No início do século XXI as mudanças oriundas das recentes determinações da economia sobre os níveis do político e social adquirem novos conteúdos, especialmente para o Brasil. É neste momento que muitas das reivindicações dos movimentos sociais urbanos, atrelados ao Fórum da Reforma Urbana, transformam-se em políticas públicas, principalmente, a partir da constituição do Ministério das Cidades em 2003. Esta realidade posta em tela traz consigo o desafio de refletir sobre o significado destas mudanças, sobretudo, no contexto do processo de urbanização contemporânea. Na pesquisa que desenvolvemos, procuramos refletir sobre como uma das reivindicações centrais das organizações populares segurança da posse da terra - se torna uma política pública nesse contexto. A segurança da posse da terra é um dos marcos reivindicativos dos movimentos sociais e está ligada ao direito à moradia dos favelados, além de ser um dos instrumentos mais contundentes para resistir às reiteradas expulsões de moradores, muitas vezes empreendidas pelo Estado. No entanto, na passagem da reivindicação da posse para a regularização fundiária de interesse social, há a produção de contradições espaciais vistas por muitos como limites da própria política. São as contradições entre uso/troca e apropriação/dominação do espaço. Uma série de pesquisadores que se debruçam sobre o tema diz que estas contradições são limites e decorrem de um equívoco do planejamento e gestão da cidade. Todavia, partimos da hipótese de que estas contradições espaciais advêm da lógica hegemônica da produção do espaço capitalista e que se conflita com os espaçostempos dos moradores que resistem às estratégias de expropriação. Nessa orientação, consideramos que a produção capitalista do espaço urbano nega a possibilidade de uso dos espaços-tempos garantidores da existência humana, pois estão subsumidos a existência da propriedade privada. Numa sociedade de classes fundada pela desigualdade e a diferenciação, a condição primeira da realização da vida coloca para uma classe a impossibilidade da existência a não ser por uma luta constante - primeiro pelo acesso à moradia como transgressão à propriedade - como a ocupação de lugares da cidade aonde se constroem as moradias - e em segundo lugar pela manutenção desta moradia. Para compreender alguns dos conteúdos das contradições espaciais, tratamos de construir um raciocínio que buscasse entender a produção de três lugares (favelas) na cidade de São Paulo envolvidos no programa de regularização fundiária de interesse social em áreas públicas. Foram selecionadas as favelas Nova Guarapiranga (Capela do Socorro), Abatia (Itaim Paulista) e Maria Cursi (São Mateus). Como método de exposição, alicerçamos o movimento da reflexão sobre uma tríade segregação socioespacial-resistência-apropriação do espaço. Essa tríade representa a articulação contraditória de processos e nos concede a possibilidade de, ao tratarmos algumas das contradições atuais da produção do espaço urbano de São Paulo, vislumbrarmos apontamentos para pensar sobre o direito à cidade. / In the beginning of the 21st century, social and political changes stemming from economic determinations take on new meanings, especially in Brazil. It is in this context that many of the demands put forward by urban social movements, linked to the urban reform agenda, have turned into public policies, especially after the inauguration of the Ministry of Cities in 2003. This reality poses the challenge of thinking about the meaning of these changes for present day urbanization. In our research, we have considered how one of the key demands of political organizations the security provided by tenure has become a public policy. The security provided by land tenure is at the forefront of the demands made by social movements and is attached to the right to housing for slum dwellers. It is also a crucial instrument for resisting efforts often by the state to remove slums and its inhabitants. However, in the transition from a demand of tenure to the regularization of slum occupation, contradictions emerge and many see these as placing serious limitations to these policies. A host of scholars that have studied this issue claim that these limitations stem from planning and management mistakes. Instead, we put forward the hypothesis that these spatial contradictions result from the hegemonic logic associated with capitalist production of space. This logic ends up clashing with the space-time of dwellers who resist strategies of displacement. In order to understand some of the contents of these spatial contradictions, we have brought into focus the production of three places (slums) in Sao Paulo that are part of the program of slum regularization in public land. We have thus selected the slums of Nova Guarapiranga (district of Capela do Socorro), Abatia (district of Itaim Paulista) and Maria Cursi (district of Sao Mateus). As a method of exposition, we have founded our understanding on a triad: sociospatial segregation-resistance-appropriation of space. This triad expresses a contradictory articulation of processes and, in the analysis of some of the contradictions in the production of urban space, it has offered us the possibility of opening up a path to think about the right to the city.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a construção do lar a partir das formas de apropriação de espaço, demonstrados pelos moradores do Conjunto Habitacional de interesse social, denominado San Francisco, em Assunção, Paraguai. Dito conjunto foi construído para remanejar a população de um assentamento informal denominado La Chacarita, localizado às margens do Rio Paraguai na zona do centro histórico de Assunção, que enfrenta enchentes cíclicas e que se viu afetada por intervenções de infraestruturas urbanas que agravaram essa situação. Considerando que essa população sofreu um processo de remoção compulsória do assentamento de origem procura-se, nesta pesquisa, identificar as formas de apropriação em um espaço programado, fruto de um projeto de arquitetura, tornando-os espaços criados, ou seja, transformados a partir da produção de táticas de adequação pelos próprios habitantes (Machado-Martins; Trotta, 2020), e como a remoção influencia nesse processo de apropriação. Para isso, serão considerados fatos históricos que foram coletados de uma intensa pesquisa bibliográfica, as trajetórias e experiências das famílias até chegar ao lugar de moradia, observando e analisando os processos de adaptação e transformação no conjunto. Já que a relação entre o ambiente vivido e as pessoas estabelece uma troca mútua – pois as pessoas transformam os lugares, mas os lugares também interferem nas práticas das pessoas e criam um hábito – nesta pesquisa, se mobiliza o conceito de habitar, não só como uso do espaço propriamente dito, mas como uma relação básica entre o indivíduo e o mundo, de apropriação do lugar, de criação de vínculos, de sentido de pertencimento e identidade entre a pessoa e o lugar (Pallasmaa, 2016; Tuan, 1983). Também se considera o sentido de lar como uma construção demonstrada a partir da apropriação do espaço e a dotação de significados ao lugar. / [en] This research aims to investigate the construction of the home from the forms of appropriation of space, demonstrated by the residents of the social housing complex, called San Francisco, in Asunción, Paraguay. This complex was built to relocate the population from an informal settlement called La Chacarita, located on the banks of the Paraguay River in the historic center of Asunción, which faces cyclical flooding and was affected by urban infrastructure interventions that aggravated this situation. Considering that this population has suffered a process of compulsory removal from their original settlement, this research seeks to identify the forms of appropriation in a programmed space, fruit of an architectural project making them created spaces, that is, transformed from the production of adaptation tactics by the inhabitants themselves (Machado-Martins; Trotta, 2020), and how the removal influences this appropriation process. For this, we will consider historical facts that were collected from intensive bibliographical research, and the trajectories and experiences of the families until arriving at their place of residence, observing and analyzing the processes of adaptation and transformation in the set. Since the relationship between the lived environment and people establishes a mutual exchange - because people transform places, but places also interfere in people s practices and create a habit - this research mobilizes the concept of dwelling, not only as the use of space itself, but as a basic relationship between the individual and the world, of appropriation of the place, of creating bonds, of a sense of belonging and identity between the person and the place (Pallasmaa, 2016; Tuan, 1983). Sense of home is also considered as a construct demonstrated from the appropriation of space and the endowment of meanings to place.

[pt] Essa dissertação tem por objetivo entender os sentidos e os efeitos políticos da participação feminina no slam poetry brasileiro, bem como expor e refletir sobre como essa forma de manifestação artística se relaciona com os espaços da cidade. O objetivo geral da reflexão situa-se no esforço de produzir uma leitura das apropriações do espaço urbano a partir dos eventos promovidos pelo Coletivo Slam das Minas (RJ), tendo por intenção pensar as articulações possíveis entre os debates levantados pelo campo temático da geografia e gênero, com formas criativas de resistência na cidade. Busca-se com isso, alcançar um entendimento aproximado sobre como mulheres e pessoas LGBTQIA+ estão atuando politicamente, por meio da poesia falada (spoken word) e da união de seus corpos em espaços públicos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro através dos eventos de Slam. / [en] This dissertation aims to understand the meanings and political effects of female participation in Brazilian slam poetry, as well as to expose and reflect on how this form of artistic manifestation relates to the spaces of the city. The general objective of the reflection lies in the effort to produce a reading of the appropriations of urban space from the events promoted by Coletivo Slam das Minas (RJ), with the intention of thinking about the possible articulations between the debates raised by the thematic field of geography and gender, with creative forms of resistance in the city. The aim is to achieve an approximate understanding of how women and LGBTQIA+ people are acting politically, through spoken word and the union of their bodies in public spaces in the city of Rio de Janeiro through Slam events

Cette recherche s’intéresse aux espaces équivoques, soit des espaces jugés ambigus en raison des modes d’appropriation qu’on y retrouve. Par un processus heuristique et à l’aide d’une double étude de cas exploratoire, qui emprunte des méthodes de recherche ethnographiques, cette recherche a pour objectif de mieux caractériser les espaces équivoques. Les deux espaces considérés, tous deux situés dans la partie nord de l’arrondissement du Plateau-Mont-Royal à Montréal, sont un terrain vague informellement appelé le Parc sans Nom et une friche industrielle informellement appelée le Champ des Possibles. Les positions des gestionnaires municipaux et des usagers des deux sites seront analysées selon trois dimensions : les contraintes physiques, les mesures coercitives et les perceptions du risque et du potentiel de conflits. Les résultats issus de ces analyses permettent de constater que les espaces équivoques émergent par processus de co-construction. Ces résultats permettent également de soulever des pistes de réflexion sur les rapports entre les individus et l’espace urbain. / This research takes an interest in the equivocal spaces, which means the ambiguous spaces resulting form different forms of spatial appropriation that take place in them. By a heuristic process and with an exploratory two case studies, which use ethnographic research methods, this master thesis aims to characterize the equivocal spaces. The two spaces considered, both situated in the north part of the Plateau-Mont-Royal’s borough in Montreal, are a wasteland informally called Parc sans Nom and an industrial vacant lot informally called Champ des Possibles. With a qualitative approach, the positions of the municipal authorities and of the users of the two sites, in terms of the physical constraints, the coercive measures and the perceptions of risk and potential of conflict in the two spaces, will be analyzed. The results of this analysis allow us to find that the equivocal spaces emerge from a co-construction process. The results allow us also to underline some considerations on the people’s relationship to urban space.

Cette thèse porte sur la rencontre entre des politiques urbaines françaises et des modes d'habiter de l'Amazonie guyanaise, à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, à la frontière avec le Surinam. Cette vie urbaine est menée par des habitants de classes populaires souvent non francophones, confrontés à des normes d'urbanité concrétisées par les démolitions de « bidonvilles » et la construction de logements sociaux. Il s'agit d'analyser les interactions entre les acteurs en jeu dans cette situation postcoloniale impliquant habitants, élus communaux et professionnels de la ville, dans un contexte d'Outre-Mer aux hiérarchies sociales propres, croisant classe, nation, et race. Alliant une perspective historique et ethnographique, ce travail met en lumière les rapports d'habitants originaires de l'amont du Maroni aux administrations et à leurs agents. Ces derniers sont racialisés par le terme 'bakaa', qui renvoie à une blancheur postcoloniale spécifique, associée à l'urbanité, par opposition à une affirmation renouvelée de leur identification en tant que « personnes des pays de la forêt » ('bushikonde sama') - appartenance héritée du passé du marronnage des plantations surinamaises. Mises en lumière par l'ethnographie réalisée à leurs côtés, les démarches quotidiennes des habitants témoignent de leur progressive socialisation institutionnelle, tandis que certains agents des administrations adaptent les politiques publiques et les procédures administratives aux pratiques d'une population racialisée comme « Bushinenguée ». L'analyse passe des logements, catégorie de l'action publique, aux maisons, espaces vécus inscrits dans des configurations de parenté, des mobilités et des modes d'habiter de part et d'autre du Maroni. Les maisons sont appropriées par les habitants de manière dialectique : tout en se conformant aux normes d'urbanité 'bakaa' matérialisées par les logements sociaux, et sanctionnées par les bailleurs, les habitants transforment la ville par leurs modes d'habiter incorporés qui reflètent l'usage stratégique de ressources issues de la maîtrise d'un territoire transfrontalier. Les interactions asymétriques entre habitants et professionnels ont donc des effets sur les modes d'habiter et sur les politiques urbaines. Impliquant plusieurs normes d'urbanité, elles concrétisent leurs différences, constamment réitérées, dans les formes urbaines d'une ville ségréguée. Elles redéfinissent en permanence les frontières des personnes, des maisons, et des lieux. / This thesis deals with the encounter between French urban policies and Amazonian ways of dwelling in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, by the Marowijne river, the border with Suriname. The inhabitants from working classes, mostly not francophone, are confronted with urbanity norms materialized through the removals of "shantytowns" and the building of social housing. My research analyses the interactions between the different actors involved in this postcolonial situation: inhabitants, local politicians and urban professionals, in the context of a French oversea department divided by specific social boundaries of class, nation, and race. Using archival and ethnographic methods, I highlight the relations of inhabitants coming from upriver Marowijne to the administrations and their agents. The latter are racialized as 'bakaa', term qualifying a local form of postcolonial whiteness, associated with urbanity, as opposed to the renewed affirmation of their belonging to the upriver territories as 'bushikonde sama' ("people from the lands of the forest"). This identification, in constant renewal, refers to the legacies of their Maroon ancestors from the Surinamese plantations. As a an ethnographer, I went with some of those inhabitants through the offices. The observation of their daily administrative quests reveals their progressive institutional socialization, whereas some agents adapt their practices and policies to a population racialized as 'Bushinenge'. The analysis moves from housing, as administrative category, to houses, as lived spaces included in kinship configurations, mobility and transborder ways of dwellings. Houses are appropriated by their inhabitants in a dialectical manner: while they conform to 'bakaa' norms of urbanity materialized by social houses and sanctioned by the social landlords, they also transform their houses through embodied ways of living, reflecting their strategic uses of ressources coming from their mastery of a transborder territory. Asymmetrical interactions between inhabitants and agents thus impact on ways of dwelling and urban policies. Involving different norms of urbanity, they concretize their differences, constantly reiterated, through the segregation of the town. They thus redefine the boundaries of people, houses and places.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:22:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edison Batista Ribeiro.pdf: 11236128 bytes, checksum: 66c3ccb0e92f1e39fcabbe58eb977423 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-19 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The first part presents the fundamental concepts that make up the theme and provide the basis for managing the research: pulse, crisis and inflections. Sincethey are additional transfers from multidisciplinary fields of architecture, we will evokeauthors from other areas to support these concepts. The second part takes a case study of four public spaces in Sao Paulo downton: Paiçandu Square, Arouche Square, Dom JoseGaspar Square and Roosevelt Square. With historical, architectural and social approach, this pulse-taking confronts the architectural structure and appropriations occurred in these spaces. Come to the fore this counterpoint the crisis conditions of public space, but also the potential for inflections. The third part consolidates the lessonfrom these public spaces, now with an emphasis on contemporary analysis of factors that can be addressed in a way to rethink the relationship between architecture and city: politics, sociability, enjoyment and time-cultural artistic gesture. The last part draws the learning objects and concepts studied, synthesized in a critical point to possible paths for a connection between architecture and city from the project to its public spaces. / A primeira parte apresenta os conceitos fundamentais que explicam o tema do trabalho e servemde base para manejar a pesquisa: pulso, crises e inflexões. Como são transbordos multidisciplinares de campos suplementares à arquitetura, serão evocados autores de outras áreas para dar suporte a esses conceitos. A segunda parte toma por estudo de caso quatro espaços públicos da região central de São Paulo: Largo do Paiçandu, Largo do Arouche, Praça Dom José Gaspar e Praça Roosevelt. Com uma aproximação histórica, arquitetônica e social, essa tomada de pulso confronta a estrutura arquitetônica e as apropriações ocorridas nesses espaços. Desse contraponto vêm à tona as condições de crise do espaço público, mas também as potencialidades para inflexões. A terceira parte consolida os aprendizados dos espaços públicos estudados, agora com ênfase na análise de fatores contemporâneos que podem ser equacionados em uma forma de repensar a articulação entre arquitetura e cidade: micropolítica, sociabilidade, fruição do tempo e gesto artístico-cultural. A última parte extrai o aprendizado dos objetos e conceitos estudados, sintetizados em uma reflexão crítica que aponte caminhos possíveis para uma articulação entre arquitetura e cidade a partir do projeto para seus espaços públicos.

Cette recherche s’intéresse aux espaces équivoques, soit des espaces jugés ambigus en raison des modes d’appropriation qu’on y retrouve. Par un processus heuristique et à l’aide d’une double étude de cas exploratoire, qui emprunte des méthodes de recherche ethnographiques, cette recherche a pour objectif de mieux caractériser les espaces équivoques. Les deux espaces considérés, tous deux situés dans la partie nord de l’arrondissement du Plateau-Mont-Royal à Montréal, sont un terrain vague informellement appelé le Parc sans Nom et une friche industrielle informellement appelée le Champ des Possibles. Les positions des gestionnaires municipaux et des usagers des deux sites seront analysées selon trois dimensions : les contraintes physiques, les mesures coercitives et les perceptions du risque et du potentiel de conflits. Les résultats issus de ces analyses permettent de constater que les espaces équivoques émergent par processus de co-construction. Ces résultats permettent également de soulever des pistes de réflexion sur les rapports entre les individus et l’espace urbain. / This research takes an interest in the equivocal spaces, which means the ambiguous spaces resulting form different forms of spatial appropriation that take place in them. By a heuristic process and with an exploratory two case studies, which use ethnographic research methods, this master thesis aims to characterize the equivocal spaces. The two spaces considered, both situated in the north part of the Plateau-Mont-Royal’s borough in Montreal, are a wasteland informally called Parc sans Nom and an industrial vacant lot informally called Champ des Possibles. With a qualitative approach, the positions of the municipal authorities and of the users of the two sites, in terms of the physical constraints, the coercive measures and the perceptions of risk and potential of conflict in the two spaces, will be analyzed. The results of this analysis allow us to find that the equivocal spaces emerge from a co-construction process. The results allow us also to underline some considerations on the people’s relationship to urban space.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem como propósito contribuir para a discussão da importância da relação entre os moradores e os espaços coletivos e públicos de conjuntos habitacionais como um aspecto essencial para a estabilidade, permanência e qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. Neste trabalho, desenvolvo a discussão sobre a relação entre o habitar e a apropriação do espaço, tendo como estudo de caso o Conjunto Ismael Silva – Zé Keti do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV). O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar em que medida a disposição dos edifícios e a inserção urbana contribuem para a relação entre seus moradores e os espaços privados, coletivos e públicos deste conjunto. Em outras palavras, procuro compreender de que maneira a forma construída pode influenciar a relação que temos com o ambiente em que vivemos por meio deste estudo de caso. A relação que temos com o ambiente em que vivemos é recíproca: da mesma forma que moldamos os lugares, somos por eles também moldados. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa se orienta principalmente pelos conceitos de habitar, que consiste no modo básico como nos relacionarmos com o mundo, e de apropriação do espaço, que vai para além do simples uso por criar vínculos de pertencimento e de identidade entre as pessoas e o lugar. Ambos os conceitos são abordados por diferentes campos do conhecimento. O habitar surge na filosofia, como tema de estudos de Martin Heidegger e de Gaston Bachelard, influenciando autores do campo da arquitetura como Christian Norberg-Schulz e Juhani Pallasmaa. O conceito de apropriação do espaço é abordado por autores como Herman Hertzberger (arquitetura), Enric Pol (psicologia ambiental), Marco Mello e Arno Vogel (antropologia e sociologia). O conjunto Ismael Silva – Zé Keti, destinado à faixa 1 do PMCMV, foi inaugurado em 2014 e construído no lugar do Complexo Penitenciário Frei Caneca, no bairro Estácio. O que propiciou a escolha deste conjunto como estudo de caso foram algumas particularidades em relação a outros empreendimentos do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida no que diz respeito à morfologia, inserção urbana e formas de apropriação de espaço. Destas particularidades derivam quatro objetivos específicos desta pesquisa. O primeiro deles é identificar que outras maneiras, além da adaptação de parte dos apartamentos em atividade comercial, os moradores deste empreendimento encontram de manter antigos hábitos e modos de se apropriar dos espaços neste novo local de moradia. O segundo consiste em investigar se este conjunto e seus moradores se integram aos bairros em seu entorno imediato. Considerando que, além das diferenças, existem também aspectos típicos de empreendimentos do PMCMV, o terceiro objetivo específico desta pesquisa é compreender os aspectos arquitetônicos e urbanísticos deste Programa no âmbito de políticas habitacionais que o precedem. Por fim, investigo também o contexto e as razões que orientaram a concepção diferenciada do Ismael Silva – Zé Keti. / [en] This research aims to contribute to the discussion of the importance of the relationship between the residents and the collective and public spaces of housing estates as an essential aspect for the stability, permanence and quality of life of its inhabitants. In this work, I intend to develop the discussion about the relationship between the dwelling and the appropriation of space, having as a case study the Conjunto Ismael Silva - Zé Keti of the Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) Program. The objective of this research is to investigate the extent to which the layout of buildings and urban insertion contribute to the relationship between their residents and the private, collective and public spaces of this group. In other words, I try to understand how the constructed form can influence the relationship we have with the environment in which we live through this case study. The relationship we have with the environment in which we live is reciprocal: in the same way that we shape the places, we are also molded by them. In this sense, this research is oriented mainly by the concepts of dwelling, which consists of the basic way in which we relate to the world, and the appropriation of space, which goes beyond simple use and creates bonds of belonging and identity between people and the place. Both concepts are approached by different fields of knowledge. The dwelling arises in philosophy, as subject of studies of Martin Heidegger and Gaston Bachelard, influencing authors of the field of the architecture like Christian Norberg-Schulz and Juhani Pallasmaa. The concept of appropriation of space is approached by authors such as Herman Hertzberger (architecture), Enric Pol (environmental psychology), Marco Mello and Arno Vogel (anthropology and sociology). The set Ismael Silva - Zé Keti, destined to the 1st track of the PMCMV, was inaugurated in 2014 and built in place of the Frei Caneca Penitentiary Complex, in the Estácio neighborhood. What propitiated the choice of this set as a case study were some particularities in relation to other projects of the My House My Life Program with regard to morphology, urban insertion and forms of appropriation of space. From these particularities derive four specific objectives of this research. The first one is to identify that other ways, in addition to the adaptation of part of the apartments in commercial activity, the residents of this development find to maintain old habits and ways of appropriating the spaces in this new place of dwelling. The second is to investigate whether in this set there is in fact an isolation, physical or social, in relation to the place where it was built. Considering that in addition to the differences, there are also typical aspects of PMCM ventures, the third specific objective of this research is to understand the architectonic and urban aspects of this Program within the scope of housing policies that precede it. Finally, I also investigate the context and the reasons that guided the differentiated conception of Ismael Silva - Zé Keti.

Cette thèse se propose d’analyser la ville contemporaine à partir des cas de Caen et Rennes et du prisme récréatif nocturne, dans une perspective morphogénétique, polémologique et dimensionnelle. Au travers de méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives spatialisées et temporalisées, ce sont les mobilisations des « sortants », « commerçants », « cohabitants » et institutions pour l’appropriation de l’espace-temps hypercentral nocturne qui ont fait l’objet d’analyses. Une première partie donne à voir l’importance de l’usage récréatif au sein des hypercentres de Caen et Rennes la nuit. Attribut central de la jeunesse, les sorties récréatives – plus que « festives » – sont dûment polarisées par une offre commerciale dédiée hypercentrale dense. Autour et à proximité parfois immédiate, sont amenés à cohabiter pour bonne part ces jeunes sortants une fois rentrés chez eux, mais aussi d’autres populations beaucoup plus insérées socialement. Ainsi, une « situation tensionnelle » entre usages reproductifs récréatif et biologique se dessine au sein des hypercentres durant le temps de la nuit. Une seconde partie insiste sur la manière dont certains sortants et commerçants se mobilisent au travers de l’usage récréatif nocturne, les uns dans la manière de se sociabiliser entre pairs au sein de bars et discothèques dûment sélectionnées, les seconds du fait de leur souci à attirer les premiers au sein de leurs établissements, mais aussi à les gérer. Ponctuellement, ces mobilisations quotidiennes cèdent le pas à des mobilisations politiques collectives, dès lors que l’appropriation récréative nocturne de certaines rues et place chez les sortants d’une part, la continuité de l’activité commerciale chez les commerçants de l’autre, sont menacées. Une troisième partie s’intéresse aux mobilisations des cohabitants autour de cet usage récréatif nocturne. Une fois la division sociale des hypercentres établie, différents caractères ont été mis en évidence pour expliquer l’inégal ressenti notamment sonore de cet usage, caractères aussi bien acoustiques et liés à l’exposition, que sociologiques. Sans doute davantage que ces deux premiers facteurs, il apparaît que l’appréciation des sorties récréatives nocturnes avoisinantes a fortement à voir avec l’évolution au sein des cycles de vie, l’ancienneté et la propriété allant notamment de pair avec l’expression d’une plus forte gêne. Cette dimension cognitive se double d’un volet actionnel : si ceux qui entretiennent un rapport encore intime avec lesdites sorties se limitent à s’adapter à leur marquage sonore ou à confronter leur bruiteur, le recours aux institutions et l’action collective semblent le propre de ceux qui s’en distancient. Enfin, une ultime partie s’intéresse à la manière dont les institutions gouvernent ces différentes mobilisations « ordinaires ». Si les années 2000 ont été marquées à Rennes et même à Caen par la répression policière et administrative des commerçants et surtout des sortants, si le détour des décennies 2000/2010 l’a notamment été par la contractualisation avec les premiers et la « sanitarisation » surtout communicationnelle des seconds, un changement semble se dessiner ces dernières années. Dans un contexte de restrictions budgétaires étatiques mais aussi municipales croissantes, les commerçants semblent de plus en plus considérés par les institutions tels des auxiliaires d’ordre et de santé publics, utiles pour gouverner à moindre coût la déviance des sortants, plutôt que comme les catalyseurs de cette dernière. Relativement peu suivis par les institutions, les cohabitants mobilisés font parfois même l’objet de dispositifs spécifiques conduisant à leur neutralisation. Se dessine le passage progressif de l’économie fordiste où la nuit servait à reproduire la force de travail diurne à une économie post-fordiste 24h/24, où la nuit devient un vecteur permettant de satisfaire aux besoins eux aussi reproductifs et nocturnes, mais récréatifs, du capitalisme devenu aussi cognitif. / Through the examples of Caen and Rennes (France) and the night-time recreational prism, this PHD aims at analysing contemporary city, in a morphogenetic, polemological and dimensional way. Through both spatialised and temporalised qualitative (interviews, speech analysis, press review, archives ans institutional documents) and quantitative (especially statistical approach of censuses and questionnaires) methods, we focus on the mobilisations of night owls, bar owners, residents and institutions who try to appropriate city-center at night. In a first section, the importance of recreational use in the city centers of Caen and Rennes is depicted. As a central attribute of young persons, recreational (more than festive in fact) customs are polarised by a central and abundant commercial offer. Around and sometimes very closely, residents, who are mostly young night owls once they have come back home, but also populations who are much more socially integrated (professionaly, parentally and residentially), have to live with those customs. Therefore, a tension appears between both récrational and biological reproductive uses of city centers at night. A second section highlights the fact that both night owls and bars owners are mobilised through recreational use, the firsts by socialising one another in bars and night clubs which are duly selected ; the seconds by polarising but also managing the firsts. Sometimes, these daily mobilisations become both political and collective ones, the moment recreational and nocturnal appropriation of streets on one hand, commercial activity on the other hand, are threatened. The third section develops the link between recreational and nocturnal customs and residential mobilisations. The social division of urban centers once established, several characteristics have been highlighted so that to explain sound perceptions, such as acoustic and exposure ones, but also sociological ones. Perhaps more than the fists, the latest explains the differents ways of perceiving recreational and nocturnal sounds, the evolution throughout « cycles of life » – that is to say professional insertion and above all experience and property – being most important. This cognitive division goes with an actional one : on one hand, those who are still linked with recreational and nocturnal customs mainly get used to the noise or confront those who are responsible for their sound annoyance (mostly neighbours) ; on the other hand, those who are gradually distancing themselves from these customs do not hesitate to resort to institutions or even to engage in collective action. Eventually, a fourth section deals with the way institutions govern the night owls, the bar owners and the residents who are mobilised. After the administrative and police repression of the night owls but also the bar owners during the 2000’s in Rennes and even in Caen, after the contractualisation with the latests and the health handling of the firsts around 2010, a rupture have occurred these last few years. With increasing budgetary restrictions, bar owners seem to be considered today by the institutions more as order and health auxiliaries useful so as to restrain night owls’ deviance than as persons responsible for it. Seldom listened by institutions, residents who are mobilised are also being neutralised throughout dedicated devices. On the whole, this research shows the transition from fordist economy which considers night time as a mean to reproduce diurnal workforce to post-fordist one, in which 24/7 city has also to fulfil cognitive capitalism needs.

Cette recherche comparative – terrains français et polonais – a été menée à Lyon et à Cracovie. L’objet du travail concerne le tourisme social destiné aux enfants, et ce dans le cadre des classes de découvertes en France et écoles vertes en Pologne, ces voyages scolaires constituant à la fois un temps de vie collective et un temps d’éducation. Le cadre scolaire de la recherche concerne l’école primaire. Le travail s’inscrit dans la vaste problématique de l’acquisition de savoirs géographiques. Le sujet de la recherche mobilise le champ du tourisme dans la mesure où les pratiques qui en relèvent constituent des moyens et modalités d’appropriation de l’espace que les individus mettent en œuvre dans l’élaboration de leurs représentations spatiales. A travers ses expériences, l’individu construit un modèle intériorisé de son environnement. Cette recherche questionne les modalités de l’apprentissage spatial chez les jeunes enfants, questionnement dont l’objectif essentiel est de valider l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’expérience du voyage scolaire est susceptible de modifier leurs représentations spatiales. Pour vérifier si tous les enfants ont des chances égales pour se construire leur propre capital spatial, la recherche examine aussi l’influence sur leurs représentations de la mobilité spatiale antérieure. Afin d’approcher les représentations spatiales des écoliers, sont mobilisés à la fois les données discursives (questionnaires) et graphiques (cartes mentales). L’enquête, menée auprès de 192 élèves de Lyon et de Cracovie, explore donc finalement l’interface entre deux champs scientifiques, ceux de la géographie et ceux de la psychologie, en s’appuyant sur le postulat de représentations spatiales intrinsèques au paradigme qui conçoit l’espace comme un construit. Le travail s’inscrit dans l’approche d’une géographie mettant l’espace vécu au centre de ses préoccupations. / This comparative research - in France and Poland - was conducted in Lyon and Cracow. The purpose of the work is social tourism for children, more specifically the “discovery classes” in France and the “green schools” in Poland, the school trips constituting both a life experience and a time of collective education. The object of the research is primary schools.The work is part of a broader problem of the acquisition of geographical knowledge. The subject of the research mobilizes the field of tourism since the practices that stem from it are ways and means of appropriation of space that individuals implement in the construction of representations of space. Through experience, the individual constructs an interior model of his or her environment. This research project studies the modalities of spatial learning. The objective is to understand if the experience of school trips modifies children’s spatial representations. To ensure that all children have an equal opportunity to build their own spatial capital, research also examines the influence on their representations of previous spatial mobility. In order to examine the children’s spatial representations, both discursive (questionnaires) and graphics data (mental maps) are mobilized. The research, carried out with 192 pupils in Lyon and Cracow, is related to two disciplines, geography and psychology. It is supported by the postulate of spatial representations within the framework of the paradigm of spatial production. The work is part of an approach to geography, in which the “espace vécu” is the central preoccupation.