Cette thèse étudie les typologies des stratégies inter-organisationnelles que peuvent entretenir les firmes pour développer des innovations produits. Elle se donne pour objet de mesurer les implications de ces choix stratégiques sur l'innovation produit et sur la performance marché de ces innovations. D'un point de vue théorique, cette recherche se base à la fois (1) sur le cadre d'analyse des stratégies inter-organisationnelles, en mobilisant notamment les concepts de stratégie individuelle, de coopération avec des non-rivaux et de coopétition ainsi que (2) sur l'innovation produit, au regard des concepts d'innovation radicale et incrémentale. Le terrain de cette recherche est le secteur de l'édition de jeux vidéo. La méthodologie est mixte. Une étude exploratoire qualitative basée sur l'analyse de trente entretiens réalisés avec les principaux acteurs de l'industrie des jeux vidéo permet d'identifier les stratégies inter-organisationnelles déployées pour développer des innovations produits radicales et incrémentales, et d'en dresser une typologie. Une étude quantitative teste les liens entre les stratégies inter-organisationnelles identifiées et l'innovation produit (régressions logistiques binaires), et le lien entre ces stratégies et la performance marché de l'innovation produit (régressions linéaires multivariées et comparaison des moyennes estimées). Cette thèse met en évidence trois résultats principaux, (1) le premier résultat montre que la coopétition est la stratégie la plus viable pour l'innovation produit et la performance marché de l'innovation radicale et incrémentale ; (2) le second résultat montre que la coopétition horizontale est la stratégie la plus viable pour la performance marché de l'innovation produit radicale et incrémentale, en comparaison avec la coopétition verticale (3) tandis que la stratégie de coopétition simultanément horizontale et verticale va être la plus viable pour la performance marché de l'innovation produit radicale et incrémentale en comparaison avec la coopétition horizontale. Ainsi, cette thèse démontre que la performance marché de l'innovation produit varie en fonction de la stratégie adoptée, du partenaire privilégié et en fonction du type d'innovation produit (radicale ou incrémentale). La thèse met en lumière également que, bien que la coopétition soit considérée comme une stratégie à haut risque, ce risque est associé à un niveau de performance élevé. / This thesis examines the typologies of inter-organizational strategies that firms can adopt to develop product innovation. It also highlights the implications of these strategies on the product innovation and on the market performance of these innovations. From a theoretical point of view, this research is based on (1) the analysis framework for the inter-organizational strategies, emphasizing the concepts of individual strategy, cooperation with non-competitors and co-opetition, as well as on (2) the product innovation, in the view of radical and incremental innovation concepts. The field of this research is the video game sector. The methodology is mixed. A qualitative exploratory study, based on the analysis of thirty interviews conducted with key actors in the video game industry, allowed the identification of the inter-organizational strategies, used to develop radical and incremental products innovations and to develop a typology. A quantitative study tests the relationship between the inter-organizational strategies identified and product innovation (binary logistic regression), and the link between these strategies and the market performance of product innovation (multivariate linear regression and estimated means comparison).This thesis highlights three key findings : (1) the first result shows that coopetition is the most viable strategy for product innovation and for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation; (2) the second result shows that the horizontal coopetition is the most viable strategy for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation, compared with the vertical coopetition, (3) while the strategy of simultaneously horizontal and vertical coopetition will be the most viable for the market performance of radical and incremental product innovation, in comparison with the horizontal coopetition. Thus, this thesis shows that the market performance of product innovation varies with the strategy, the partner and the type of product innovation (radical or incremental). In addition, the thesis highlights that, although coopetition is considered a high-risk strategy, risk is associated with a high level of performance.

L’addiction aux jeux vidéo n’est pas, pour l’instant, un diagnostic pleinement reconnu. Pour aborder ce phénomène, nous questionnons le concept d’addiction sans substance. Reconnu comme une addiction comportementale dans le DSM-V, le jeu pathologique, concernant les jeux de hasard et d’argent, est le prototype des addictions sans substance. L’utilisation excessive des jeux vidéo a fait l’objet de multiples comparaisons avec le jeu pathologique. À l’avènement d’Internet, la recherche et la clinique se sont fortement focalisées sur l’utilisation excessive des jeux vidéo en ligne. Au regard de la littérature actuelle, nous avons choisi d’aborder l’addiction aux jeux vidéo selon la pluralité des jeux vidéo existants et des modes d’utilisation des jeux vidéo. Nos recherches se situent dans le champ de la psychologie cognitive et prennent leur source dans la clinique en lien avec les Thérapies Comportementales et Cognitives. La première étude permet de préciser les fonctionnements émotionnels, cognitifs et comportementaux des joueurs assidus de jeux vidéo. Nous décrivons un ensemble de phénomènes psychologiques qui sont en résonance avec la littérature actuelle sur l’addiction aux jeux vidéo. De plus, nous avons rapproché certaines cognitions des joueurs avec les croyances Anticipatoires, Soulageantes et Permissives décrites par Beck et al. (1993). Pour nous, des cognitions et des comportements spécifiques sous-tendent une attention soit orientée vers le jeu pour certains, soit orientée vers l’extérieur du jeu pour d’autres. Nous explorons différents moments de jeu : avant, pendant et après le jeu mais aussi au moment de gagner et au moment de perdre. Des comparaisons entre les moments de jeu révèlent une dynamique des émotions, cognitions et comportements en lien avec le jeu. La deuxième étude passe par l’opérationnalisation des variables psychologiques relevées dans la première étude et par la construction d’un nouvel outil de mesure de l’addiction aux jeux vidéo. Ce questionnaire nous a permis d’établir des groupes distincts de joueurs considérés comme excessifs et de joueurs non excessifs de jeux vidéo. Ainsi, nous avons comparé ces joueurs sur la base des émotions, cognitions et comportements propres à nos études. Des pistes thérapeutiques, en lien avec les TCC, sont discutées à partir de nos résultats. Une adaptation du modèle des addictions de Beck et al. (1993) est proposée. Deux études de cas permettent d’illustrer nos propos et d’aborder la clinique spécifique concernant l’addiction aux jeux vidéo. En plus des conclusions en lien avec nos travaux, nous abordons des pistes de recherche qui nous semblent présager de l’avenir des études sur cette thématique. Même s’il faut rester prudent, certaines données actuelles convergent vers le rapprochement entre l’addiction et l’utilisation excessive des jeux vidéo. Nos résultats s’ajoutent à cette argumentation. Avec la proposition du « trouble du jeu (vidéo) sur Internet » dans la section III du DMS-V, il est, d’autant plus, nécessaire de poursuivre les études. / Video game addiction is not yet a fully recognized diagnosis. To address this phenomenon, we question the concept of addiction without substance. Known as a behavioral addiction in DSM-V, pathological gambling is the prototype of addictions without substance. The excessive use of video games has been the subject of multiple comparisons with pathological gambling. With the advent of Internet, research and the clinical approach have highly focused on the excessive use of online games. In light of the current literature, we have chosen to address video game addiction according to the plurality of existing games and the different games modes. Our research lies in the scope of cognitive psychology and is rooted in the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach. The first study allows to specify the emotional, cognitive and behavioral functionings of assiduous video game players. We describe a set of psychological phenomena that are resonant with the current literature on video game addiction. In addition, some cognitions of players draw near to anticipatory, relief-oriented and permissive beliefs described by Beck et al. (1993). For us, specific cognitions and behaviors underlie an attention process which is directed towards the game for some and outwards of the game for others. We explore different game moments: before, during and after the game but also, at the moment of winning and losing. Comparisons between the game moments reveal a dynamic of emotions, cognitions and behaviors related to the game. The second study involves the operationalization of psychological variables identified in the first study and the construction of a new measure of video game addiction. This questionnaire allowed us to establish separate groups of players considered excessive and non-excessive video game players. Between these players, we performed statistical comparisons based on the emotions, cognitions and behaviors that are specific to our studies. From our results, therapeutic proposals related to CBT are discussed. An adaptation of addiction model of Beck et al. (1993) is proposed. Two case studies allow to illustrate these results and to address the specific clinical approach of the video game addiction. In addition to the conclusions related to our work, we discuss on new research avenues that seem to predict future studies on video game addiction. Even if we remain cautious, some current data converge towards the link between addiction and excessive use of video games. Our findings are added to this argumentation. With the proposal of "Internet gaming disorder" in Section III of the DMS-V, it is all the more necessary to continue studies.

This study looks for the usage of ideology and the definition of freedom according to these in the video game Papers Please. To analyze this game a method has been constructed which uses the parts: playthrough, picture analysis and a text analysis. As the main tool for the analysis a theory based model will be used. This model breaks down the chosen ideologies: liberalism, socialism and fascism into the factors of agent, obstacle and goal to explain their definition of freedom. The study shows that the game Papers Please uses these ideologies in the gameplay, but in different ways. The definition of the ideologies that was based on the model used for the analyses was not fully used correctly in the game, and the ideologies in the game had a different definition of these. It also became very clear that the game had very much control over the player’s choice over which ideology to stick to, since the game could frequently punish the player for making the wrong choice. Lastly the game uses some of the chosen ideologies very more hiddenly in the game and it was later discovered that it was very dominated by fascist undertones even though the government in the game was describe as a communist state. Liberalism was used as a tool for showing the player how to combat these undertones of fascism. In the end the definition of freedom is up to the player to choose since it is defined by their actions in the game.

En esta investigación se analizaron las características de los elementos visuales utilizados en videojuegos independientes de plataforma en el Perú durante los últimos cinco años, a lo cual se formuló la hipótesis de que estas características generan su propia categorización de los elementos visuales, lo cual aporta a la narrativa visual e interacción de los usuarios. Para comprobarla, se analizaron 8 videojuegos independientes de plataforma desarrollados en Perú en los últimos cinco años. Además, se entrevistó a dos profesionales del área para conocer la situación real del desarrollo en la industria y ampliar los conocimientos para el análisis visual. Los resultados del análisis visual demuestran que el 50% de los juegos presentan un estilo pixel art, con elementos similares entre las diferentes entregas; sin embargo, tienen diferentes formas de expresar su temática usando los personajes y el entorno. La interfaz de los juegos mantiene las mismas características y solo cumplen la función de informar. Se concluyó que la mayoría de los videojuegos independientes de plataforma optan por el estilo pixel art para sus gráficas por ser fáciles de trabajar, pero solo se centran en la utilidad y no en el impacto visual. Por otro lado, se determinó la falta de experiencia de los desarrolladores al trabajar sus propuestas, lo que conduce a usar plantillas predeterminadas de los motores gráficos. / In this research, the characteristics of the visual elements used in platform independent video games in Peru during the last five years were analyzed, to which the hypothesis was formulated that these characteristics generate their own categorization of the visual elements, which contributes to the visual narrative and user interaction. To verify it, 8 independent platform games developed in Peru in the last five years were analyzed. In addition, two professionals from the area were interviewed to learn about the real situation of development in the industry and expand their knowledge for visual analysis. The results of the visual analysis show that 50% of the games have a pixel art style, with similar elements between the different installments; However, they have different ways of expressing their theme using the characters and the environment. The interface of the games maintains the same characteristics and only fulfill the function of informing. It was concluded that most of the independent platform video games choose the pixel art style for their graphics because they are easy to work with, but they only focus on utility and not on visual impact. On the other hand, the lack of experience of the developers when working on their proposals was determined, which leads to using predetermined templates of the graphics engines. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: Marcos Eduardo Scheicher / Banca: Fernando Augusto Vasilceac / Banca: Afonso Antonio Machado / Resumo: Com o aumento da população idosa, no Brasil, também podemos notar um aumento da expectativa de vida e a atenção à assistência à mesma, mais especificamente ao envelhecimento, o qual é caracterizado pelas reduções das funções do corpo gerando um desequilíbrio postural e quedas. A partir disso existem estudos demonstrando que os jogos eletrônicos, mais especificamente o Nintendo Wii, devido realizar uma interação física entre os jogadores realizando movimentos corporais acompanhando a imagem na tela, pode contribuir para uma melhora da postura física dos idosos e consequentemente, melhorar o equilíbrio. Um outro meio que visa promover uma prevenção às quedas é o Yoga, uma técnica milenar que visa proporcionar aos seus adeptos equilíbrio físico, mental e espiritual podendo também interferir no equilíbrio postural. O objetivo do estudo foi observar os resultados do treinamento com jogos e o Yoga no equilíbrio de idosos caidores. Foram avaliados 20 idosos com histórico de quedas, que realizaram os treinamentos durante 4 meses divididos em Grupo Yoga, constituído de 10 idosos, que realizaram a prática por um profissional 1 vez por semana com duração de 1 hora e Grupo Wii, constituído por 10 idosos, o qual realizou a prática 2 vezes por semana, com duração de 30 minutos cada sessão. A mobilidade foi avaliada pelo teste Timed and Up and Go (TUG). O medo de cair foi avaliado pelo FES-I. Foram adotados testes estatísticos apropriados para a comparação inter e intra-grupo antes e após o treinamento, com p ≤0,05. Após as coletas de dados foi observado que o Nintendo Wii surtiu um efeito maior em relação ao Yoga no quesito equilíbrio e medo de quedas, porém no âmbito subjetivo como: melhora do sono, maior disposição para as atividades diárias, redução da depressão, as duas técnicas utilizadas surtiram efeito positivo / Abstract: With the increasing elderly population in Brazil, we can also notice an increase in life expectancy and attention to assisting them more specifically to aging, which is characterized by reductions in body functions generating a postural imbalance and falls. From this there are studies showing that video games, specifically the Nintendo Wii due conduct a physical interaction between players performing body movements accompanying the image on the screen, can contribute to an improvement of the physical posture of older people and thus improve balance . Another way that aims to promote prevention of falls is the Yoga, an ancient technique that aims to provide its supporters physical balance, mental and spiritual, and can also interfere with postural balance. The aim of the study was to observe the results with the training games and Yoga in the balance of fallers. They evaluated 20 elderly patients with a history of falls, which carried out the training for four months divided into Group Yoga, consisting of 10 elderly, who carried out the practice by a professional 1 to week lasting 1 hour and Wii Group, made up of 10 elderly which relizou practice two times a week, lasting 30 minutes each session. Mobility was evaluated by the test and Timed Up and Go (TUG). Fear of falling was assessed by the FES-I. Appropriate statistical tests were adopted to compare inter- and intra-group before and after training, with p ≤0,05. After the data collection was observed that the Nintendo Wii has had a greater effect in relation to Yoga balance Question and fear of falling, but in the subjective sphere as improved sleep, greater willingness for daily activities, reducing depression, the two techniques have heightened positive effect / Mestre

As technology and sedentary lifestyles have become an integral part of children's lives, so too has the prevalence of childhood obesity. Although video games are often associated with influencing sedentary behaviors, active gaming is a new genre that requires children to become physically active while playing the games. In this inquiry I explored six fifth grade students' experiences participating in active gaming in physical education classes for 30 minutes, twice weekly, during an eight week (16 sessions) study. I used qualitative methods including interviews, journal entries, and observational field notes. Analysis of data revealed students have a "Persistence to Game" (P2G) when participating in active gaming during physical education. When students experience P2G I considered them to be at "play" demonstrating play-like attributes. Persistence to game includes eight elements. Although not all elements need to be present at the same time, when these elements interact, students experience flow. The discoveries of this study suggest active gaming can be an appropriate tool used in 21st century physical education classes that appeals and is desirable to students.

The influx of new digital media technologies and platforms have made it possible for consumers of media products to more easily create and distribute their own works, which breaks away from the traditional production of culture of media by established, professional creators. Consequently, there has been a rise in the immaterial labor of digital media creators, as well as a formation of online communities of disparately connected users through commonly held interests. Within the medium of video games, this convergence between user and producer of content, the tension between control and innovation of media content and form, online communities and immaterial labor is most clearly seen in the practice of modding, here defined as using legally authorized software to modify video game content. Modding for computer games has been occurring since the early 1990s, and has grown considerably due to the expansion of the internet's capabilities for connecting people and distributing large bands of data. In 2012, Skyrim developers Bethesda Softworks released a free software development tool called the Creation Kit. The Creation Kit allowed computer users to modify the game content, at which point the user could publically release their mods through the authorized Steam Workshop Channel. The Creation Kit was distributed via Steam, an electronic digital games store operated by Valve Corporation, Inc. Because Bethesda required users to play Skyrim through Steam, the Steam Workshop Channel was intended to be the primary distribution and gathering location of the modding community for Skyrim. However, most existing modders already had many previously established third-party modding databases and websites for distribution, which meant that the Steam Workshop Channel was a new and forced entry into the modding community. Using a combination of ethnographic methods (participant observation and interviews) and textual analysis of message board data, and in research gathered between September 2013 and January 2014, this dissertation explores the community dynamics of the modders on the Steam Workshop Channel for Skyrim to help locate the identity politics of the community, as well as navigating the tension between innovation and control within the community. It also explores how a digital media producer attempts to control a space of fan-made production, and what that means for the existing community. I participated and observed conversations on modding community dynamics in specific forums on the Steam Community Workshop for Skyrim. There, I gathered textual data from a diverse sample of conversations located on discussion boards and a diverse set of mods ranging in user-defined ratings (high-rated to low-rated) to highlight the conversational dynamics and implicit and explicit structuring of the community. I gathered materials from over 403 relevant conversation threads on the Steam Community Workshop for Skyrim. I also conducted telephone, web and email interviews with a purposive sample group of 15 modders based on their ranking in the community in order to gather their personal motivations for participating in the group and perceptions of norms, rituals and values in the group. Results indicate that modding communities are hierarchized by historically locating the user within the practice, as well as through extensive technical knowledge and frequency of communication. Heavy users and mod creators separate themselves from "non-modders" or mod users through these practices, defining their identities through discourse and the values of creation. The Steam Workshop Channel was a collision between mod creators and non-modder users, sometimes with clashing ideologies that dissuaded heavier users from fully embracing the Steam Workshop. This study illustrates how Bethesda and Valve were perceived by existing modders, and suggests that companies need to pay attention to how historically located communities of users respond to the actions, policies, membership, and moderation of professional media consumers.

Some video games offer, today, high-level competitive performance in the form of esports – a discipline recognized as a performance domain in need of investigation within a sport psychological perspective. Tilt, described as severe frustration resulting in suboptimal performance, is a common, yet still under-investigated performance debilitating phenomenon in esports. The aim of the present study was to gain an understanding of factors and processes relating to tilt in the esports of League of Legends. To that end, a qualitative method was applied using thematic analysis to explore (1) antecedents of tilt, (2) the effects of tilt on performance, and (3) players’ strategies to manage tilt-inducing situations. Findings show players experience antecedents of tilt to be teammates failing to meet the expectations of the players, teammates’ toxic behaviour, players failing to meet their own expectations, and negative emotions. These events can result in the players experiencing a sense of discouragement, a loss of control, misplaced attention, as well as displaying toxic behaviour. Lastly, the players resort to managing tilt-inducing situations by muting the in-game chat, redirecting attention towards controllable actions, and acceptance of mistakes and situations in general. These findings suggest tilt processes to be partly influenced by the players’ teammates’ actions, thus different social contexts may influence the experience of tilt. Further, findings indicate the players’ experience of discouragement when under tilt as an additional factor related to tilt, which is discussed as potentially unique to the context of players in LoL.

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a generic paradigm for the modeling and optimization of sequential decision making. In the recent decade, progress in RL research has brought about breakthroughs in several applications, ranging from playing video games, mastering board games, to controlling simulated robots. To bring the potential benefits of RL to other domains, two elements are critical: (1) Efficient and general-purpose RL algorithms; (2) Formulations of the original applications into RL problems. These two points are the focus of this thesis. We start by developing more efficient RL algorithms. In Chapter 2, we propose Taylor Expansion Policy Optimization, a model-free algorithmic framework that unifies a number of important prior work as special cases. This unifying framework also allows us to develop a natural algorithmic extension to prior work, with empirical performance gains. In Chapter 3, we propose Monte-Carlo Tree Search as Regularized Policy Optimization, a model-based framework that draws close connections between policy optimization and Monte-Carlo tree search. Building on this insight, we propose Policy Optimization Zero (POZero), a novel algorithm which leverages the strengths of regularized policy search to achieve significant performance gains over MuZero. To showcase how RL can be applied to other domains where the original applications could benefit from learning systems, we study the acceleration of integer programming (IP) solvers with RL. Due to the ubiquity of IP solvers in industrial applications, such research holds the promise of significant real life impacts and practical values. In Chapter 4, we focus on a particular formulation of Reinforcement Learning for Integer Programming: Learning to Cut. By combining cutting plane methods with selection rules learned by RL, we observe that the RL-augmented cutting plane solver achieves significant performance gains over traditional heuristics. This serves as a proof-of-concept of how RL can be combined with general IP solvers, and how learning augmented optimization systems might achieve significant acceleration in general.

Video games, and entertainment media have been developed for many years, and eliciting emotional experiences is an integral part of that process. Producing and editing game content in order to affect desired emotional experiences can be expensive and cumbersome to developers. This paper presents a study intended to show that such experiences can be affected with simple after-the-fact audio-visual effects. As subjects of the study, participants experience three different emotional states, fear, peace, and none, over three rounds and in three different game environments. They are given a simple narrative in each environment that directs them to gather various objects. The fear and peace emotional states are represented by carefully designed sets of simple audio-visual effects, while the none state represents the absence of any additional audio-visual effects. That states are randomly and non-repeatedly applied to the game environments for each participant. Over 50% of responses indicate proper emotions across emotion states for all levels, and rounds, and there are statistically significant effects between most emotional state comparisons. This means that it is indeed possible to induce emotional response with after-the-fact audio-visual effects, and it hints at future possibilities for drag-and-drop emotional experience filters