Titel: Hållbarhetsrapportering - En kvantitativ studie om företag som påverkas av de nya direktiven i årsredovisningslagen väljer att presentera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i företagsekonomi, 15 HP Författare: Kristoffer Saglind & Egzon Selimi Handledare: Fredrik Hartwig Datum: 2019 – Januari Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka om de svenska företag som påverkas av den nya reformen (SFS 2016:947) väljer att presentera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Studien undersöker även om branschtillhörighet, antalet kvinnor i styrelsen och skuldsättningsgrad kan förklara om hållbarhetsrapporten presenteras i årsredovisningen eller i en separat publikation. Metod: Undersökningen utgår från den positivistiska traditionen och tillämpar en deduktiv ansats. För att besvara syftet har en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi tillämpats genom en innehållsanalys samt att hypoteser har utformats för att sedan testas i en regressionsanalys. Datainsamlingen för undersökningen har inhämtats från databasen Retriever där alla aktiebolag som påverkas av den nya lagstiftningen undersöks. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att 45,42% av alla de undersökta företagen väljer att placera sin hållbarhetsrapport i årsredovisningen medan 54,58% presenterar den i ett separat dokument. Vidare så finner studien ett positivt signifikant samband mellan 2 av de 28 undersökta branscherna och att integrera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Studien finner även ett positivt signifikant samband mellan antalet kvinnor i styrelsen och att ha en integrerad hållbarhetsrapport. Skuldsättningsgrad visar inget signifikant samband i undersökningen. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens praktiska bidrag är att sannolikheten är högre att ett företag inkluderar hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen ju fler kvinnor som finns i styrelsen. Vidare så tenderar företag verksamma inom branscherna ”företagstjänster” och ”fastighetsverksamhet” att placera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Det teoretiska bidraget är att det finns ett positivt signifikant samband mellan antalet kvinnor i styrelsen, och till viss del branschtillhörighet med att integrera hållbarhetsrapporten i årsredovisningen. Vidare fann faktorerna skuldsättningsgrad och företagsstorlek inte något signifikant samband och kan därför inte förklara något. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi föreslår att vidare forskning bör undersöka huruvida andra faktorer kan förklara var ett företag väljer att placera sin hållbarhetsrapport. Vidare föreslår vi att vidare forskning bör undersöka hur det skiljer sig mellan olika länder där en liknande reglering finns. Denna undersökning bör då använda samma oberoende variabler för att studien skall bli jämförbar. / Title: Sustainability reporting - A quantitative study on how companies affected by the new directives regarding the annual report choose to present their sustainability report either in the annual report or in a separate document. Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, 15 HP Author: Kristoffer Saglind & Egzon Selimi Supervisor: Fredrik Hartwig Date: 2019 – Januari Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate whether Swedish companies affected by the new reform (SFS 2016: 947) choose to present their sustainability report in the annual report or in a separate publication. The study also investigates whether industry affiliation, the number of women on the board and leverage can explain if the sustainability report is presented in the annual report or in a separate publication. Method: The study is based on a positivist philosophy and applies a deductive approach. In order to respond to the aim of the study a quantitative research strategy has been applied through a content analysis. Thus, hypothesis has been designed to then be tested in a regression analysis. Data collection for the survey has been retrieved from the database Retriever where all companies affected by the new legislation are being investigated. Result & Conclusions: The results of the study shows that 45.42% of all the companies investigated choose to place their sustainability report in their annual report, while 54.58% present it in a separate document. Furthermore, the study finds a positive significant correlation between 2 of the 28 investigated industries and integrating the sustainability report into the annual report. The study also finds a positive significant correlation between the number of women on the board and an integrated sustainability report. Finally, leverage show no significant correlation in the study. Contribution of the thesis: The practical contribution of the study is that the probability is higher that more women present on the board makes the probability higher that the sustainability report is included in the annual report. Furthermore, companies active in the sectors of "business services" and "real estate activities" tend to place the sustainability report in the annual report. The theoretical contribution is that there is a positive significant correlation between the factors number of women on the board, and to some extent the industry of the company in integrating the sustainability report in the annual report. Furthermore, the factors leverage and company size did not find any significant correlation and therefore can not explain anything. Suggestions for future research:  We propose that further research should investigate whether other factors can explain where a company chooses to place its sustainability report. Furthermore, we suggest that further research should investigate how it differs between different countries where a similar regulation exists. This study should then use the same independent variables to make the study comparable.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-05-05T13:32:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 processo_filiacao.pdf: 3000022 bytes, checksum: 564f24085b548dce8bb0cf176d9d0de9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-05T13:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 processo_filiacao.pdf: 3000022 bytes, checksum: 564f24085b548dce8bb0cf176d9d0de9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Banco Santander / Banespa / Esta dissertação teve o propósito de explorar no âmbito da pesquisa qualitativa o processo de tornar-se pai, mãe e filhos na adoção de irmãos maiores e interpretar como se deu a construção paterno-filial, a partir de um estudo de caso discutido segundo a perspectiva psicanalítica. Neste sentido, tivemos o interesse em compreender como se deu o processo de filiação, tanto na perspectiva parental, como na das próprias crianças. Portanto, os objetivos específicos dirigiram-se para, na perspectiva parental, entender as motivações conscientes e desejos subjacentes ao processo de adoção, identificar os medos, fantasias e lutos deste processo, verificar como se deu o processo de identificações paterno-filiais num processo de acompanhamento longitudinal de oito meses (maio a dezembro de 2010). Na perspectiva das crianças, acompanhar as características do estágio de convivência familiar, identificar medos e temores no processo. Os procedimentos de coletas de dados incluíram testes projetivos do desenho de família individual, diário pessoal, fotos, entrevistas clínicas abertas, entrevista de anamnese e Pesquisa Documental investigação sobre as histórias pregressas das crianças no processo de destituição do poder familiar. A coleta de dados ocorreu por um período de cinco meses, totalizando 14 encontros. Os participantes foram dois irmãos um menino de 10 anos e uma menina de 3 anos e 8 meses que estavam em acolhimento institucional e aptos para adoção e, um casal habilitado por uma das Comarcas Estaduais. A análise dos dados se deu psicanaliticamente a partir dos conceitos de Desejo, Não-Desejo, Narcisismo, Identificação, Romance Familiar e Filiação Simbólica. Concluímos que, desta forma, promovemos e auxiliamos no processo desta adoção de irmãos maiores, amenizando as dificuldades e esclarecendo as dúvidas no que tangeu o período do estágio convivência, orientado sobre etapas característica do mesmo, até a construção da filiação a partir da rotina diária. / The purpose of this Master thesis is twofold: to explore the process of becoming a father, a mother and a son/daughter in a process of adoption of older siblings, and to interpret how the parent-children relationship is developed. Using qualitative methodology and psychoanalytical theory, a case study is presented and discussed, providing both parents’ and kids’ perspectives in the process of affiliation. Within the parental perspective, the specific objectives are to understand the motivation and desires in the adoption process; to identify the fears, fantasies and grieves related to this process; and to examine the parent-children identification process in a longitudinal follow-up of eight months (May to December 2010). Regarding the children’s perspective, the specific objectives are to identify characteristics on the stage of family intimacy and their fears in the process. Data was obtained in 14 meetings over a period of 5 months. The procedures used were family drawing projective test, individual diary, pictures, open-ended clinical interviews, anamnesis interview and documental research – the investigation about the process of removing the kids from their original family. Participants were two siblings, a 10 year-old boy and a 3 years and 8 month girl, who were in an institution to be adopted, and a couple who was allowed to adopt by the official state agency. Data analysis was done through the psychoanalytical concepts of Desire, Non-Desire, Narcissism, Identification, Familiar Romance and Symbolic Affiliation. We enhanced and assisted this adoption process through lessening the difficulties, orienting and clarifying questions regarding the familiar intimacy stage, and helping in the development of affiliation.

本研究以2010年富士康連續墜樓事件作為觀察對象，採用新聞框架理論，檢視國內報紙對於勞工議題的報導。另鑑於本事件為台商在中國投資的事件，牽動敏感的兩岸話題，因此本研究加入各報政治偏差之因素，探討國內報紙對該事件報導的異同。 研究發現，事件發生初期，國內報紙多以「責任框架」報導，追究雇主應負的責任與提出的解決辦法；到了中後期，各報則以「經濟影響框架」為主，探討加薪將對雇主、國家，乃至全球經濟造成的影響。各報報導立場雖多為中立，但仍可見媒體對雇主的立場出現由負轉正的趨勢。此外，無論是「責任框架」或是「經濟影響框架」，在本事件勞工議題的討論中，雇主佔去了大部分的發言權，反觀以勞工為主體性的文章，則是少之又少。 政治立場偏藍的報紙，如«聯合報»和«中國時報»，皆以廣大篇幅報導之；反之，政治立場偏綠的報紙，如«自由時報»，則企圖淡化該新聞；而市場導向的«蘋果日報»位於兩者中間。所有報紙的報導皆以雇主發言為大宗，勞工仍處於弱勢，至於新聞框架的使用，則無明顯政黨偏差。 / This thesis examines the frames used in the news coverage of the Foxconn suicide jumps in general and labor issue in particular, along with political affiliation as a factor in Taiwan’s dailies. Framing analysis of 222 articles in the four major newspapers in Taiwan showed that “attribution of responsibility” and “economic consequence” were identified to be the two most used frames in coverage. These frames shifted to one another on June 1, the day when the company announced the wage increase policy. After the time divide, stories published before that mainly talked about attribution of responsibility and soon shifted to economic consequence afterwards. As for tone, coverage of workers generally stayed neutral with a subtle change from positive to negative, while stories of employers showed a shift from negative in the beginning to positive in the later stage. In terms of political affiliation, findings showed that difference could be obviously observed in the quantity of coverage, where the pro-Green Liberty Times contributed much less than the pro-Blue United Daily and China Times. While showing no obvious difference in the use of frame and by tone in the four newspapers when describing workers and employers, the pro-independence Liberty Times demonstrated apparent negative attitude toward the Chinese government and other China-related affairs in its editorials.

This thesis deals with what happens linguistically and interactionally in naturally occurring bilingual talk-in-interaction between Danes and Swedes. In the data – collected within the elderly care in a Danish municipality – three Swedish caregivers interact with Danish pensioners and colleagues. Previous research on inter-Scandinavian interaction has mostly been concerned with talk-in-interaction in arranged situations and/or situations where the participants do not interact regularly with other Scandinavians. The talk-in-interaction in the present data, however, has a clear activity context, and the participants are used to talking to people speaking the neighbour language. The aim of this study was to examine how comprehension, understanding and social affiliation were achieved and demonstrated across differences in language, age, nationality and institutional roles. The theoretical and methodological framework includes accommodation theory and conversation analysis. The linguistic aspects of the Swedish speakers’ accommodation to Danish were studied both in a detailed analysis of accommodation on five linguistic levels, and quantitatively in a study of five linguistic variables. One result was that the Swedish caregivers had individual ways of accommodating their language to Danish. The linguistic analyses also indicated that one reason for this accommodation was to make communication flow more efficiently. A CA-study of other-initiated repair showed that four factors in the interactional situation influenced understanding: context, physical distance and orientation, clearness of speech, and neighbour language and accommodation. It could, however, not be shown that the speakers’ use of different linguistic varieties caused a significant number of problems in understanding, or that the participants frequently oriented to such linguistic differences as part of the problem. Compliment sequences and their role in creating social affiliation were studied in another CA-study. They often played the role of introducing a new topic and leading the talk away from the practical chores at hand, thereby reducing the institutional aspect of the situation. The interactional ways of creating comprehension, understanding and social affiliation are likely to be at least as important as linguistic convergence in achieving these goals.

Plusieurs théories ont été proposées au cours des années afin de nous permettre de bien explorer le besoin d'affiliation (le besoin d'être lié, d'aimer et d'être aimé par autrui) et son importance chez l'être humain (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Deci & Ryan, 2000; McAdams, 1980; McClelland, 1985). Certaines théories parlent d'un besoin acquis (McAdams, 1980; McClelland, 1985), tandis que d'autres théories présentent un besoin inné et universel (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Deci & Ryan, 2000). Afin de développer un modèle intégratif, la présente thèse propose le Modèle d'Orientations du Besoin d'Affiliation qui comprend quatre postulats. Le premier postulat propose que le besoin d'affiliation est inné, une position qui est appuyée par de nombreuses recherches (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Deci & Ryan, 2000). En lien avec les théories de Baumeister et Leary (1995) et de McClelland (1985), le deuxième postulat propose qu'il existe des différences individuelles dans la façon avec laquelle le besoin d'affiliation guide les interactions entre les personnes et leur environnement social. Plus spécifiquement, nous postulons que certaines personnes interagissent avec les autres avec une orientation d'accroissement personnel, tandis que d'autres approchent les relations sociales avec une orientation de réduction d'un déficit relationnel. Nous proposons donc des différences qualitatives en ce qui concerne le besoin psychologique d'affiliation, c'est-à-dire, que son développement puisse être influencé par deux orientations différentes. Troisièmement, le Modèle d'Orientations du Besoin d'Affiliation postule que les expériences sociales antérieures des individus déterminent leur orientation d'affiliation. Finalement, le Modèle postule que l'orientation d'affiliation des individus influence non seulement la façon avec laquelle l'individu vit ses expériences dans le quotidien, mais également les perceptions et les comportements d'autrui envers ledit individu. Nous croyons en effet que l'orientation d'accroissement personnel engendre des conséquences adaptatives, tandis que l'orientation de réduction d'un déficit engendre des conséquences moins adaptatives, voire même mésadaptatives. Les recherches de la présente thèse avaient pour but de tester les différentes propositions du Modèle d'Orientations du Besoin d'Affiliation. Spécifiquement, elles avaient pour but d'évaluer la validité des différents postulats du modèle proposé. De plus, nous avons exploré les différentes conséquences psychologiques interpersonnelles et intrapersonnelles résultant des deux orientations ainsi que leurs antécédents. Nous avons également abordé l'influence des deux orientations d'affiliation sur les évaluations et perceptions d'autrui des participants. Finalement, nous avons examiné l'influence des deux orientations sur l'anxiété sociale vécue à la suite de situations de rejet social. Le premier article de cette thèse présente les résultats de quatre études. La première étude avait deux objectifs bien précis. Le premier objectif visait à tester la validité de la structure bifactorielle de l'échelle développée pour mesurer les deux orientations du besoin d'affiliation. Pour ce faire, deux échantillons distincts ont été utilisés afin d'effectuer une analyse factorielle exploratoire ainsi qu'une analyse factorielle confirmative. Le deuxième objectif de la première étude était d'évaluer la validité convergente et discriminante des deux orientations du besoin d'affiliation. La deuxième étude avait pour objectif de vérifier les conséquences psychologiques interpersonnelles (c.-à-d., l'anxiété sociale et la solitude) ainsi que l'estime de soi découlant des deux orientations du besoin d'affiliation tout en contrôlant l'influence exercée par la motivation globale autodéterminée et non autodéterminée. Cette étude utilisait un devis corrélationnel. La troisième étude utilisait également un devis corrélationnel, mais cette fois dans le but d'étudier les antécédents des deux orientations ainsi que les conséquences psychologiques intrapersonnelles de bien-être eudémonique (la croissance personnelle et l'acceptation de soi). Afin d'étudier les antécédents des deux orientations, une mesure d'attachement adulte a été utilisée. La quatrième étude utilisait un devis longitudinal afin d'étudier l'impact des deux orientations d'affiliation sur des évaluations d'acceptation et d'implication sociale faites par les collègues de travail des participants. Pour ce faire, les orientations d'affiliation ont été mesurées au début d'une session universitaire chez une population d'étudiants inscrits dans un cours de gestion nécessitant la réalisation d'un important travail d'équipe. À la fin de la session, les participants ont de nouveau été interrogés sur leur anxiété sociale telle qu'ils l'ont vécue au sein de l'équipe de travail. De plus, leurs collègues ont rapporté leur acceptation sociale des participants ainsi que leurs impressions concernant l'implication sociale des participants au sein de l'équipe. La série d'études présentées dans le premier article appuient la structure bifactorielle de l'échelle élaborée afin de mesurer les deux orientations du besoin d'affiliation ainsi que leur validité convergente et discriminante (Étude 1). De plus, elles démontrent que les deux orientations sont associées de façon différente à des conséquences psychologiques interpersonnelles (Étude 2) et intrapersonnelles (Études 2 et 3). Les études soutiennent le postulat du Modèle concernant les antécédents des deux orientations (Étude 3). Finalement, elles prouvent l'influence négative de l'orientation de réduction d'un déficit sur les évaluations des pairs (Étude 4). En général, les résultats suggèrent qu'une orientation d'accroissement personnel puisse protéger les individus contre l'anxiété sociale et la solitude, tout en favorisant un bien-être eudémonique élevé. À l'opposé, les résultats montrent qu'une orientation de réduction d'un déficit relationnel rend les individus vulnérables à l'anxiété sociale, à la solitude, à une faible estime de soi et à des degrés faibles de bien-être eudémonique. De plus, les résultats de l'Étude 4 suggèrent que l'intense besoin d'acceptation des individus engendre des résultats à l'opposé de leurs désirs. Le deuxième article aborde l'effet de modération des orientations d'affiliation dans la relation entre le rejet social et l'anxiété sociale qui en résulte. Nous avions comme hypothèse que les participants rapporteraient peu de rejet social et un faible degré d'anxiété sociale, peu importe leur orientation d'affiliation dominante. Cependant, nous proposions que lorsqu'un fort degré de rejet social serait rapporté, les participants ayant une orientation de réduction d'un déficit rapporteraient des degrés d'anxiété sociale significativement plus élevés que les participants ayant une orientation d'accroissement. Nous avons vérifié cet effet à l'aide de trois études et en utilisant trois différentes méthodologies. Une mesure autorapportée de rejet social vécu en milieu scolaire a été utilisée pour l'Étude 1 suivit d'une mesure d'anxiété sociale. Les résultats de l'Étude 1 suggèrent que les individus ayant un besoin d'affiliation orienté vers la réduction d'un déficit sont beaucoup plus vulnérables aux situations impliquant du rejet social que les individus ayant un besoin d'affiliation orienté vers l'accroissement. La deuxième étude utilisait une manipulation expérimentale d'ancrage supraliminal afin d'induire des sentiments de rejet et d'acceptation chez des participants de tous âges. Plus spécifiquement, les participants devaient décrire de façon détaillée une situation où ils ont vécu du rejet ou de l'acceptation après avoir rempli l'échelle mesurant leur orientation d'affiliation. Ensuite, ils devaient remplir la mesure d'anxiété sociale. Il était proposé que l'Étude 2 reproduise les résultats de l'Étude 1 avec la condition d'acceptation agissant de façon similaire à la condition de bas rejet social. La troisième étude utilisait une différente manipulation expérimentale d'ancrage supraliminal afin d'induire des sentiments de rejet ou d'acceptation chez une population étudiante. La manipulation expérimentale consistait à créer des phrases grammaticalement correctes avec des séries de cinq mots. Dans la condition de rejet, 12 des 16 phrases portaient sur le rejet social et dans la condition d'acceptation, 12 des 16 phrases portaient sur l'acceptation. Il était proposé que l'Étude 3 reproduise les résultats des Études 1 et 2. Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de la série d'études du deuxième article se sont avérés cohérents avec nos hypothèses. Spécifiquement, les résultats des différentes études ont démontré que dans des situations de rejet social, les individus ayant un besoin d'affiliation orienté vers la réduction d'un déficit vivent beaucoup plus d'anxiété sociale que les individus ayant un besoin d'affiliation orienté vers l'accroissement personnel. De plus, dans des situations avec des degrés de rejet social faible ou d'acceptation, les degrés d'anxiété sociale ne diffèrent pas selon l'orientation d'affiliation. Ces résultats suggèrent que les conséquences négatives qui sont généralement associées au rejet social (Leary et al., 2008; Leary & Kelly, 2009) ne surviennent pas automatiquement, mais dépendent de l'orientation d'affiliation des individus. Le dernier chapitre de la présente thèse souligne la contribution scientifique de celle-ci. Il se compose de quatre sections. La première section porte sur les implications théoriques des études qui composent cette thèse. La deuxième section aborde les différentes limites reliées aux études présentées. La troisième section suggère des pistes de recherches futures tandis que la quatrième section présente une courte conclusion. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Modèle d'Orientations du Besoin d'Affiliation, besoin d'affiliation, besoin d'appartenance sociale, orientations d'accroissement, orientations de réduction d'un déficit, anxiété sociale, rejet social.

Changes in the workforce have led to in an increase in work-family conflict for many employed individuals. Fortunately, many organizations have recognized and responded to employees’ work-family issues through the implementation of family-friendly benefits, such as flexible work arrangements (FWA). While offering family-friendly benefits is an important step in easing work-family conflicts, the mere availability of such initiatives may not be enough, as research shows that availability of benefits and utilization are only moderately correlated. These statistics highlight the presence of intermediating factors in the relationship between availability and utilization of family-friendly benefits. With this in mind, some researchers have examined the role of organizational factors in inhibiting benefit use. Although these organizational variables are essential in understanding the relationship between availability and use of flexible benefits, they neglect an important factor – the role that the individual may play in deciding whether to take advantage of these policies. With the exception of general demographic information, only one known study (Butler et al., 2004) has investigated the influence of an individual difference psychological factor in predicting benefit use. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by testing the influence of individual differences on FWA utilization. The study focuses on individual differences in four need-based motivational factors, need for affiliation at work, need for structure in the workplace, need for segmentation of work from other life roles, and need for occupational achievement, on flextime and flexplace usage. Furthermore, because FWA policies involve altering physical presence at work, a situational variable that involves the same dynamics, value of "face-time" within an organization, was examined as a moderator in each these relationships. Participants were 238 faculty members at a large research university. Results showed that the need for segmentation and the need for structure were negatively related to flextime and flexplace use, and the need for achievement and need for affiliation were not significantly related to either FWA. Face-time orientation did not significantly moderate any of these relationships. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as future directions, are discussed.

Although culture and subcultural norms have been subjected to increased scrutiny in recent years as explanatory constructs for various dimensions of consumer behaviours, religion as a subsystem of culture has received only slight attention in the marketing literature. The purpose of this study was to examine the religious influences on some selected aspects of consumer behaviour. Utilising consumer behaviour model of retail patronage as a framework, religious influences on the following aspects of consumer behaviour were examined: lifestyle, use of information source, shopping orientation, store attribute importance and store patronage. Consistent with previous research, religion was viewed from two different perspectives namely religious affiliation and religiosity. Religious affiliation is the adherence of individuals to a particular religious group while religiosity, or religious commitment, is the degree in which beliefs in specific religious values and ideals are espoused and practiced by an individual. Fieldwork for this study was carried out in Malaysia where the populace contains sizable percentages of adherents to four of the world’s leading religions, namely Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity. The research data was collected by means of a survey through personal interviews with a structured questionnaire. Out of three hundred respondents targeted, two hundred and twenty-six questionnaires were deemed usable for statistical analysis. Statistical tests were calculated using statistical procedures of SPSS version 11.5. The main statistical techniques used include exploratory factor analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate ANOVA and multiple linear regression analysis. Findings indicated significant differences between religious affiliation groups in the areas of lifestyle, store attributes and store patronage. Significant differences between religiosity groups were also revealed in the areas of lifestyle, information source, shopping orientation and importance of store attributes. The usefulness of religious variables was further tested using multiple linear regression analysis with demographics and lifestyles were entered as extraneous variables. Results indicated that when the effect of other predictor variables were explicitly controlled (i.e. held constant) during the regression analysis, religious affiliation appeared to influence the perceived importance of store attributes. Intrapersonal religiosity, when controlling for the effect of other predictor variables, appeared to influence the use of information source, shopping orientation and perceived importance of store attributes. Similarly, interpersonal religiosity, when controlling for the effect of other predictor variables, was found to influence the use of information source, shopping orientation and importance of store attributes. Overall, findings indicated that consumer religiosity, as compared to religious affiliation, was more useful in predicting aspects of retail patronage activities. Thus it is suggested that religiosity variable should be given consideration in future patronage behaviour model building and research efforts. The implications of these results for theories of consumer behaviour along with the practical implications of the findings were discussed and opportunities for future research were provided.

The main purpose of this study is to conduct a contrastive analysis on a corpus of Swedish and Spanish family conversations with respect to two adjacency pairs: opinion-agreement/disagreement (OADs) and offer-acceptance/rejection (OARs). On one hand, from a structural perspective, based on the methodology of Conversation Analysis, one of the objectives is to observe how (dis)preferred turns of the OADs and OARs are managed by the interlocutors. On the other hand, from a functional perspective, based on the methodology of Sociocultural Pragmatics, the intention is to study how face is constructed and how politeness is managed by the family members when expressing OADs and OARs. The structural analysis of OADs and OARs shows that the majority of agreements and acceptances follow the rules for preferred turns proposed by orthodox conversation analysts, i.e. they appear directly after the first part of the adjacency pair (opinion or offer), and they are brief and unambiguous. However, the structural analysis also reveals that 70% (Swedish corpus) and 72% (Spanish corpus) of the disagreements as well as 64% (Swedish corpus) and 70% (Spanish corpus) of the rejections have a tendency to not follow the proposed rules for dispreferred turns, i.e. they are not delayed or accompanied by hesitations, justifications, etc. and nor are they evaluated as dispreferred by the participants. This indicates that social perspective, especially face, has to be considered when deciding what is considered (dis)preferred. The functional analysis of the OADs indicates that the majority of the disagreements in both Swedish (68%) and Spanish (79%) corpus are not mitigated, but rather are expressed in a fairly direct manner. Swedes tend to avoid disagreements, and therefore we expected to find a major difference between the two groups. One explanation could be that family members enjoy close relationships, and therefore the Swedes feel free to express their disagreements. As for the impact on the family members face, in both groups, it is both autonomy face and affiliation face that are influenced when OADs are expressed. As for agreement, for example, it is usually autonomy face that is affected. We interpret this as a way for the participants to show that both speakers and listeners have valuable opinions that deserve to be both voiced and commented on. This reveals the more discursive (rather than ritual) nature of OADs. In addition, the functional study of OARs shows that acceptances and rejections in both corpora are expressed using both ritual and attenuating politeness according to the norms required by the situation. Concerning the impact on face, autonomy face has different requirements in the two cultures: in the Swedish conversations, it is important to offer food without insisting several times, and in the Spanish corpus, it is important to offer food more than one or two times, and there is also a tendency to refuse the offer several times before accepting it. Therefore, according to one’s situational role, one has to know how to both give and receive offers, which points to the more ritual nature of OARs. Finally, we want to emphasize that by adding a social perspective to the structural one, we can interpret the meaning of the conversations in a way that provides a broader understanding of what is being said as participants express OADs and OARs.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This article focuses its attention on the analysis of health services provided to seniors in the framework of public politics must give them rights safeguard Social Security and Health, and their level of access in cases of poverty and others; further analysis of the work of those institutions whose responsibility was granted by the Act of Older Persons for the protection of the same in the joint work with the SIS and Essalud. / El presente artículo enfoca su atención en el análisis de los servicios de salud brindados a los adultos mayores en el marco de las políticas públicas que les deben otorgar resguardo de derechos de la Seguridad Social y de la Salud, y su nivel de acceso en casos de pobreza y otros; además se hace un análisis del trabajo de aquellas instituciones cuya responsabilidad fue otorgada por la Ley de las Personas Adultas Mayores para la protección del mismo en el trabajo articulado con el SIS y ESSALUD.