This dissertation deals with judicial review of governmental action and individual legal activism. It investigates whether judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism, within the field of public law, can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers. To discuss the effect of various standing rules and the potential societal function of public law adjudication, a model for analyzing the character of public law adjudication has been developed. The model allows for a characterization of public law adjudication as either Liberal or Republican, depending on features of standing rules, court proceedings, and court decisions. It concludes that judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism within the field of public law can be seen as an alternative or complement to electoral control of political and administrative powers, especially when public trust in, and the powers of, the legislative assembly and political parties is low and decreasing, and if the preconditions for individual legal activism are of such a character that access to justice is available to the larger public and not only a limited group of advantaged individuals. This theoretical framework is then used to analyse judicial protection of individual rights and individual legal activism in post-Socialist Russia. The results show that the Russian state is best described as authoritarian and that the traditional principal-agent relationship is weak. Thus, in order to strengthen the individual in relation to the state, alternatives for exercising control and participation are required. An analysis of the legislative framework, i.e., the law as it is laid down in the books, shows that Russian administrative law is rights-based and that the character of Russian public law adjudication is closer to the Republican model than the Liberal. However, the Russian support structure is still weak and finds itself in an increasingly inhospitable environment – legally, financially, and politically. In addition, this dissertation concludes that Russia’s membership in the CoE has had an impact on judicial protection of individual rights within the sphere of public law in terms of: improving the legislative framework; developing Russian court jurisprudence referring to the ECHR and to the jurisprudence of the ECtHR; exerting pressure on the Russian state to improve practices of the state bureaucracy; stimulating individual legal activism, and increasing individuals’ knowledge and awareness of their lawful rights and how to implement them.

La présente thèse est consacrée aux procédures de règlement des litiges en matière de construction internationale appliquant les contrats-types FIDIC en vertu desquels les litiges entre les parties à ces contrats peuvent être réglés par l’ingénieur, le comité de règlement des litiges (CRL), la procédure amiable et l’arbitrage. Sous l’angle du droit, toutes ces procédures sont favorisées. Cependant, il existe une limite. Le droit français distingue, dans la période de garantie des désordres, deux types de responsabilités - légale et contractuelle - de l’entrepreneur envers le maître de l’ouvrage de sorte que les procédures contractuelles ne s’appliquent pas aux litiges relatifs aux désordres relevant de la responsabilité légale. Cette limite n’existe pas en droit anglais et vietnamien selon lesquels tous litiges relatifs à la responsabilité de l’entrepreneur envers le maître de l’ouvrage pour des dommages de l’ouvrage relèvent de la responsabilité contractuelle et sont donc soumis à la procédure contractuelle. Quant à l’application de chaque procédure, la question la plus notable tient à la mise à exécution des décisions résultant de chaque procédure. Sur ce point, la reconnaissance de la valeur arbitrale dans la décision du DAB doit être considérée. En outre, pour que ces procédures soient efficaces dans la pratique, nous proposons à la FIDIC la modification de certaines stipulations autour de cette procédure et également de la procédure amiable de règlement des litiges. Quant à l’arbitrage, dans le contexte actuel, il n’est plus de mise de penser que l’arbitrage en droit et celui en équité ne sont qu’une alternative. On peut les combiner en vue de l’arbitrage en équité précédent et celui en droit subséquent. Dans le cas d’absence de convention des parties sur le droit applicable aux litiges, la primauté de l’arbitrage en équité au lieu de celui en droit mérite d’être considérée. Hormis ce problème, nous recherchons aussi un nouveau fondement pour reconnaître la jurisprudence arbitrale internationale selon lequel on reconnaît le droit des parties ainsi que des arbitres de se référer à la solution d’une sentence précédente dans le cas similaire lorsque les conditions pour appliquer une jurisprudence sont réunies. De surcroît, il convient de porter l’attention sur la détermination de la compétence du tribunal arbitral à l’égard du tiers-non signataire du contrat. Enfin, l’annulation de la sentence entraîne ipso facto la nullité de la clause d’arbitrage comme en droit vietnamien où cette disposition inadéquate nécessite d’être modifiée. / The subject of this thesis deals with international construction dispute settlement procedures stipulated in the FIDIC standard forms of contracts under which disputes between the parties to these contracts may be settled by the Engineer, the Dispute Adjudication Board (DAB), the amicable mechanism and arbitration.From the standpoint of law, these procedures are favored. However, there is a limit under French law. This limit lies in the fact that French law distinguishes, after handing over of the works, between two kinds of - legal and contractual - responsibilities of the contractor towards the employer. In this way, the contractual procedures do not apply to disputes relating to correct defective works which are relevant to legal liability of the contractor, which does not exist in English and Vietnamese laws where the contractor is only responsible towards the employer for damage to the work under the contract and so disputes between them has to be settled by the contractual procedure.In application of the contractual procedures, attention should be paid to the implementation of the decision from these procedures. On this point, the arbitral nature of DAB’s decision must be considered so that it can be rapidly enforced. In addition, in order to make these procedures effective in practice, we also propose that the FIDIC should modify certain points of the “claim, Dispute and Arbitration” clause.As far as arbitration is concerned, in the actual context, it is no longer correct to think that ex aequo and bono arbitration and arbitration in law are only an alternative but we can combine them for the purpose of previous fairness arbitration and subsequently the arbitration in law. In the absence of the parties' agreement on the rules of law to be applied by the arbitral tribunal, the tribunal shall assume the powers of an amiable compositor. Apart from this problem, we also seek a new basis for recognizing the precedent value of the international arbitral award according to which the right of the parties as well as arbitrators to refer to the solution of a previous award in the similar case is recognized when the conditions to apply a precedent are met. In addition, attention should be paid to the determination of the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal towards the third-party non signatory to the arbitration clause. Finally, the setting aside of the award lead ipso facto to nullity of the arbitration clause as in Vietnamese law is an inadequate provision of the law that requires modification.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Glauco Salomao Leite.pdf: 745073 bytes, checksum: f2f1cf1fc1f255da77b94c58a0eb4c90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aims at researching the polemic institute of binding decision in brazilian law. In order to face the multiple questions which exist about this subject, it starts from the idea that it is inserted in the constitutional adjudication model existent in the country, contributing to the increase in the equality principle as well as the juridical safety in the application of law. This presumption is essential to comprehend the reasons why the arguments which intend to characterise the binding decision as a result of legislative activity by Federal Supreme Court are refuted, which would represent a violation to the separation of powers. Similarly, it contests the idea that the binding decision is offensive to the judicial discretion, always taking into account the duty of the Federal Supreme Court as a superior organ in the interpretation of the Constitution. From this, it analyses the legal regime which disciplines the creation, revision and cancellation processes of the binding decisions. Furthermore, it searches the consequences derived from the binding effects of such decisions. Lastly, it makes a reoccurring comparison between the binding decisions and other institutes of the foreign law / O trabalho objetiva pesquisar o polêmico instituto da súmula vinculante no direito brasileiro. Para o enfrentamento das múltiplas questões que existem a seu respeito, parte da premissa de que ele se insere no modelo de jurisdição constitucional existente no país, contribuindo para o incremento dos princípios da igualdade e da segurança jurídica na aplicação do direito. Esse pressuposto é fundamental para compreender as razões pelas quais refuta os argumentos que pretendem caracterizar a súmula vinculante como fruto de atividade legislativa por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal, o que configuraria uma violação à separação dos poderes. Igualmente, contesta a idéia de que a súmula vinculante é ofensiva à garantia do livre convencimento do juiz, sempre levando em conta o papel do Supremo Tribunal Federal como órgão superior na interpretação da Constituição. A partir daí, adentra o regime jurídico que disciplina os processos de criação, revisão e cancelamento das súmulas vinculantes. Além disso, perscruta as conseqüências advindas do efeito vinculante de tais súmulas. Por fim, efetua uma comparação recorrente entre as súmulas vinculantes e outros institutos do direito estrangeiro

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-10-19T18:50:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EMÍLIO THIAGO DE CARVALHO GOMES_.pdf: 1549079 bytes, checksum: a30709358743b1193005420bfb306c9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T18:50:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EMÍLIO THIAGO DE CARVALHO GOMES_.pdf: 1549079 bytes, checksum: a30709358743b1193005420bfb306c9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-10 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho analisa a judicialização do cotidiano, no que toca aos exames de temas vinculados aos diversos ramos do direito. Com uma análise crítica da efetividade do direito e da aplicabilidade da norma pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal. Tudo isto, em um ambiente de crises, seja a crise conceitual, a crise de representatividade ou política, a crise estrutural, com surgimento de novos riscos globais e a crise funcional, e de como tais situações fáticas - jurídicas proporcionaram movimentos de efetivação da cidadania e de busca pelo “guardião das promessas democráticas”. Neste contexto, surge a problemática da implementação e efetividade dos direitos sociais, revolvendo-se essa responsabilidade ao Poder Executivo como garantidor das políticas públicas. O que permitirá mostrar a importância do Supremo Tribunal Federal no desenvolvimento da história institucional do Brasil, com a respectiva aplicação de modelo interpretativo de concretização dos direitos sócio-fundamentais. Para determinar o alcance das atribuições do Supremo Tribunal Federal, como intérprete maior da Constituição e das leis, com o objetivo de compreender como a “judicialização do cotidiano” acentua a atuação do Supremo Tribunal Federal, a partir de uma (re)significação do acesso à justiça, decorrente da presença de Estado Social e Democrático de Direito, como modelo de efetivação pública dos valores coletivos, por instrumento das ações coletivas na concretização dos direitos sócio-fundamentais. Assim, apresenta-se uma análise de aspectos contemporâneos do processo constitucional, da decisão judicial, sob dúplice aspecto de como “dizer/fazer” com efetividade, para (re)construir o processo constitucional sob a perspectiva liberal e neoliberal, no âmbito da necessidade de efetividade dos direitos fundamentais, visto que, por conta dessa crescente judicialização proliferou um discurso de efetividade compreendida como eficiência e, assim, deu-se prevalência a uma justiça de números, despreocupada com a qualidade (com o aspecto material) das decisões judiciais. E ao final, o trabalho irá analisar a efetividade dos direitos fundamentais por meio de uma teoria da decisão, ou seja, de um controle substantivo da decisão judicial, de maneira a utilizar o princípio do não retrocesso como parâmetro garantidor da segurança jurídica e da estabilidade das relações sociais, em um ambiente de judicialização do cotidiano. / This paper analyzes the legalization of everyday life, with regard to examinations of topics related to different areas of law. With a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the law and the applicability of the standard by the Supreme Court. All this, in an environment of crisis, is the conceptual crisis, the crisis of representation and policy, structural crisis, with the emergence of new global risks and functional crisis, and as such factual situations - provided legal movements of effective citizenship and search for "guardian of democratic promises." In this context, the issue of implementation and effectiveness of social rights arises, stirring up this responsibility to the executive branch as a guarantor of public policies. What will show the importance of the Supreme Court in the development of the institutional history of Brazil, with its application of interpretative model of delivering social-fundamental rights. To determine the scope of the powers of the Supreme Court, as the greatest interpreter of the Constitution and laws, with the goal of understanding how the "judicialization of the daily" stresses the role of the Supreme Court, from a (re) signification access to justice, due to the presence of Social and Democratic State of Law as public enforcement of collective values model, by means of collective action in achieving social and fundamental rights. Thus, we present an analysis of contemporary aspects of the constitutional process, judicial decision, under the twofold aspect as "say / do" with effectiveness, to (re) build the constitutional process under the liberal and neoliberal perspective, in the context of the need effectiveness of fundamental rights, since, on account of this growing legalization proliferate effectiveness of a speech understood as efficiency and thus gave prevalence to a justice of numbers, unconcerned with the quality (with the material aspect) of judgments. And in the end, the paper will analyze the effectiveness of fundamental rights by a decision theory, ie, a substantive control of the court decision, so using the principle of non-retrogression parameter as guarantor of legal security and stability of social relations, in an environment of the legalization of everyday life.

Since the 1970s there has been a growing interest in, and utilisation of, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques to resolve environmental conflicts in western societies. ADR was incorporated into one of New Zealand's main environmental statutes, the Resource Management Act 1991(RMA). Under s.268 of the RMA the Environment Court (the Court) may, if the parties agree, conduct mediation in order to facilitate settlement of resource management disputes. The RMA, which has now been in operation for ten years, gives no guidance as to the way in which mediation is to be conducted. The Court has developed procedures and processes for administering and conducting mediation. This study critically evaluates the practice of Court assisted mediation of environmental disputes under the RMA. A literature review and interviews with stakeholder groups are used in this evaluation. The study shows that mediation generates benefits for the Court and participants. It also identifies limitations with the current mediation procedures and processes. These may impact the effectiveness of participants in mediation, their satisfaction with, and support for, the mediated settlement and with the environmental outcomes. The study recommends a series of guidelines be prepared on the functions and administrative procedures of the Court and on the mediation process promoted by the Court. Further research is also recommended. It is considered that these recommendations, if implemented, will enhance the process for participants, ensure more equitable and consistent environmental outcomes, in terms of present and future generations, and retain public confidence in the mediation process.

Despite being similarly concerned with the legitimacy of law under conditions of diversity, political and legal theorists currently seem to differ significantly in the role they would reserve for religious reasons in public decision-making processes. Religious arguments that would generally be considered inappropriate if not inadmissible in a courtroom are increasingly viewed as acceptable and even desirable contributions to debate in the political public sphere. The author argues that the existence of this disconnect can be explained by the special challenges that religion poses for constitutional adjudication which in turn should inform our understanding of the judicial decision-making function. Constraints inherent to constitutional courts that make them effective institutions for concrete dispute resolution significantly limit their ability to engage seriously with the normative challenges posed by religious diversity. We should thus properly understand the role of constitutional adjudication as peripheral in matters of public policy that intersect with questions of religious difference. / Graduate

Since the 1970s there has been a growing interest in, and utilisation of, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques to resolve environmental conflicts in western societies. ADR was incorporated into one of New Zealand's main environmental statutes, the Resource Management Act 1991(RMA). Under s.268 of the RMA the Environment Court (the Court) may, if the parties agree, conduct mediation in order to facilitate settlement of resource management disputes. The RMA, which has now been in operation for ten years, gives no guidance as to the way in which mediation is to be conducted. The Court has developed procedures and processes for administering and conducting mediation. This study critically evaluates the practice of Court assisted mediation of environmental disputes under the RMA. A literature review and interviews with stakeholder groups are used in this evaluation. The study shows that mediation generates benefits for the Court and participants. It also identifies limitations with the current mediation procedures and processes. These may impact the effectiveness of participants in mediation, their satisfaction with, and support for, the mediated settlement and with the environmental outcomes. The study recommends a series of guidelines be prepared on the functions and administrative procedures of the Court and on the mediation process promoted by the Court. Further research is also recommended. It is considered that these recommendations, if implemented, will enhance the process for participants, ensure more equitable and consistent environmental outcomes, in terms of present and future generations, and retain public confidence in the mediation process.

The system of Alternative Dispute Resolution, commonly known as ADR, comprises multiple informal processes. Traditional processes of negotiation, mediation and arbitration are primary processes within the system of ADR. The elements of the primary processes have been combined with one another or with those of public process to form hybrid ADR processes original only to the system of ADR. These hybrid processes are: rent-a-judge, the mini-trial, the summary jury trial, neutral evaluation and mediation/arbitration. Under the auspices of ADR, derivative processes have also been developed, such as expedited arbitration, documents-only arbitration, final-offer arbitration and quality arbitration. Each process is distinct and separate, having its own unique form, function and method of transforming a dispute. Outwardly, this represents a diverse collection of disjunctive processes. Yet an introspective analysis shows that there is an innate centrality that originates in core principles that bind individual processes to each other and to a unified body of theory. These foundational principles of ADR are replicated in each of its processes. In these terms, ADR is therefore conceptualised as a pluralistic system of dispute resolution that consists of autonomous and individual systems of process that conform to a central body of general theory and consensual principles. As a method of extracting the fundamental principles of ADR, the discontinuities and continuities between the theory and principles of civil procedure, as a unitary system .of procedure, and ADR processes are explored. However, in its conclusions, the thesis rejects the premises of a unitary system of procedure as forming the basis for the theory and principles of ADR. Instead, the contrary notion is advanced that ADR is an independent system of dispute resolution which is based on a theory of processual pluralism and supported by cogent processual principles. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

No description available.

Depuis le 1er janvier 2016, un nouveau Code de procédure civile est entré en vigueur pour faire passer la justice civile québécoise au XXIe siècle. Bien plus qu’une simple réforme, c’est une « nouvelle culture judiciaire » qui est encouragée, assurant des solutions adaptées aux besoins des justiciables. Dans cette perspective, il convient désormais, selon la lettre du Code, de «privilégier l’utilisation de tout moyen technologique approprié», c’est-à-dire satisfaisant au principe de proportionnalité. Une telle proposition, anodine de prime abord, est en réalité assez inédite : un principe relativement ancien – la proportionnalité procédurale – vient réguler un objet nouveau – les technologies de l’information. La présente thèse vise en ce sens à identifier toutes les ramifications et implications d’une telle approche, et ce, en deux temps successifs. Dans un premier temps, nous délimiterons la notion juridique de proportionnalité procédurale, qui a été relativement peu étudiée jusqu’à présent. Quant à ses origines, le principe de proportionnalité remonte à des millénaires avant notre ère, et n’a cessé de gagner de l’importance dans de nombreux domaines de droit : c’est donc l’histoire d’un «succès en puissance». Néanmoins, ce n’est qu’au milieu du XXe siècle, dans un contexte de crise de la justice civile et sous l’influence des théories utilitaristes, que la proportionnalité s’est développée en procédure civile (d’abord aux États-Unis, puis en Angleterre, pour ensuite percoler dans plusieurs autres juridictions). Ainsi, au Québec, la proportionnalité est aujourd’hui érigée en principe directeur de la procédure civile, qui porterait un véritable «effet système». Cette réussite n’est toutefois pas unanime puisque d’autres pays civilistes, dont la France au premier plan, relèguent la proportionnalité à l’état de simple concept, à la croisée de nouveaux principes managériaux (qualité, efficacité, célérité, etc.). Dans un deuxième temps, nous dégagerons l’action technologique que peut jouer le principe de proportionnalité procédurale. Selon nous, la nouvelle «procédure technologique», fondée sur la transmission technologique des actes et les technologies audiovisuelles, est insuffisante à elle seule : il s’agit d’un amas de règles techniques, sans cohérence, sans cohésion, trop mécaniques. Le principe de proportionnalité, appliquée aux moyens technologiques, apparaît alors comme une piste intéressante pour unifier et humaniser cette procédure technologique. Concrètement, le tribunal devrait autoriser, refuser ou ordonner le recours aux moyens technologiques selon une appréciation in concreto et in globo des intérêts en jeu. Par exemple, dans le cas d’un litige complexe, un témoignage à distance du témoin principal par Skype qui vivrait à côté du Palais de justice, devrait être refusé, car manifestement disproportionné. On voit alors poindre un sous-principe émergent de «proportionnalité technologique» qui aurait sa propre définition, son propre test, ses propres finalités. Plus avant, le juge devrait désormais assumer un nouvel office par rapport aux technologies de l’information, notamment en faisant des choix technologiques, en assurant une forme de Technology Assessment. Au bout du compte, une telle approche, qui se développe dans le contexte québécois, offre un discours assez inédit sur la technique en procédure civile : la proportionnalité n’est ni reniée (passé, tradition, juridico), les technologies ne sont ni rejetées (avenir, innovation, technico), l’un et l’autre doivent être indissociables. C’est donc un message en trois mots que porte la présente thèse : modernisation en modération. / January 1, 2016 marked the entry into force of the new Code of Civil Procedure, leading Québec’s civil justice system into the 21st century. This new Code is much more than a simple reform; rather, it encourages a wholly “new legal culture” by providing solutions adapted to the needs of its citizens. As such, to quote the Code itself, “appropriate technological means should be used whenever possible”, i.e. conforming to the principle of proportionality. This proposition may appear trivial upon first glance, but actually contains a fairly innovative reality: a well-established principle – that of procedural proportionality – now regulates a new area of activities – being information technologies. This thesis aims to identify all of the ramifications and implications of this application and will do so in two steps. First, we will begin by defining the legal concept of procedural proportionality, which has been relatively little studied until now. As to its origins, the concept of proportionality itself goes back millennia and, throughout time, has gained prominence in several fields of law: it is therefore the story of an ever-growing trend. That being said, it was only in the middle of the 20th century, against a backdrop of civil justice crises and under the influence of utilitarian theory, that proportionality was introduced as a matter of civil procedure (first in the United States, then in England, to finally percolate into other jurisdictions). In Québec, proportionality is today a guiding principle of procedure, which qualification has had a genuinely systemic effect. This gain is however not unanimous, as several other civil jurisdictions, France being the first, relegates proportionality to the rank of mere concept, theoretically located at the intersection of new managerial principles of civil procedure (such as quality, efficiency, celerity, etc.) In a second step, we will examine the practical technological effects of the principle of procedural proportionality. In our opinion, what we call “technological procedure” based on electronic transmission of documents and audiovisual technologies is insufficient in and by itself: it is only a mass of technical rules, without coherence or cohesion, much too mechanical. The principle of proportionality, applied to technologies, is therefore an interesting way to unify and humanise technological procedure. Concretely speaking, this means that a court should authorize, refuse or order the use of technologies according to an in concreto and in globo analysis of the interests at stake. For instance, in the case of a complex litigation, the use of Skype for the remote testimony of a main witness who lives next to the courthouse should be refused, since it is manifestly disproportional. In this manner, we are witnessing the emergence of a new sub-principle, what we call “technological proportionality” herein, which has its own definition, test and finalities. Furthermore, judges will henceforth have to assume a new role with respect to information technologies, notably by making technological choices and performing a form of “technology assessment”. In the end, such an approach, as it develops in Québec, offers a novel discussion on technology in civil procedure: neither proportionality (ancient, traditional, legal) nor technologies (futuristic, innovative, high-tech) are rejected; in fact, one cannot be dissociated from the other. The message of this thesis can therefore be summarised by three simple words: modernization in moderation.