analítico que leva em conta texto, contexto e as especificidades da linguagem cinematográfica, estabelecemos três possibilidades para o emprego pedagógico dessa obra. Uma relativa aos vínculos explícitos com a obra Shakespeariana (Romeu e Julieta), outra sobre o tema subjacente de uma saga humanizante e, finalmente, sobre possibilidades metafóricas que possam indicar a problematização de temas contemporâneos (marginalização social, multiculturalismo, imigração, etc.). Por fim, com a elaboração de um guia pedagógico para o trabalho com filmes comerciais de apelo juvenil, indicamos a viabilidade (e os procedimentos básicos) de emprego semelhante para outras tantas obras com potencial educativo. / [en] This text proposes to work with cinema and history s study. We focus on the pedagogical possibilities of the cinema to improve the study of History. Our propose has as its target the public of our schools: the classes of the three years of the medium teaching. We intend to demonstrate the pedagogical possibilities of commercial films produced for the youth. Those films are made, consumed and appreciated by a large public. We bet those productions can be worked with classical topics of history discipline. That could be a positive proposition in order to minimize a pedagogical gap between a school and a non-school world; between a formal educational space and an amusement space. We do not want to select and use films that approaches historical themes or historical periods as an illustration, complement or to show some ambiance of an era. This has been done (and well done) for some time. Nonetheless, we propose provocatives interpretations for films of youth appeal. In this sense, the film Warm bodies (USA, Jonathan Levine, 2013) is taken as reference/example. Through an analytical approach that takes into account text, context and the specificities of cinematographic language, we establish three links for the pedagogical use of the film. The first one is related to the explicit connection with the Shakespearean work (Romeo and Juliet). The second one, deal with the theme of a humanizing saga, and finally on metaphorical possibilities that could indicate the problematization of contemporary issues (social marginalization, multiculturalism, immigration etc.). Finally, with the elaboration of a pedagogical guide for the work with commercial films of youth appeal, we indicate the viability (and basic procedures) of similar employment for other works with similar educational potential.

Esta Tese discute questões da construção historiográfica da história do cinema. A história do cinema compôs um conjunto de obras que, normalmente, toma como ponto de partida obras cinematográficas, e não aspectos considerados extra texto, como a economia ou a recepção. Esse trabalho tenta, através do uso do conceito de modo de produção, unir em um aparato conceitual questões estéticas e econômicas. Para tanto, refaz uma parte do percurso historiográfico sobre o cinema brasileiro dos anos cinqüenta e tenta discutir fundamentalmente dois aspectos: o primeiro que o cinema pode ser entendido por meio do conceito de modo de produção; e o segundo reside na descrição de dois exemplos, em linhas gerais, de modos de produção que coexistem na mencionada década. Por fim, destaca que o conjunto de filmes da chanchada produzido na Atlântida pode ser caracterizado como um modo de produção que se opunha de várias maneiras ao recém surgido modo de produção, representado pelo filme Rio 40 Graus. / This thesis discusses the historiography of Film History. Film History has produced a set of material that, generally, takes as starting point the films themselves and do not consider extra text material, such as the economy and the reception of the film. This work attempts, through the concept of mode of production, bridge under a conceptual apparatus matching up aesthetic and economic matters. In doing so, the work critically looks at the fifties Brazilian Film History and makes basically two propositions: one is that Cinema may be understood through the conception of mode of production; the second consists of the description of two examples, in general terms, of modes of production coexistent in the decade. Finally, it highlights that the set of chanchada films, produced by Atlantida, may be characterized as a mode of production that is in many ways opposed to the more recent modes of production represented by the film Rio 40 Graus.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise étudie le traitement de l’espace dans les films Badlands (1973) et Days of Heaven (1978), du cinéaste américain Terrence Malick. Je m’intéresse dans un premier temps à montrer comment le traitement spatial de ces œuvres se démarque des conventions cinématographiques classiques en développant autour de la multitude de procédés et stratégies mis en œuvre par Malick pour rendre sensible et réflexif l’espace - sonore et visuel – des deux films, lequel est conçu pour être littéralement «habité» par les personnages mais également par les spectateurs. J’observe ensuite les implications (esthétiques, narratives, iconologiques, philosophiques, poétiques, etc.) de ce traitement singulier de l’espace filmique en montrant comment le cinéaste parvient à créer différents types de sensations et construire son discours par et à travers l’espace de ses œuvres. Le mémoire porte une attention particulière à la notion de «paysage filmique» et se structure en trois chapitres, lesquels étudient respectivement l’espace chez Malick en termes de «sensations» (sensibilité de l’espace, «mise en vue» du paysage au sein des deux films), de «relations» (relations entre les différents espaces et relations entre les personnages et l’espace) et de «mémoire» (densité «iconologique» du paysage). Aussi, j’aborde d’autres questions importantes au cours du projet et je reviens à plusieurs endroits sur la dimension «poétique» du cinéma de Malick et sur la «réflexivité spatiale» de ses films (réflexivité et aspect «attractionnel» du paysage, réflexivité de la voix-off, réflexivité de l’organisation et de la structure spatiales du récit, réflexivité du «tissage spectral»). Enfin, il est question de montrer au fil du mémoire que Malick parvient à édifier avec le cinéma, et par là avec l’espace et le paysage, un véritable espace de pensée qui «déborde» du cadre filmique. / This Master’s thesis studies the treatment of space in Terrence Malick’s films Badlands (1973) and Days of Heaven (1978). First I apply myself to show how the treatment of space in these films distinguishes itself from classical cinematographic conventions, developing on the multitude of strategies used by Malick to make space (both visual and sound) sensitive and reflexive in the two films. Space here is created to be literally «inhabited» by the characters as well as the spectators. I then observe and comment on the implications (esthetical, narrative, iconological, philosophical, poetical, etc.) of this peculiar treatment of film space by showing how the filmmaker creates different types of sensations and constructs his discourse with and through space of his films. The thesis pays special attention to the concept of «film landscape» and structures itself in three chapters, which respectively study space in Malick’s work in terms of «sensation» (space sensitivity, «mise en vue» of the landscape in both films studied), of «relationship» (relationships between the different spaces and relationships between characters and space), and of «memory» («iconological» density of the landscape). In the project I also touch other important questions, coming back several times on the «poetical» dimension of Malick’s cinema and on the «space reflexivity» of his films (reflexivity and «attractional» aspect of the landscape, reflexivity of the voice-over, reflexivity of the organization and space structure of the story, iconological reflexivity). Finally, throughout the thesis I try to show that through filmmaking, and therefore through space and landscape, Malick creates a true space of thoughts that goes «beyond» his films. / Pour respecter les droits d’auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels et audio‐visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.

El cinema comercial independent de baix pressupost elaborat amb els elements industrials i artístics del sector cinematogràfic del propi país és viable, sostenible i exportable. Aquest ha sigut el cas d’El Lute, Crimen en familia i altres pel•lícules que Cunillés ha produït. Estudiar els mecanismes de finançament, fabricació i venda d’aquest tipus de producció ens permetrà extrapolar-ho, generalitzar-ho i explicar-ho als actuals i futurs decisors audiovisuals. En el cas de Cunillés, el trobem gestionant sales cinematogràfiques, distribuint o coproduint pel•lícules, o implicant-se en operacions corporatives per millorar les condicions del sector. Ha calgut introduir el context històric, sota l’etiqueta de “cinema de transició”, estudiar la persona i els orígens temàtics per acabar construint un mètode que el propi productor ha abandonat per dedicar-se únicament a l’explotació dels seus drets audiovisuals. Altres productors continuen emprant aquest model amb èxit, però els paràmetres han canviat i Cunillés no vol tornar a navegar. / Commercial, independent low-budget filmmaking produced with industrial and artistic elements of the film sector in one’s own country is viable, sustainable and exportable. It’s the case of El Lute, Crimen en familia and other films that Cunillés has produced. Studying the financing, manufacturing and sales of this kind of production will allow us to extrapolate, generalize and explain it to current and future film decision-makers. Cunillés can be found managing cinemas, distributing or producing films, or getting involved in corporative operations to improve the sector’s conditions. It’s been necessary to introduce the historical context under the label “transition filmmaking”, and study the person and his thematic origins in order to devise a method that the producer himself has abandoned to work solely on the exploitation of film rights. Other producers still use this method successfully, but the parameters have changed and Cunillés doesn’t want to navigate again.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3175.pdf: 627963 bytes, checksum: 31240cff1bc45d6d50647b6c9576befd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This paper studies the Brazilian cinematography corporation political joint between 1999 and 2003. Starting from fiscal renounce model crisis in the national film production, wherein the dialog narrowing between filmmakers and the State led to the creation of the National Cinema Agency (Ancine), which generated the cinematographic group split concerning the agency link in the federal organization chart. In this context, I analyze the problems showed by the filmmakers to the sector sustainability and the possible solutions for this, including its limitations inside the scenario involving the cinematographic corporation, the State, the foreign distribution companies and national broadcasting companies. To do this research, it was used books, articles, internet site information, congress documents, federal legislation and interviews to set up the Brazilian cinema political joint development and its problems to execute the sector demands oriented to the sustainability. / Esta dissertação versa sobre a articulação política da corporação cinematográfica brasileira no período de 1999 a 2003. Partindo da crise do modelo de renúncia fiscal no incentivo da produção cinematográfica brasileira, em que o estreitamento do diálogo entre cineastas e o Estado desdobrou-se na criação da Agência Nacional de Cinema (Ancine), a qual ocasiona a divisão do meio cinematográfico no que diz respeito às aspirações de modelos de atuação da agência junto ao Estado. Neste contexto, analisam-se as dificuldades apresentadas pelos cineastas no caminho da autossustentabilidade do setor e as possíveis soluções para isto, inclusive suas limitações dentro do cenário envolvendo o meio cinematográfico, o Estado, as distribuidoras estrangeiras e as empresas radiodifusoras. Para realizar esta pesquisa foram utilizados livros, artigos, informações de sites da internet, documentos de congressos, legislação federal e entrevistas para configurar os desdobramentos da articulação política do cinema brasileiro e as dificuldades em concretizar as demandas do setor rumo à sustentabilidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3236.pdf: 10667295 bytes, checksum: 4577e702fe0c4a20dd47793beb779bec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02 / The motion picture cameras have changed through the years. However, they have kept their main design which has not changed during this period. One of the goals of this text is to understand how that design was created, and also the changes it has suffered without losing its essence. Besides that, this text aims to understand how different cameras connected with the Brazilian cinema production in the fifties and sixties. A change on camera s use is noticeable in that period in Brazil. There is a change in appreciation from the more traditional cameras linked to the studio system to the European cameras developed in the thirties and forties, which were lighter and more portable. This issue coincides with a specific characteristic in Brazilian cinema at that time, when people started to believe in the independent cinema production as an answer to the studio system, which was the main thought until then. In order to show this entire context, it has been chosen the Vera Cruz and Cinema Novo, their movies and shootings, to confront and connect them to camera models and their relation to the mode of production / As câmeras cinematográficas passaram por mudanças ao longo dos anos. Porém, manteve um design que se perpetuou durante este período. Um dos objetivos do presente trabalho é entender como este design foi criado, e as variações pelas quais ele passou, sem perder a sua essência. Em paralelo a isso, entender como estas diferentes câmeras travaram relação com a produção do cinema brasileiro dos anos 1950 e 1960. É nesta época que se observa no país uma troca de postura em relação às câmeras. Passa-se de uma valorização das câmeras mais tradicionais, ligadas ao sistema de estúdio, à valorização das câmeras européias criadas no anos 1930 e 1940, que eram mais leves e portáteis. Isso coincide com um momento específico do cinema brasileiro, aquele em que se passa a crer numa solução de cinema independente como resposta ao cinema de estúdio, que era o pensamento majoritário até então. Para ilustrar todo este contexto, escolhemos a Vera Cruz e o Cinema Novo, seus filmes e filmagens, para relacioná-los e confrontá-los em relação aos tipos de câmeras e sua relação ao modo de produção.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-28T14:33:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDVMB.pdf: 2728788 bytes, checksum: eafaa9a80b790125f509cdcd84f1ddd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T17:53:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDVMB.pdf: 2728788 bytes, checksum: eafaa9a80b790125f509cdcd84f1ddd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T17:53:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDVMB.pdf: 2728788 bytes, checksum: eafaa9a80b790125f509cdcd84f1ddd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T17:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDVMB.pdf: 2728788 bytes, checksum: eafaa9a80b790125f509cdcd84f1ddd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-17 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / This work presents the results of a survey on narrative features found on contemporary Venezuelan documentary, specifically, the feature and medium length (over 30 minutes) films released in Venezuelan theaters between 2005 and 2013. We go through the work of several film critics who have written about Venezuelan documentary from the 1960s to the 1990s. In the critical review of this framework, we distinguished paradigmatic moments of documentary activity in the country, which unfold in particular forms and practices of representation. These paradigms, practices and forms dialogue with our contemporary corpus and allow us to identify three sets of films: one of leftist and militant documentaries; another, of works revolving a nationalist-populist paradigm; and finally, one we call of "ideological diversity", which moves away from the representation of Venezuelan working classes and the popular culture. The thesis describes ideological, aesthetic, narrative and thematic peculiarities of these three groups of films, and produces a film analysis of three titles, each of them belonging to one of these groups. / Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as características narrativas do documentário venezuelano contemporâneo, especificamente, dos filmes em longa e média metragem lançados em salas de cinema venezuelanas entre 2005 e 2013. Partimos da obra de vários críticos que escreveram sobre o documentário venezuelano das décadas de 1960 a 1990. Na revisão crítica deste referencial, distinguimos momentos paradigmáticos da atividade documentária no país os quais se desdobram em práticas de representação e formas de representação particulares. Estes paradigmas, práticas e formas de representação dialogam com nosso corpus contemporâneo e nos levam a identificar três grupos de filmes nele: um conjunto de documentários de corte político-militante de esquerda; um conjunto de obras em torno de um paradigma nacionalista-populista e um terceiro conjunto que chamamos de “diversificação ideológica”, que representa o distanciamento da representação das classes populares e da cultura popular da Venezuela. O trabalho descreve particularidades ideológicas, narrativas, temáticas e estéticas destes três grupos de filmes, e faz uma análise fílmica de três obras pertencentes a cada um deles.

Esta Tese discute questões da construção historiográfica da história do cinema. A história do cinema compôs um conjunto de obras que, normalmente, toma como ponto de partida obras cinematográficas, e não aspectos considerados extra texto, como a economia ou a recepção. Esse trabalho tenta, através do uso do conceito de modo de produção, unir em um aparato conceitual questões estéticas e econômicas. Para tanto, refaz uma parte do percurso historiográfico sobre o cinema brasileiro dos anos cinqüenta e tenta discutir fundamentalmente dois aspectos: o primeiro que o cinema pode ser entendido por meio do conceito de modo de produção; e o segundo reside na descrição de dois exemplos, em linhas gerais, de modos de produção que coexistem na mencionada década. Por fim, destaca que o conjunto de filmes da chanchada produzido na Atlântida pode ser caracterizado como um modo de produção que se opunha de várias maneiras ao recém surgido modo de produção, representado pelo filme Rio 40 Graus. / This thesis discusses the historiography of Film History. Film History has produced a set of material that, generally, takes as starting point the films themselves and do not consider extra text material, such as the economy and the reception of the film. This work attempts, through the concept of mode of production, bridge under a conceptual apparatus matching up aesthetic and economic matters. In doing so, the work critically looks at the fifties Brazilian Film History and makes basically two propositions: one is that Cinema may be understood through the conception of mode of production; the second consists of the description of two examples, in general terms, of modes of production coexistent in the decade. Finally, it highlights that the set of chanchada films, produced by Atlantida, may be characterized as a mode of production that is in many ways opposed to the more recent modes of production represented by the film Rio 40 Graus.