Ces travaux s'appuient sur un contexte de santé lié à la dégradation de la qualité de l'air intérieur induite par la présence de micro-organismes. Dans les environnements intérieurs humides, les matériaux de construction sont des cibles de contamination et de prolifération microbienne importantes. La photocatalyse est un procédé de dépollution qui présente une action contre une large gamme de polluants organiques (aqueux, gazeux ou biologiques). Son principe repose sur l'excitation d'un photocatalyseur par une irradiation lumineuse, généralement située dans les UV, qui va permettre de dégrader les polluants environnants par une succession de réactions d'oxydo-réduction. Le photocatalyseur le plus courant est le dioxyde de titane (TiO2). Outre la production d'espèces oxydo-réductrices agressives, le TiO2 illuminé présente également un caractère super-hydrophile qui lui confère un caractère autonettoyant intéressant. Une autre solution est envisagée pour lutter contre la prolifération microbienne sur matériaux de construction : l'utilisation de molécule bio-sourcées d'ester de glycérol aux propriétés naturellement antimicrobienne. L'objectif de cette étude est de développer des revêtements pour matériaux de construction intérieurs et d'étudier leur propriété de résistance à la prolifération microbienne et les modes d'action de ces dispositifs passifs formulés soit à base de particules de TiO2, soit à base d'ester de gycérol. Dans un premier temps, un travail de développement et de mise en œuvre de dispositifs expérimentaux a été nécessaire afin d'adapter des méthodes d'évaluation microbiologiques sur ces matériaux particuliers (particules, lasures, matériaux cimentaires). Ainsi, plusieurs essais ont été adaptés afin d'évaluer les performances antimicrobiennes en terme (i) d'activité antibactérienne, (ii) d'effet bactéricide, (iii) de résistance à la formation de biofilm et (iv) de résistance à la prolifération par contamination " naturelle ". Les premiers essais visent à mettre en évidence l'impact des facteurs méthodologiques sur l'activité antibactérienne des particules de TiO2 utilisées seules comme agent désinfectant. Dans un deuxième temps, des lasures photocatalytiques sont formulées sur la base de travaux antérieurs ayant montrés de bonnes efficacités de dépollution de l'air contre les NOx, NO et différents COV. Une fois les paramètres d'influence de l'activité du TiO2 mis en exergue, les lasures ont été testées dans des conditions optimales. Le développement d'un essai de résistance à la prolifération de biofilm montre l'importance de coupler différentes méthodes d'évaluation microbiologique (dénombrement des UFC et observation au microscope à épifluorescence). La dernière partie de cette étude explore le potentiel antimicrobien de la molécule d'ester de glycérol, sous-produit de la synthèse de biocarburant. La molécule montre des propriétés antibactériennes et bactéricides puissantes en quelques minutes de contact seulement. Elle présente également une protection très efficace contre la prolifération microbienne une fois recouverte sur matériaux de construction (placo-plâtre). Ces performances remarquables encouragent la poursuite des études sur cette molécule. / This work is included in a health-related context: the degradation of the indoor air quality induced by the presence of microorganisms. In damp environments, indoor building materials are among the main proliferation substrates for microorganisms. Photocatalysis is a decontamination process which is active against a wide range of organic pollutants (aqueous, gaseous or biological). The principle is based on the excitation of a photocatalyst by light irradiation, usually located in the UV-range, which leads to the degradation or mineralization of surrounding pollutants through a series of oxidative reactions. The most common photocatalyst is titanium dioxide (TiO2). In addition to produce aggressive redox species, the illuminated TiO2 also shows super-hydrophilicity, which has an impact on the first step of microbial biofilm formation: the adhesion of microorganisms. Another technology to protect indoor building materials is explored: the use of glycerol esters, which are bio-based molecules with inherent antimicrobial properties. The main objective of this study is to develop semi-transparent coatings for indoor building materials and to study the resistance to microbial growth conferred by these passive devices, which are formulated using TiO2 nanoparticles or glycerol esters. Initially, the development and implementation of experimental devices has been necessary to adapt microbiological evaluation methods to these particular materials (nanoparticles, surface coatings, cementitious materials). Thus, several tests have been carried out in order to assess the antimicrobial performances in terms of (i) antibacterial activity, (ii) bactericidal effect, (iii) resistance to biofilm formation and (iv) resistance to proliferation by "natural" contamination. First tests aimed to underline the influence of methodological parameters on the efficiency of TiO2 particles used alone as antimicrobial agent. Then, semi-transparent coatings were formulated on the basis of previous works which have shown good efficiencies on the depollution of ambient air from NOx, NO and VOC. Once the parameters that influence TiO2 activity were identified, coatings were tested in optimum conditions. The evaluation of the resistance to biofilm formation shows the importance of overlapping different microbiological evaluation methods (e.g. CFU counting and epifluorescence observations). The last part was an exploratory work on the antimicrobial properties of a glycerol ester molecule, by-product from the synthesis of biofuels. The molecule shows potent antibacterial and bactericidal properties, several log of inactivation within only few minutes of contact. It also provides very effective protection against microbial growth once covered on building materials (plasterboard). These remarkable performances encourage further studies on this molecule.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-03T15:33:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cristiane.pdf: 9154051 bytes, checksum: aa1fa030f760c514e3fc02dbacb83066 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Fatima Cleômenis Botelho Maria (botelho@ufba.br) on 2014-10-03T15:55:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cristiane.pdf: 9154051 bytes, checksum: aa1fa030f760c514e3fc02dbacb83066 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-03T15:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Cristiane.pdf: 9154051 bytes, checksum: aa1fa030f760c514e3fc02dbacb83066 (MD5) / Hidrogênio obtido a partir de água é uma atrativa fonte de energia, visto que pode ser produzido por fontes renováveis e inesgotáveis, e é não poluente. Atualmente, a principal forma de produção de hidrogênio é através da reforma catalítica de gás natural; porém, um novo processo baseado na fotólise da água com auxílio de semicondutores fotocatalíticos é considerado uma alternativa promissora. Diversos materiais já foram testados e outros desenvolvidos com o intuito de aumentar a atividade fotocatalítica na decomposição da água, dentre estes estão o niobato e o tantalato de bismuto (BiNbO4 e BiTaO4), fotocatalíticamente ativos quando irradiados com luz ultravioleta. No entanto, é possível que modificações químicas e nas dimensões de partículas resultem em melhor atividade. O método citrato de precursores poliméricos foi empregado para preparar BiTaO4 e BiNbO4 com a determinação da temperatura ideal de polimerização empregando técnicas termoanalitícas, e um estudo exploratório da temperatura mínima de calcinação foi realizado para obtenção da fase pura desejada, confirmada por difratometria de raios X. A fim de ativar os semicondutores com radiação visível foi realizada a dopagem desses semicondutores com íons de metais de transição, Cr(III) e Mo(V), com concentrações que variaram de 1 – 4% (mol/mol), e um estudo de como as energias de band gap sofreram modificações. Foi observado que a atividade fotocatalítica dos óxidos dopados com molibdênio ou cromo, nas condições avaliadas, é fortemente influenciada pelos teores dos metais e a amostra que apresentou melhor atividade fotocatalítica na geração de hidrogênio foi BiTaO4 dopado com Cr(III) a 2%. Os resultados desse trabalho podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de sistemas fotoquímicos eficientes empregados na produção fotocatalítica de hidrogênio, utilizando matérias- primas abundantes, renováveis e ambientalmente amigáveis, como água e luz solar. / Hydrogen obtained from water is an attractive energy source, since it can be produced by renewable and inexhaustible primary source, besides it is not pollutant. Nowadays, the principal form of hydrogen production is through catalytic reform of natural gas; although, a new process based on water splitting, with the support of photocatalytic semiconductors, is considered a promising alternative. Many materials have already been tested and developed with the intention of increasing the photocatalytic activity for water splitting, in which are present bismuth niobates and tantalates (BiNbO4 e BiTaO4), photocatalyticly active under UV light irradiation. However, it is possible that chemical modifications and modifications in particle dimensions result in better activity. The citrate method of polymeric precursors was used to prepare BiTaO4 e BiNbO4 with the determination of the ideal temperature of polymerization using thermoanalytical techniques, and an exploratory study of the minimal temperature of calcination was used to obtain a pure desired phase, confirmed by X rays diffractometry. In order to activate the semiconductors with visible radiation, a doping of these semiconductors with ions of transition metals, Cr(III) and Mo(V), with concentrations that ranged from 1 – 4% (mol/mol), and a study of how the band gap energies suffered modifications. The results suggest that the type and the concentration of metal doping exercise great influence on the crystalline structure and morphology of the oxides. While Cr(III) favors a beta phase (triclinic), Mo(V) favors an alpha phase (orthorhombic). Also, the presence of Cr(III) induces the formation of materials with more homogeneous morphologies and size of particles smaller than the obtained in presence of Mo(V). It was observed that a photocatalytic activity of the doped oxides with Molybdenum or Chromium, in the evaluated conditions, is strongly influenced by the metal concentrations and the sample that presented the best photocatalytic activity in hydrogen generation was BiTaO4 doped with Cr(III) at 2%. The experimental ratio H2/CO2, in this case, is much higher than the theoretical, suggesting that the isopropyl alcohol is not completely mineralized. The results of this work can contribute for the development of efficient photochemical systems applied in the photocatalytic production of hydrogen, using raw material in abundance, renewable and environmentally friendly like water and solar light.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-21T15:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado Paula Lopes.pdf: 3114896 bytes, checksum: 64c14138aec1c0f19b0f9445d7a07625 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2014-10-29T17:29:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado Paula Lopes.pdf: 3114896 bytes, checksum: 64c14138aec1c0f19b0f9445d7a07625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-29T17:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado Paula Lopes.pdf: 3114896 bytes, checksum: 64c14138aec1c0f19b0f9445d7a07625 (MD5) / Energia e Ambiente ocupam posições de destaque dentre os grandes desafios da hu manidade e a produção de hidrogênio a partir da reforma foto - induzida de solução aquosa de glicerol é uma investigação de grande interesse científico e importância para a sociedade e o meio ambiente , pelo fato de gerar energia limpa a partir de fontes reno váveis e com baixo custo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho propõe desenvolver semicondutores do tipo sulfetos metálicos e soluções sólidas do tipo Cd (1 - x) Zn x S capazes de absorver luz visível e assim conduzir a reação de decomposição da água e glicerol le vando à produção de hidrogênio assistida por um simulador de luz solar . Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um método sonoquímico de síntese de nanopartículas dos sulfetos com diferentes proporções Cd:Zn:S nas soluções de partida. As análises de difração de raios X confirmaram a obtenção das fases dos sulfetos puros e soluções sólidas. As micrografias obtidas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelam diferentes morfologias a depender do teor de zinco nas soluções sólidas e a formação de nanoesferas de CdS pu ro em fase hexagonal. Os materiais ainda foram caracterizados por EDX, DRS e análise textural por adsorção de N 2 . A avaliação da atividade fotocatalítica na produção de hidrogênio revelou que todas as amostras contendo Cd em sua composição foram ativas, co m exceção da amostra S 8 ( Cd:S 1:8). O fotocatalisador que apresentou melhor atividade foi a solução sólida obtida com a proporção 1:8:4 (Cd:Zn:S), com uma taxa de produção de hidrogênio de 239  mol g - 1 h - 1 . Os resultados demonstraram que a introdução de zinco na matriz wurtzita de CdS aumenta a atividade fotocatalítica e a estab ilidade do fotocatalisador em me io aquoso. / Energy and Environment are ones of the great challenges of humanity and the production of hydrogen from photo - induced reforming of glycerol aqueous solution is an investigation of great scientific interest and importan t fo r the society and the environment . This process can generate clean e nergy from renewable sources with low cost. In this sense, the present work proposes to develop semiconductor s, metal sulfide type and solid solutions type, Cd (1 - x) Zn x S , able to absorb vis ible light and decompos e water and glycerol leading to hydrogen production assisted by a simulator sunlight. Thus , it was developed a sonochemical method to synthesi ze semiconductor nanopar ticles with different Cd:Zn:S ratios in starting solutions. X - ray d iffraction analysi s confirmed the formation of pure sulfides and solid solutions phase s . The micrographs obtained by scanning electron microscopy reveal different morphologies depending on the zinc content in the solid solutions and the formation of CdS na no - spheres in hexagonal pure phase. The material s w ere also ch aracterized by EDX, DRS and textural analysi s by N 2 adsorption . The assessment of photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production showed that all samples containing Cd were active with respect to hydrogen production , exception S 8 sample ( Cd:S 1:8). The photocatalyst that showed the best activity was the solid solution obtained with the ratio 1:8:4 (Cd:Zn:S), with a hydrogen production rate of 239 μmol g - 1 h - 1 . The results demonstrated that the int roduction of zinc in CdS wurtzite matrix increases the photocatalyt ic activity and stability of the photocatalyst in aqueous medium

Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes tout d’abord intéressés à l’influence du traitement de la mésophase hybride sous ammoniac et des conditions de cristallisation sur les propriétés d’oxydes de titane mésoporeux. Le protocole de synthèse de ces matériaux a été mis au point auparavant au laboratoire à l’aide d’une méthode combinant le mécanisme transcriptif à partir des cristaux liquides du copolymère bloc P123 et la méthode EISA. Une cristallisation sous atmosphère oxydante, augmente le degré de cristallinité et favorise une croissance des particules d’anatase. En conséquence, la photodégradation du méthylorange, utilisé comme molécule modèle est augmentée. Lorsque la cristallisation est réalisée sous azote pur, l’anatase n’est pas favorisée et la photoactivité est alors gouvernée par la surface spécifique des matériaux. Nous avons également montré qu’au cours de la synthèse, l’interaction de NH3 avec le titane amorphe promeut la formation de la structure rutile de TiO2 et défavorise par conséquent la cristallisation sous forme anatase. Par conséquent lorsque le traitement sous ammoniac de la mésophase hybride est prolongé ou lorsqu’ il est réalisé à pression élevée, l’activité photocatalytique des oxydes de titane, obtenus après cristallisation du TiO2 amorphe sous air synthétique, diminue. L’introduction d’un second niveau de mésoporisité permet d’accroitre l’efficacité des photocatalyseurs, car la diffusion et l’accès aux sites actifs des molécules de colorant sont améliorés. Les matériaux à double mésoporisité présentent une activité photocatalytique deux fois et demie supérieure à celle des oxydes de titane mésoporeux monomodaux. Des catalyseurs pour l’hydrodésulfuration des gazoles ont également étés conçus en dispersant la phase active MoS2 à la surface des oxydes de titane mésoporeux mono- et bimodaux. Le dibenzothiophène (DBT) et le 4,6-diméthylbenzodiophène (46DMDBT) ont été utilisées comme molécules modèles. Contrairement au catalyseur conventionnel MoS2/Al2O3, pour lequel l’hydrodésulfuration se produite selon la voie hydrogénante, grâce à la présence de sites acides de Brönsted, les catalyseurs supportés sur TiO2 mésoporeux favorisent la désulfurisation directe du 46DMDBT. Pour terminer, la méthode de synthèse mise au point pour TiO2 a été transposée à l’oxyde de zirconium. Toutefois, dans ce cas seul un arrangement vermiforme des canaux est obtenu. Ce phénomène est probablement lié à la présence du propanol contenu dans la source du précurseur inorganique. L’incorporation d’étain au sein des zircones mésoporeuses a également été réalisée et nous avons mis en évidence que cet élément est favorable à la cristallisation de ZrO2 / In this work, we have first investigated the effect of both the crystallization conditions and of the hybrid mesophase treatment under ammonia atmosphere on the properties of mesoporous TiO2, for which the preparation was developed previously via a method combining Liquid Crystal Templating (LCT) and EISA mechanisms, using P123 as template. The photocatalysis efficiency of the materials crystallized under oxidizing conditions increases with the calcination temperature thanks to the enhancement of crystallinity and the growth of anatase particles. By contrast, when the crystallization is performed under pure nitrogen the anatase is not favored and the photocatalytic activity is governed by the materials’ specific surface area. We have also shown that during the mesoporous TiO2 synthesis, interactions between ammonia and amorphous titania promote the formation of rutile, which is a drawback for the transformation of amorphous titania into anatase. Consequently, when the treatment under ammonia is prolonged or when it is performed at high NH3 pressure, the activity of the photocatalysts recovered after crystallization under synthetic air decreases. The introduction of a second mesoporosity level enhances the degradation rate. In that case the diffusion and the accessibility of the dye molecules to the active sites are favored. Catalysts for gazole hydrodesulfurization have also been designed by dispersing the active MoS2 phase onto the surface of the mono and dual mesoporous titania. The obtained catalysts have been tested for the hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (46DMDBT), used as model molecules. We highlight that thanks to the intrinsic Brönsted acidity, the CoMoS/mesoporous TiO2 catalysts favor the direct desulfurization route of 46DMDBT, in contrary to the conventional CoMoS/alumina catalyst. The synthesis procedure developed for mesoporous TiO2 has also been adapted for the preparation of mesoporous ZrO2. However, only mesoporous materials with a wormhole-like structure have been obtained. This phenomenon is likely due to the presence of propanol contained in the source of the inorganic precursor. We have also incorporated tin into the zirconia framework. The presence of thin favors the crystallization of ZrO2

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / First principles calculations within the density functional theory have been used to study the main structural, energetic, electronic, and optical properties of hydrogenated Si and Ge in the 2D structures (silicane and germanane). The calculations of the energetic stability were performed using the GGA-PBE approximation for the exchange-correlation functional. To a better description of the electronic properties, the HSE06 functional was used. We obtain that silicane and germanane are semiconductors com energy band gap of 2.94 eV (indirect, where the VBM is localized in the Γ point while the CBM is localized in the M point) and 1.61 eV (direct, both VBM and CBM are localized in the Γ point), respectively. The analysis of optical properties shows that germanane has a direct and smaller band gap being superior to silicane for fotocatalysis using solar energy. However, considering the production of H2 and O2 from the water splitting both materials are suitable only to the water reduction. The chemical functionalization through the substitution of a H atom by a N, P, S, Li, Na, K, Mg and Ca atom do not change the geometric structure of silicane and germanane. The calculated binding energies show that N, P and S adsorbed on a H site have greater binding energies (greater stability) when compared to alkaline metals (Li, Na, and K) and alkaline earth metals (Ca and Mg). The results show that the chemical functionalization give rise to new electronic levels inside the band gap, which is decreased when compared to the pristine system. Compared to the GGA-PBE functional, the use of HSE06 gives great values for the band gap as well as for the work function. A trend between the binding energies and the work functions is observed, the greater the binding energy the greater the work function. We also considered the chemical doping when a boron or a nitrogen substitutes a Si or Ge atoms. We have observed that when a B substitutes a SiH (GeH) unit, the systems preserve the semiconductor properties with a localized and empty electronic level inside the band gap. The adsorption of a H atom on the B site decreases the formation energies and the systems present metallic (for high concentrations of B) or p-type semiconductor (for low concentrations of B) properties. When a second H atom is adsorbed on the B atom the systems are more stable (lower formation energies) and semiconductors properties are observed. For N substituting a SiH (GeH) unit the semiconductor properties are preserved, however the band gap decreases and for silicane the band gap changes from indirect (pristine system) to direct (both VBM and CBM are localized in the Γ point). When a H atom is adsorbed on the N atom the systems present metallic (for high concentration of N) or n-type semiconductor properties (for low concentration of N). When a second H atom is adsorbed on the N impurity the systems present semiconductor properties, but localized electronic levels are present in the band gap. The analysis of the charge density and the electronic density of states shows that these localized levels come from Si (Ge) atoms with dangling bonds. The adsorption of H atoms on the dangling bonds stabilize the systems, which present negatives values for the formation energies (the systems are exothermic). These results show that the hydrogenated Si and Ge in the 2D structures are excellent candidates to be used in many applications, such as, fotocatalysis and electronic devices. / ΓUtilizando cálculos de primeiros princípios dentro da Teoria do Funcional da Densidade realizamos um estudo das principais propriedades estruturais, energéticas, eletrônicas e óticas dos sistemas hidrogenados formados por silício (Si) e germânio (Ge) na estrutura 2D (silicano e germanano). Os cálculos da parte energética foram realizados usando a aproximação GGA-PBE para descrever a energia de troca e correlação. Para uma melhor descrição da estrutura eletrônica usamos o funcional HSE06. Obtivemos que o silicano e o germanano são semicondutores com valores de gap de energia de 2,94 eV (indireto, onde o topo da banda de valência é localizado no ponto Γ e o fundo da banda de condução é localizado no ponto M) e 1,61 eV (direto, onde o topo da banda de valência e o fundo da banda de condução são localizados no ponto Γ). A análise das propriedades óticas mostra que o germanano é superior ao silicano para aplicações na fotocatálise utilizando a luz solar. Isto ocorre devido ao fato de que o germanano apresenta um espectro de absorção ótica na região da luz visível e um gap de energia direto. Entretanto, para a produção de H2 e de O2 a partir da quebra da molécula de H2O, ambos os materiais são somente bons candidatos para a reação de redução da água. Considerando a funcionalização química através da substituição de um átomo de H por um átomo de N, P, S, Li, Na, K, Mg e Ca, temos que a presença destes átomos não resulta em qualquer distorção na geometria do silicano e do germanano. Os valores das energias de ligação mostram que os elementos não metálicos, N, P e S, adsorvidos no lugar de um átomo de H apresentam os maiores valores de energias de ligação (maior estabilidade) em comparação com os metais alcalinos (Li, Na e K) e com os metais alcalinos terrosos (Mg e Ca). Os resultados mostram que a funcionalização química modifica as propriedades eletrônicas introduzindo níveis de defeitos nos gap de energias das estruturas eletrônicas de bandas em comparação com os sistemas pristinas. A utilização do funcional HSE06 faz com que os valores dos gap de energias e os valores das funções trabalho dos sistemas funcionalizados aumentem em comparação com os valores obtidos com o funcional GGA-PBE. Observamos que para os sistemas funcionalizados existe uma relação entre a energia de ligação e a função trabalho, ou seja, maior a energia de ligação maior é o valor da função trabalho. Consideramos também a dopagem química do silicano e do germanano com boro e nitrogênio substituindo um átomo de Si ou um átomo de Ge. Observa-se que quando um átomo de B substitui uma unidade SiH (GeH), os sistemas apresentam propriedades semicondutoras, com um nível de defeito no gap de energia. A adsorção de um átomo de H no átomo de B faz com que os valores das energias de formação diminuem e os sistemas apresentam propriedades metálicas (alta concentração de B) ou semicondutoras do tipo-p (baixa concentração de B). Quando um segundo átomo de H é adsorvido no átomo de B, os sistemas apresentam os menores valores de energias de formação e características semicondutoras. Para a dopagem com nitrogênio, temos que quando um átomo de N substitui uma unidade SiH (GeH), os sistemas apresentam propriedades semicondutoras com gap de energia direto no ponto Γ. A adsorção de um átomo de H no átomo de N faz com que os valores das energias de formação diminuem (aumentem) no germanano (silicano) e propriedades metálicas (alta concentração de N) ou semicondutoras do tipo-n (baixa concentração de N) são observadas. Quando um segundo átomo de H é adsorvido no átomo de N, a mesma tendência nas energias de formação é observada. Os sistemas apresentam propriedades semicondutoras com níveis de defeitos nos gap de energias devido a presença de ligações pendentes. Se átomos de H são adsorvidos nos átomos de Si (Ge) com ligações pendentes, os sistemas são estabilizados com valores de energias de formação negativos (os sistemas são exotérmicos). Estes resultados mostram que os sistemas formados por Si e Ge hidrogenados na estrutura 2D são excelentes candidatos para serem utilizados em dispositivos com várias aplicações como na fotocatálise e na eletrônica.

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Ce mémoire de thèse est consacré à la mise au point, l'optimisation et l'étude de différentssystèmes moléculaires photocatalytiques de réduction des protons aussi bien en solvant organique,qu'en solvant purement aqueux. Des complexes polypyridiniques de rhodium et de cobalt ont, tout d'abord, été étudiés par électrochimie en solvant, organique en présence d'une source de protons afin d'évaluer leurs potentiels catalytiques. Ils ont ensuite été associés au complexe ruthenium(II)-trisbipyrine, utilisé comme photosensibilisateur, et à un donneur d'électron sacrificiel, la triéthanolamine ou l'ascorbate de sodium pour constituer un système photocatalytique de réduction des protons en dihydrogène (H2). La production de H2 a été évaluée par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et le mécanisme de libération de l'hydrogène a été étudié par spectroscopie d'absorption transitoire. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence que le système [Ru(bpy)3]2+/[Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+/NaHA/H2A est parmi les plus actifs jamais décrits pour la réduction des protons dans l'eau pure avec plus de 1000 cycles catalytiques pour le catalyseur. Par la suite, le catalyseur [Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+ et le photosensibilisateur ont été reliées par liaison covalente et l'effet de cette association sur l'activité photocatalytique du système a été étudié. Nous avons pu démontrer que le lien covalent non conjugué permet non seulement de conserver les propriétés rédox des deux sous-unités mais également d'augmenter la stabilité et donc l'efficacité du système de manière significative. La dernière partie de ce manuscrit est consacrée à la synthèse, la caractérisation et à l'utilisation en photocatalyse d'un catalyseur macrocyclique de cobalt en association avec [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Ce catalyseur s'est avéré très prometteur puisque les performances mesurées sont supérieures, à condition catalytique équivalente, à celles du complexe [Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+. / This thesis is focussed on the development, optimisation and study of different molecular photocatalytic systems for the reduction of protons, in both organic solvents and pure water. Several polypyridine complexes of rhodium and cobalt have been studied by electrochemistry in organic solvents, in the presence of a source of protons, in order to evaluate their catalytic performance for the reduction of protons. They have been studied in the presence of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, which is used as a photosensitiser, and a sacrificial electron donor, either triethanolamine or sodiumascorbate, to construct a photocatalytic system for the reduction of protons to dihydrogen. The production of H2 has been quantified by gas chromatography, and the mechanism of formation of hydrogen has been studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. We have shown that the system [Ru(bpy)3]2+/[Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+/NaHA/H2A is amongst the most efficient yet described for the reduction of protons to hydrogen in pure water, with more than 1000 catalytic cycles per molecule of catalyst observed. Furthermore, the [Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+ catalyst and the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ photosensitiser have been joined by an alkyl bridge and the effect of this on the photocatalytic activity of the system has beenstudied. We have demonstrated that the non-conjugated covalent link allows not only maintenance ofthe redox properties of both sub-units, but also significantly increases the stability and the efficiency of the system.The final part of this thesis is devoted to the synthesis, characterisation and use of a macrocyclic cobalt complex as a catalyst for photocatalysis of the reduction of protons, in the presence of both [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and sodium ascorbate. This catalyst shows promising activity; its performance is better than that of [Rh(dmbpy)2Cl2]+ under the same catalytic conditions.

L'utilisation de nanoparticules semi-conductrices colloïdales, appelées quantum dots, est nouvelle pour des applications en photocatalyse redox. Ces nano-objets possèdent une forte absorption dans le visible modulable avec leur taille. De plus, la présence d'une couche de ligands peut rendre ces nanostructures éco-compatibles. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, une étude de la photocatalyse redox avec des nanoparticules cœur CdSe et cœur-coquille CdSe/ZnS a été réalisée dans le visible en solvant aqueux. Les quantum-dots hydrosolubles sont tout d'abord fonctionnalisés par des ligands de type acide aminé. Trois systèmes photochimiques ont ensuite été testés avec les substrats suivants : dérivés d'acides aminés, vanilline et 8oxodG. L'activité photochimique des nanoparticules semi-conductrices a pu être démontrée et évaluée par la détection de produits de réaction. Le mécanisme de transfert de charge photoinduit a par ailleurs été élucidé par des techniques spectroscopiques durant l'irradiation. / The use of colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles, called quantum dots, is recent in redox photocatalysis. Those nanostructures exhibit strong and size depending visible absorption properties. The ligand shell on the nanoparticle surface can be furthermore managed to realize green applications. Thus the study of redox photocatalysis with core CdSe nanoparticles and core-shell CdSe/ZnS was carried out with visible light in aqueous solvent. Firstly, we synthetized hydrophilic quantum-dots stabilized by amino acids ligands. Secondly, we perform three different studies of photocatalytic systems with the following substrates : modified amino acids, vanillin and 8oxodG. The nanoparticle's photochemical activity was first demonstrated and evaluated by the detection of photochemical products. The photoinduced charge transfer mechanism was elucidated during irradiation by spectroscopic techniques.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-07T12:48:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4672568 bytes, checksum: 30655ee26e612b43221335d08bddc500 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T12:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 4672568 bytes, checksum: 30655ee26e612b43221335d08bddc500 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Magnesium stannate (Mg2SnO4) and titanate (Mg2TiO4) are inverse spinel-type oxides, applied as humidity sensors, hot resistor, dieletric, temperature compensation capacitor, electronic ceramic and refractory material. In the present work, these two materials were combined in order to obtain a solid solution, Mg2(Ti1-xSnx)O4, (x = 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0) by the modified-Pechini method, in order to investigate the influence of Sn4+ substitution for Ti4+ in the spinel lattice for application as photocatalyst for discoloration of Gold yellow remazol and to avoid micro-organism adhesion into surfaces. The synthesis of the spinels was optimized. Catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-visibe spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, surface area measurement using BET method. Mg2TiO4 is a metastable compound, which decomposes into ilmenite (MgTiO3) above 800 °C. On the other hand, reaches long-range order at lower temperatures, while single phase Mg2SnO4 is only obtained from 900 °C. For these reasons, different temperatures are necessary to obtain the single phase materials. Infrared and Raman spectra confirmed the presence of [MgO6]-10, [TiO6]-8, [SnO6]-8 octahedra and (MgO4)-6 tetrahedra. The photocatalytic tests were carried out in a reactor comprising of UVC lamp (λ = 254 nm). Mg2SnO4 presented the best photocatalytic result, with 79% of discoloration at pH 6 and 87% at pH 3, while Mg2TiO4 showed 7% of conversion at pH 6, without increasing efficiency at pH 3. The obtained spinels were effective in inhibiting bacterial and fungal growth as indicated by fluorescence analysis for Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and S. mutans), Gram negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and fungus (Candida albicans) showing the potential for microbial anti-adhesion material. Tests with higher titanium content showed the best results except for E. coli. / O estanato (Mg2SnO4) e o titanato de magnésio (Mg2TiO4) são óxidos do tipo espinélio inverso, aplicados como sensores de umidade, resistor de calor, dielétrico, capacitor para compensação de temperatura, cerâmica eletrônica e material refratário. Nesse trabalho, os dois materiais foram combinados com a finalidade de obter uma solução sólida, Mg2(Ti1-xSnx)O4, (x = 0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75; 1,0), utilizando o método Pechini modificado, de modo a investigar a influência da substituição dos íons Sn4+ por íons Ti4+ na rede do espinélio para aplicação como catalisadores na descoloração do corante remazol amarelo ouro e na antiadesão microbiana. A síntese dos espinélios foi otimizada. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de difração de raios-X, espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta e do visível, e espectroscopia Raman, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho e medida de área superficial por BET. O Mg2TiO4 é um composto metaestável, se decompondo em ilmenita (MgTiO3) acima de 800 °C. Por outro lado, o Mg2TiO4 se organiza a longo alcance em temperaturas mais baixas enquanto que o Mg2SnO4 monofásico é obtido apenas a partir de 900°C. Com isso, observa-se que diferentes temperaturas são necessárias para se obter os materiais monofásicos. Os espectros de IV e Raman confirmaram a presença dos octaedros [MgO6]-10, [TiO6]-8, [SnO6]-8 e tetraedro (MgO4)-6. Os testes fotocatalíticos foram realizados em um reator composto por lâmpadas UVC (λ = 254 nm). O Mg2SnO4 apresentou o melhor resultado, com descoloração de 79 % em pH 6 e 87 % em pH 3, enquanto o Mg2TiO4 apresentou conversão de 7 % em pH 6, sem aumento de eficiência em pH 3. Os espinélios obtidos mostraram-se eficazes na inibição do crescimento bacteriano e fúngico como indicado pela análise de fluorescência para bactérias Gram positivas (S. aureus e S. mutans), Gram negativas (P. aeruginosa e E. coli) e para o fungo (Candida albicans) mostrando o potencial de antiadesão microbiana dos materiais. Os testes com maior teor de titânio apresentaram os melhores resultados exceto para a E. coli.

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-08T14:07:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6370854 bytes, checksum: f5b435dcd1e0ef486a5a777313a42f3e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T14:07:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6370854 bytes, checksum: f5b435dcd1e0ef486a5a777313a42f3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Perovskite stannates (ASnO3) are widely studied because they contain interesting features that provide its use as photocatalysts materials. In turn, oxides such as SnO2 and ZrO2 have used as catalysts or catalyst supports in the degradation of aqueous organic pollutants and photocatalytic processes. Generally, supported materials can be more efficient than bulk photocatalysts, due to better dispersion and generating new active sites. In this work, binary oxides (Sn1-xZrx)O2 and (Zr1-ySny)O2, where (0 ≤ x and y ≤ 10% mol) were prepared by solid state reaction. The perovskite SrSnO3:Cu2+ was prepared by modified Pechini method impregnated on supports synthesized in order to improve catalytic efficiency of the perovskite photodegradation of the Gold Yellow Remazol (RNL) dye. The photocatalysts were characterized by: X-ray Diffraction (XRD) at room temperature and hot-chamber, Infrared (IR), Raman and UV-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). The XRD results showed that supports were monophasic and that impregnation process does not modified the structure of the perovskite. The IR and Raman spectra corroborate the XRD results, indicative of impregnating the perovskite surface of the supports observed by the presence of bands related to the SrCO3 arising from the perovskite, but also by the presence of active modes at 148, 180, 223, 253 cm-1 related to perovskite. The system SSO/ZS95 showed better photocatalytic activity, with an efficiency of 81% discoloration on the time of 4 hours, increasing by about 10 (ten) times the photocatalytic efficiency of SrSnO3, indicating that use of the catalytic support was effective, providing the dispersion of stannate (active phase). / Estanatos do tipo perovskita (ASnO3) são amplamente estudados por conterem características interessantes que propiciam sua utilização como materiais fotocatalisadores. Por sua vez, óxidos como SnO2 e ZrO2 vem sendo utilizados como catalisadores ou suportes catalíticos na degradação de poluentes orgânicos aquosos e em processos fotocatalíticos. Geralmente, materiais suportados podem ser mais eficientes do que os fotocatalisadores mássico, devido à melhor dispersão e geração de novos sítios ativos. Neste trabalho, óxidos binários (Sn1-xZrx)O2 e (Zr1-ySny)O2, onde (0 ≤ x e y ≤ 10 % em mol) foram preparados pelo método de reação no estado sólido. As perovskitas SrSnO3:Cu2+ foram preparadas pelo método Pechini modificado e impregnadas sobre os suportes sintetizados com a finalidade de melhorar a eficiência catalítica das perovskitas na fotodegradação do corante Remazol Amarelo Ouro (RNL). Os fotocatalisadores foram caracterizados pelas técnicas: difração de raios-X (DRX) em temperatura ambiente e câmara quente, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), espectroscopia Raman, espectroscopia na região do UV-visível (UV-VIS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e área superficial específica (BET). Os resultados de DRX mostraram que os suportes foram monofásicos, e que o processo de impregnação não modificou a estrutura da perovskita. Os Espectros IV e Raman corroboraram com os resultados de DRX, com indicativos da impregnação da perovskita na superfície dos suportes, observados pela presença de bandas referentes ao SrCO3 advindo da perovskita, como também pela presença dos modos ativos em 148, 180, 223, 253 cm-1 referentes a perovskita. O sistema SSO/ZS95 apresentou a melhor atividade fotocatalítica, com uma eficiência de 81% de descoloração no tempo de 4 horas, aumentando em cerca de 10 (dez) vezes a eficiência fotocatalítica do SrSnO3, indicando que o uso do suporte catalítico foi eficaz, propiciando a dispersão do estanato (fase ativa).