The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among the youth in the Vaal triangle, south of Gauteng. The study was conducted in four high schools under Sedibeng West District of the Gauteng Department of Education. A quantitative approach in the form of a questionnaire was used to conduct the research. Results obtained indicated that there is no significant correlation between alcohol advertising and alcohol consumption among the respondents. Drawing on the findings and literature review, recommendations were made to government, the liquor industry and schools that participated in the study. Limitations of the study were identified and recommendations were made for the benefit of future research. The primary and secondary objectives of the study were successfully realised in this study. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In the UK there has been growing concern about the relationship between levels of alcohol consumption and offending behaviour. The Alcohol Treatment Requirement (ATR) was introduced to the UK in 2007 and was piloted in a District in the north of England in July 2007. The ATR is a coercive form of treatment delivered jointly by the probation service and the National Health Service (NHS) and was funded by the NHS. The ATR centres on supporting offenders to cease their offending behaviour and reduce or end their alcohol misuse. Two female alcohol treatment workers have been appointed to specifically deliver the ATR. Therefore this study aimed to investigate the delivery of the ATR, and more specifically, aimed to explore what impact the ATR might have in relation to positive behaviour change and rehabilitation for offenders with alcohol problems. In order to meet the expectations of producing 'outcome' data for the NHS funders, and indepth theoretical data worthy of an academic PhD, this research took a pragmatic methodological approach which enabled different social realities of the ATR to be explored. To this end, a mixed methods design was employed involving quantitative and qualitative data collection methods. The data for this research was generated in three phases with Phase One aiming to explore quantitatively the characteristics, impacts and outcomes of those sentenced to the ATR. This phase revealed that the ATR is being delivered to predominantly young, male, alcohol dependent, violent, persistent offenders. This analysis further revealed that the ATR was effective in bringing about positive treatment outcomes and in reducing reoffending. In order to explore further how this positive change was occurring, Phase Two consisted of qualitative participant observations of the treatment interaction involving the female alcohol treatment workers and the male offenders. By drawing on positioning theory, the analysis considered the complexity of the gendered interactions that occurred during these encounters. It was found that the two female alcohol treatment workers resisted positions of 'feminine carer' offered up by these young men in order to occupy positions of control. Indeed this analysis provided great insight into the constant flow of negotiations and manoeuvring of positions that occurred between the alcohol treatment worker and the offender, argued to be vitally important in working towards positive behaviour change. During Phase Three ten offenders were interviewed in order to explore through a dialogical lens (Bakhtin, 1982) how they constructed and experienced treatment on the ATR. In exploring the offenders' stories dialogically, the analysis highlighted how the ATR was enabling, in that it offered a 'space' for these offenders to engage and internalise a dialogue that draws on the authoritative voice of therapy. Therefore it was revealed that through dialogue with the 'other', offenders were able to re-author a more 'moral' and 'worthy' self. Moreover, the ATR has been found to be successful in enabling the offenders' hegemonic masculine identities to be both challenged and protected as a result of the multilayered interactions that occurred during these treatment encounters. This research therefore concludes that coercive treatment, rather than being a concern, should be embraced as a way of enabling change for offenders with alcohol problems. Furthermore, this research has highlighted the value of the relational aspect of treatment in bringing about positive behaviour changes. Finally this research has shown that community sentences offer a more constructive way of engaging with offenders than those who receive a custodial sentence.

Decades of work has led researchers to believe that risk for complex behavioral phenotypes, such as alcohol use disorders, is likely influenced by multiple genes of small effect acting in conjunction with each other and the environment. Currently, the field of psychiatric genetics is developing methodologies for the identification of genetic risk variants that predispose individuals to the development of complex behavioral disorders. Several challenges related to the complex and polygenic nature of these phenotypes, must be considered. This dissertation study attempts to address these important challenges in the context of alcohol use disorders and related phenotypes. A rich twin and family study literature has indicated that 40-70% of the variance in alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is influenced by genetics. Recent attempts to identify specific x genetic risk variants associated with AUDs have been met with limited success. Meanwhile, evidence of the moderating effects of the environment on AUDs has been mounting, providing a strong rationale for examining gene-environment interaction. In the following chapters several studies will be described that integrate established twin methodologies into gene identification projects in an effort to reduce heterogeneity (both phenotypic and genotypic), elucidate environmental constructs that moderate genetic influences, and to enhance statistical power to detect the subtle genetic influences on alcohol related phenotypes.

Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug on earth and continues to be responsible for a substantial burden of death and disability. Mitigating these harms is an important focus of any healthful society. Population-level alcohol policy strategies may be employed to decrease these harms and improve population health. To assist towards these goals, this dissertation has two research objectives relating to the estimation and mitigation of alcohol harms: (1) to complete a series of studies regarding the Alcohol Total Consumption Model (TCM) and (2) to specify and test a novel alcohol health harms estimator and alcohol policy scenario modeler, the International Model of Alcohol Harms and Policies (InterMAHP). The TCM is an important theory in alcohol studies and connects alcohol policies, per capita alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable (AA) harms in a unified social theory. In brief, policies are expected to reflect on population-level consumption, which in turn is the most important predictor of alcohol harms. The TCM theorizes that change should flow directionally through the model – a policy expected to decrease consumption would be predicted to decrease alcohol harms. This theory has been critical towards informing alcohol control policies in the past five decades. In this dissertation, a series of studies were conducted to test the assumptions of the TCM, to test their continued viability. Study A is a comprehensive systematic review and series of meta-analyses that established the link between alcohol policies influencing day/hours of sale and outlet density and per capita consumption. Study B is a primary research study that examined the direct effect of a changed alcohol policy on alcohol-related ED visits, in the context of Saskatchewan. Studies C and D establish the link between alcohol consumption and AA mortality and morbidity through mathematical specification of InterMAHP. Next, the model was applied to the exemplar of AA mortality in Canada in 2016. Last, Study E extended InterMAHP functionalities to include modeling changes in AA harms expected from potential or realized per capita consumption changes resulting from policy change. An application was provided in the context of Québec. The results of this dissertation research provide some support, in a modern context, to the relationships defined in the TCM. The findings suggest that the TCM continues to be a largely appropriate conceptual model in consideration of alcohol policy-making. InterMAHP provides global alcohol researchers with a novel model towards estimating the health harms of alcohol. / Graduate / 2020-04-09

A eficácia e a segurança do acamprosato foram avaliadas no tratamento ambulatorial de setenta e cinco pacientes do sexo masculino, com idade entre 18 e 59 anos, com diagnóstico de dependência de álcool pelo CID-10. O estudo foi controlado duplo-cego, com duração de 24 semanas. Transtornos clínicos e/ou psiquiátricos que necessitassem de internação, uso de medicação psiquiátrica, quadros psicóticos prévios independentes do consumo de álcool e hipersensibilidade ao acamprosato foram critérios de exclusão. Após um período de desintoxicação de uma semana, os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: o primeiro grupo recebeu acamprosato (6 comprimidos de 333 mg por dia durante 12 semanas), e o segundo recebeu placebo (6 comprimidos por dia durante 12 semanas). Após as primeiras 12 semanas, os pacientes continuaram o tratamento por mais 12 semanas sem uso de medicação. Os grupos foram comparados quanto a sintomas depressivos, uso de álcool, efeitos colaterais das medicações, exames laboratoriais e tempo de abstinência contínuo. 25% dos pacientes que estavam recebendo acamprosato e 20% dos pacientes que estavam recebendo placebo foram excluídos do seguimento. Os pacientes que receberam acamprosato mostraram maior taxa de abstinência contínua no final das 24 semanas de tratamento quando comparados aos que receberam placebo (57% versus 25%, p = 0,014), e tiveram uma duração média de abstinência contínua de 18,8 semanas enquanto o grupo placebo teve uma duração média de abstinência contínua de 12 semanas (p = 0,003). Efeitos colaterais foram registrados. O acamprosato mostrou-se ser seguro e eficaz no tratamento de pacientes dependentes de álcool e na manutenção da abstinência durante 24 semanas. / The efficacy and security of acamprosate were evaluated in the treatment of 75 men, between 18 and 59 years of age, with diagnosis of alcohol dependence by ICD-10. It was a double-blind, placebo controlled study, 24 weeks long. Patients with disorders that should be treated in an inpatient setting, using psychiatric medications, relating previous psychoses without alcohol use and with hipersensibility to acamprosate were excluded. After a one-week detoxification period, the patients were randomily divided in two groups: the first group received acamprosate (6 tablets of 333 mg a day during 12 weeks) and the second group received placebo (6 tablets during 12 weeks). After the first 12 weeks, the patients continued the follow-up for 12 weeks more without medication. The groups were compared in terms of depressive symptoms, use of alcohol, side effects of medications and laboratory tests. 25% of patients who were receiving acamprosate dropped out, whereas 20% of the placebo-treated patients dropped out of the study. Patients who were receiving acamprosate showed significantly higher continuous abstinence rate within the 24 weeks of treatment compared with patients who were assigned to placebo treatment (57% versus 25%, p = 0,014), and they had significantly longer mean abstinence duration of 18,8 weeks versus 12 weeks abstinent (p = 0,003). Few side effects were related. Acamprosate proved to be safe and an effective aid in the treatment of alcohol dependent patients and in maintaining the abstinence of patients during 24 weeks.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DeboraKSAC_DISSERT.pdf: 780113 bytes, checksum: 96901284608ba1ade901c730fc8b48f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-10 / The experience as a school psychologist allowed me to notice that expressions like I was like trash in the gang s barbecue , and we chatted away, only the girls, and we all got drunk , are very common in conversations between Elementary and High School students, pointing out to a concerning incidence of alcohol consumption among female adolescents. However, studies about this theme haven t gone deep in the nowadays reality these girls are living in. This study aimed at comprehending the aspects of the relation between girls and alcohol, starting from the point that exaggerated consumption indicates introductory rituals for some groups, making social relations easier and becoming a sociability factor. To give this study some support, a questionnaire was applied to 1028 female teenagers, between 12 and 18 years old, students in private schools in Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte. The context chosen for the development of the study - private schools -, arose from the notion that the majority of the data collection carried out about alcohol and other psychotropic drugs aim at public school students. The instrument used was divided in two parts, one that treated about the first contact with alcohol (experimentation), and other that points to the current relation with alcoholic beverages, with 27 closed questions but nevertheless with available space for manifestation like if other; which?, applied collectively in classrooms. The data received a statistic treatment from SPSS and showed that the first contact with alcoholic beverage happens in domestic environment, having parents and friends as companions, very precociously, around 10 years of age, as curiosity. At this moment, Ice drink is the most consumed beverage. The main reason that leads them to drink is to pass the time in parties, and they don t drink alone (93% of students researched), what gives alcohol this recreational and socializing characteristic. They do consider alcohol a kind of drug, but are not afraid of getting addicted. People that drink usually show to be extroverted, they get happier (40,3%) and are not shy at all (29,4%), have attitudes of moral character, like to get involved with unknown boys (18,5%), get numb (9,9%), or get sad (1,9%). They label as vulgar the girls that drink, depending on the amount, and to be stimulated by the boys to drink. The study shows that systematic interventions of the school are necessary, once it is an institution that should care about education and personality traits of children and adolescents, as well as the important role of the psychologist in this context. Besides, it claims the society to get effectively involved with the public policies that already exist / A experi?ncia como psic?loga escolar permitiu perceber que express?es do tipo "fiquei um lixo no churrasco da turma", "fizemos uma resenha interna s? de meninas e ficamos todas embriagadas", se fazem presentes de um modo constante nas conversas das estudantes do Ensino Fundamental e do M?dio, sinalizando uma preocupante incid?ncia do consumo do ?lcool em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Contudo, os estudos sobre o tema ainda n?o se detiveram na realidade agora vivenciada pelas meninas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo compreender aspectos da rela??o entre meninas e ?lcool, partindo do pressuposto de que o consumo exacerbado ? express?o de rituais de inicia??o em grupos, facilitador das rela??es sociais, fator de sociabilidade. Apoiou-se na aplica??o de question?rio em 1028 adolescentes do sexo feminino, com idade entre 12 e 18 anos, estudantes de escolas privadas de Natal, capital do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Indicou que o primeiro contato com a bebida alco?lica tem se dado em ambientes dom?sticos, em companhia de pais e amigos, de forma bastante precoce, por volta dos 10 anos de idade, por curiosidade. Em rela??o ao consumo atual, a bebida mais consumida ? a ice; o principal motivo que as levam a beber ? para passar o tempo ; a principal ocasi?o s?o as festas e elas n?o bebem sozinhas (93% do universo pesquisado), configurando o car?ter socializador e recreativo do ?lcool. Consideram o ?lcool uma droga, mas n?o demonstram medo de se viciar.Os comportamentos que mais destacam nas amigas que bebem est?o relacionados a desinibi??o, do tipo ficam mais alegres (40,3%) e perdem a timidez (29,4%), e atitudes de car?ter moral, como ficam com qualquer menino (18,5%), ficam tontas (9,9%), ou ficam tristes (1,9%). Acham vulgar as meninas beberem, dependendo da quantidade, e recebem est?mulo dos amigos para que bebam. O estudo aponta para a necessidade de interven??es sistem?ticas da psicologia escolar, que auxiliem na preven??o e erradica??o do problema, ao mesmo tempo que representa uma interroga??o na forma??o deste profissional

Vários procedimentos de indução ao alcoolismo em ratos têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de produzir padrões de consumo de álcool. Muitos deles parecem ser eficientes em garantir a ingesta voluntária de altas doses de álcool por certo período de tempo, indicando a possibilidade de serem eficientes em induzir dependência de álcool de acordo com critérios como (aumento e escalada do consumo de álcool, sintomas de abstinência, comportamento de autoadministração resistente a punição). Entretanto, autores da Análise do Comportamento apontam que a dependência não seria considerada uma doença crônica, nem é apenas produto da ingesta da droga, mas seria fruto de processos comportamentais de escolha e que seria melhor descrita pela preferência pela droga sobre outros reforçadores concorrentes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar e comparar os padrões de autoadministração e preferência por álcool de ratos submetidos a três procedimentos de indução de dependência reconhecidos pela literatura. No primeiro experimento o objetivo era a indução e avaliação da dependência de álcool por meio do procedimento de intubação intragástrica. Após realização de treino operante, os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de intubação intragástrica, tal procedimento consistiu na infusão gástrica de solução de etanol 17,8 ml/kg, os animais receberam 10g/kg/dia. No segundo experimento o objetivo foi a indução a dependência de etanol por meio do procedimento operante em que os animais eram submetidos a sessões com duração de 14 horas cada, durante três vezes por semana. O esquema operante em vigor era CRF etanol 20% (v/v). No terceiro experimento foi realizado o procedimento de indução operante, em que, inicialmente, os animais respondiam a uma esquema CRF etanol 20% (v/v) durante 30 minutos diários.Depois dos procedimentos de indução os animais de cada experimento foram expostos a diferentes procedimentos de avaliação da escolha por etanol. No primeiro experimento, após a primeira fase de intubação intragástrica, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente CRF etanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sacarose 14,7% (w/v). Na segunda fase do primeiro experimento, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente FR2 etanol 10% (v/v) FR2 sacarose 14,7% (w/v). No segundo experimento, foram realizadas duas fases para mensuração da preferência por etanol: a primeira consistiu em um esquema concorrente FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) FR2 água; o segundo consistiu em um esquema operante FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 sacarina 0,25% (w/v). No terceiro experimento, a mensuração da preferência por etanol se deu por meio de dois esquemas operantes concorrentes, o primeiro foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF água, e o segundo foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF sacarina 0,25% (w/v). Os animais consumiram doses ativas de etanol em todos os experimentos, entretanto, não apresentaram preferência por etanol quando este esteve concorrente à água, à sacarose 14,7% ou à sacarina 0,25% / Various alcohol induction procedures in rats have been developed to produce patterns of alcohol consumption. Many of them seems to be efficient at ensuring the voluntary intake of high doses of alcohol for a certain period of time, indicating the possibility of being efficient in inducing alcohol addiction according to criteria such as (increase and escalation of alcohol consumption, withdrawal symptoms, self-administration behavior resistant to punishment). However, Behavior Analysis authors point out that addiction should not be considered a chronic disease, nor is it just a product of drug intake, but would be the result of behavioral processes of choice and that would be better described by the drug preference over other competing reinforcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the patterns of autoadministration and alcohol preference of rats submitted to three procedures of induction of addiction recognized in the literature. In the first experiment the objective was the induction and evaluation of alcohol addiction through the intragastric intubation procedure. After operant training, the animals were submitted to intragastric intubation procedure, such procedure consisted of gastric infusion of ethanol solution 17.8 ml/kg, the animals received 10g/kg/day. In the second experiment the objective was to induce ethanol addiction by means of the operant procedure in which the animals were submitted to sessions lasting 14 hours each, three times a week. The operant schedule was CRF 20% ethanol (v/v). In the third experiment the operant induction procedure was performed, initially animals responded to a 20% (v / v) CRF ethanol for 30 minutes daily. After the induction procedures, the animals from each experiment were exposed to different procedures for evaluating the preference for ethanol. In the first experiment, after the first phase of intragastric intubation, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operative schedule CRF ethanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second phase of the first experiment, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operant schedule FR2 10% (v/v) ethanol - FR2 sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second experiment, two phases were used to measure ethanol preference: the first consisted of a concurrent schedule FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR2 water; the second consisted of an operative scheme FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 saccharin 0.25% (w/v). In the third experiment, ethanol preference was measured by two concurrent operating schedules, the first one was CRF 20% (v/v) ethanol - CRF water, and the second was CRF ethanol 20% (v/v) CRF saccharin 0.25% (w/v). The animals consumed active doses of ethanol in all the experiments; however, they did not present preference for ethanol when it was in competition with water, 14.7% sucrose or 0.25% saccharin

Vários procedimentos de indução ao alcoolismo em ratos têm sido desenvolvidos com a finalidade de produzir padrões de consumo de álcool. Muitos deles parecem ser eficientes em garantir a ingesta voluntária de altas doses de álcool por certo período de tempo, indicando a possibilidade de serem eficientes em induzir dependência de álcool de acordo com critérios como (aumento e escalada do consumo de álcool, sintomas de abstinência, comportamento de autoadministração resistente a punição). Entretanto, autores da Análise do Comportamento apontam que a dependência não seria considerada uma doença crônica, nem é apenas produto da ingesta da droga, mas seria fruto de processos comportamentais de escolha e que seria melhor descrita pela preferência pela droga sobre outros reforçadores concorrentes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar e comparar os padrões de autoadministração e preferência por álcool de ratos submetidos a três procedimentos de indução de dependência reconhecidos pela literatura. No primeiro experimento o objetivo era a indução e avaliação da dependência de álcool por meio do procedimento de intubação intragástrica. Após realização de treino operante, os animais foram submetidos ao procedimento de intubação intragástrica, tal procedimento consistiu na infusão gástrica de solução de etanol 17,8 ml/kg, os animais receberam 10g/kg/dia. No segundo experimento o objetivo foi a indução a dependência de etanol por meio do procedimento operante em que os animais eram submetidos a sessões com duração de 14 horas cada, durante três vezes por semana. O esquema operante em vigor era CRF etanol 20% (v/v). No terceiro experimento foi realizado o procedimento de indução operante, em que, inicialmente, os animais respondiam a uma esquema CRF etanol 20% (v/v) durante 30 minutos diários.Depois dos procedimentos de indução os animais de cada experimento foram expostos a diferentes procedimentos de avaliação da escolha por etanol. No primeiro experimento, após a primeira fase de intubação intragástrica, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente CRF etanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sacarose 14,7% (w/v). Na segunda fase do primeiro experimento, os animais foram expostos a um esquema operante concorrente FR2 etanol 10% (v/v) FR2 sacarose 14,7% (w/v). No segundo experimento, foram realizadas duas fases para mensuração da preferência por etanol: a primeira consistiu em um esquema concorrente FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) FR2 água; o segundo consistiu em um esquema operante FR3 etanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 sacarina 0,25% (w/v). No terceiro experimento, a mensuração da preferência por etanol se deu por meio de dois esquemas operantes concorrentes, o primeiro foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF água, e o segundo foi CRF etanol 20% (v/v) CRF sacarina 0,25% (w/v). Os animais consumiram doses ativas de etanol em todos os experimentos, entretanto, não apresentaram preferência por etanol quando este esteve concorrente à água, à sacarose 14,7% ou à sacarina 0,25% / Various alcohol induction procedures in rats have been developed to produce patterns of alcohol consumption. Many of them seems to be efficient at ensuring the voluntary intake of high doses of alcohol for a certain period of time, indicating the possibility of being efficient in inducing alcohol addiction according to criteria such as (increase and escalation of alcohol consumption, withdrawal symptoms, self-administration behavior resistant to punishment). However, Behavior Analysis authors point out that addiction should not be considered a chronic disease, nor is it just a product of drug intake, but would be the result of behavioral processes of choice and that would be better described by the drug preference over other competing reinforcers. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the patterns of autoadministration and alcohol preference of rats submitted to three procedures of induction of addiction recognized in the literature. In the first experiment the objective was the induction and evaluation of alcohol addiction through the intragastric intubation procedure. After operant training, the animals were submitted to intragastric intubation procedure, such procedure consisted of gastric infusion of ethanol solution 17.8 ml/kg, the animals received 10g/kg/day. In the second experiment the objective was to induce ethanol addiction by means of the operant procedure in which the animals were submitted to sessions lasting 14 hours each, three times a week. The operant schedule was CRF 20% ethanol (v/v). In the third experiment the operant induction procedure was performed, initially animals responded to a 20% (v / v) CRF ethanol for 30 minutes daily. After the induction procedures, the animals from each experiment were exposed to different procedures for evaluating the preference for ethanol. In the first experiment, after the first phase of intragastric intubation, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operative schedule CRF ethanol 10% (v/v) - CRF sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second phase of the first experiment, the animals were exposed to a concurrent operant schedule FR2 10% (v/v) ethanol - FR2 sucrose 14.7% (w/v). In the second experiment, two phases were used to measure ethanol preference: the first consisted of a concurrent schedule FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR2 water; the second consisted of an operative scheme FR3 ethanol 20% (v/v) - FR3 saccharin 0.25% (w/v). In the third experiment, ethanol preference was measured by two concurrent operating schedules, the first one was CRF 20% (v/v) ethanol - CRF water, and the second was CRF ethanol 20% (v/v) CRF saccharin 0.25% (w/v). The animals consumed active doses of ethanol in all the experiments; however, they did not present preference for ethanol when it was in competition with water, 14.7% sucrose or 0.25% saccharin

Universitetsstudenter har ofta ett riskabelt alkoholbeteende ochupplever depressiva symtom under studietiden, vilket kan ha svårakonsekvenser. Förklaringarna till alkoholkonsumtion blanduniversitetsstudenter har ofta fokuserat på studenters motivation tillsocialisering med andra studenter. Litteraturen har också fokuserat påförstaårsstudenters övergångsfas i förklaringarna till depression.Denna studie involverade 117 universitetsstudenter i ett medelstortsvenskt universitet. Studiens huvudsyfte var att undersöka omstudenter som bytte ort för att studera dricker mer alkohol ochupplever flera depressiva symtom än studenter som studerar i sinhemort. Resultatet visar på en betydande skillnad i alkoholkonsumtionmellan de två grupperna, vilket tyder på ett samband mellan flyttenfrån hemorten och alkoholkonsumtion. / University students have often a risky alcohol behaviour andexperience depressive symptoms during their studies, which can haveserious consequences. Explanations to why college students drinkalcohol have often focused on the students’ social motivations. Theliterature has also focused on first-year university students’ being in atransitional phase in their lives when explaining their experience ofdepressive symptoms. This study involved 117 university students at amiddle-sized Swedish university. The main purpose of this study wasto investigate if students who moved from their home districts in orderto attend college drink more alcohol and experience more depressivesymptoms than university students who study in their home district.The result of this study shows a significant difference in alcoholconsumption between the two groups, which indicates a relationshipbetween moving from one’s home district and drinking alcohol.

Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti prevencijos programos “Gyvai” efektyvumą tabako ir alkoholio vartojimo sumažėjimui šią programą įgyvendinusios mokyklos šeštose klasėse. Tyrimas atliktas dviem etapais. Tie patys mokiniai apklausti prieš ir po priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų vartojimo prevencinės programos „Gyvai“. Pirmo etapo metu tyrime dalyvavo 164 VI klasių mokiniai. Antro etapo metu dalyvavo 83,5 proc. mokinių iš pirmo etapo – 137 VII klasių mokiniai: 59 berniukai (43,1 proc.) ir 78 mergaitės (56,9 proc.), amžiaus vidurkis 12,76 ± 0,47. Siekiant įvertinti priklausomybę sukeliančių medžiagų prevencinės programos „Gyvai“ veiksmingumą, mokiniams buvo pravesta 12-a nuoseklių pamokų. Nustatyti jaunesniųjų paauglių alkoholio vartojimo ir rūkymo ypatumus, naudota sveikatos ir įpročių anketa (Goštautas, 1999), nustatyti jaunesniųjų paauglių savigarbą, naudota Rosenbergo (1965) savigarbos skalė (angl. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES), įvertinti saviveiksmngumą, naudota M. Jerusalem ir R. Schwarzer (1979) bendroji saviveiksmingumo skalė (angl. The General Self-Efficacy Scale, GSE). Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad per metus bandžiusių rūkyti ir vartoti alkoholį paauglių skaičius išaugo tiek tarp poveikio, tiek tarp lyginamosios grupės mokinių. Tačiau tarp programoje nedalyvavusių mokinių bandžiusių rūkyti skaičius buvo daugiau nei dvigubai didesnis nei tarp mokinių, kurie dalyvavo programoje „Gyvai“. Taip pat tarp poveikio grupės mokinių sumažėjo ketinančių vartoti alkoholį ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research is to establish the efficiency of the prevention program “Gyvai” in terms of decrease in tobacco and alcohol consumption among the 6th-graders of the school implementing the program. The research was conducted in two stages. The same students were given questions before and after the addiction-causing substances prevention program “Gyvai”. During the first stage, 164 students of the 6th grade participated. During the second stage, 83.5% of the first stage participants were involved; these were 137 students of the 7th grade including 59 boys (43.1%) and 78 girls (56.9%); age average 12.76 ± 0.47. In order to evaluate the efficiency of addiction-causing substances prevention program “Gyvai”, students were given 12 consecutive classes. In order to establish the peculiarities of alcohol consumption and smoking among junior adolescents, a health-and-habits questionnaire by Goštautas (1999) was employed; in order to evaluate the self-esteem of junior adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; 1965) was employed while in order to find out the self-efficacy of an individual, įvertinti savaveiksmiškumą, The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE; 1979) by M.Jerusalem ir R.Schwarzer was applied. The results of the research revealed that during the year, the number of adolescents who tried smoking and consuming alcohol increased among the impact group as well as among the comparison group students. Yet, the number of students not participating in the program who... [to full text]