Contemporary scholars have been studying audiovisual translation for the past twenty years. However, health communication has never yet been included as a part of the audiovisual material under discussion. The goal of this thesis is to create Russian subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing from the original English version of The Three Amigos, a series of PSAs (Public service announcements) regarding the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and to analyse and discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of this work. After analysing the current situation on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, I use this series entitled The Three Amigos as an example of health communication that works, and therefore, should be accessible to more viewers. The thesis is organised into three chapters. Following a general introduction, Chapter 1 discusses health communication, presents statistics on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, and provides an example of health communication that fulfills its functions – public service announcements on HIV/AIDS prevention in the form of The Three Amigos. Chapter 2 discusses the necessity of subtitling for the target audience, and emphasises the fact that people with hearing impairment need special subtitles that differ from the ones that are suitable for viewers without hearing impairment. Chapter 3 contains the analysis of the subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing that I created for this project. Finally, the conclusion summarises the findings of this research, and addresses possible directions for future projects on this topic.

In the light of recent changes on the audiovisual scene in Poland, audiences can choose among different AVT modalities. Although voice-over still prevails on Polish TV, subtitles have become more and more popular as an alternative form of film translation on television. Due to rapid technological advances, commercial requirements and differences in Polish viewers’ preferences, it is thus crucial to understand how audiences at different levels of English proficiency (low, medium, high) retrieve meaning, especially complex ironic meaning relayed through different methods of film translation, such as subtitles and voice-over and the extent to which verbal and non-verbal semiotic channels contribute to irony comprehension. Wilson and Sperber’s (1981, 1992; 1995) echoic theory of irony has been selected as the theoretical framework, given its ability to account for multimodal irony in audiovisual texts as well as the significant importance of non-verbal semiotic resources in the generation and interpretation of irony. The study employs triangulation, incorporating descriptive, experimental and interactionist components. The descriptive component involves multimodal transcription (Baldry and Thibault, 2006) of selected fragments in which irony plays a pivotal narrative role. This procedure aims to determine what non-verbal modes contribute to the multimodal construal of irony and how it is relayed in the subtitled and voiced-over translations. In the experimental component, viewers’ eye movements are recorded using eye-tracking technology while watching subtitled and voiced-over fragments of Sherlock Holmes (2009) and Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows (2011). In the interactionist components, a questionnaire is used in order to elucidate how and/or whether they retrieve ironic meaning as intended by the filmmakers in the selected excerpts. The most obvious finding to emerge from the descriptive data analysis is that multimodal irony is not relayed by the film dialogue alone but, rather, in unison with non-verbal semiotic resources. The instances of multimodal irony in the two Sherlock Holmes films were found to perform narrative and comedic functions by combining the visual, kinesic and acoustic modes of film language. The analysis and comparison of SL dialogues and TL translations revealed two broad categories of irony relay, namely: preservation and modification. The majority of the instances of multimodal irony were modified in the subtitled version, while preservation is only sporadically opted for. In its voiced-over counterpart, the intended meaning is preserved and modified in equal proportions. The experimental component showed major differences in gaze patterns among the participants with different language skills in the subtitled clips. For instance, on average, LLPs spent more time reading the subtitles than HLPs or MLPs. Similar visual behavior, on the other hand, was observed among all viewers in the voiced-over clips in which the on-screen character’s face attracted the greatest amount of visual attention. The interactionist strand showed that the viewers retrieved the intended meaning to various extents depending on their English language proficiency. This data undergirds an assessment of the effectiveness of subtitles and voice-over in the translation and reception of multimodal irony on screen.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-16T11:06:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Paula Queiroz Dutra P2.pdf: 2766888 bytes, checksum: e5a03cba7c22ad75ea704611c4613418 (MD5) Paula Queiroz Dutra P1.pdf: 4701850 bytes, checksum: 65dec920916566cce3c8ce3511209712 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T18:03:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Paula Queiroz Dutra P2.pdf: 2766888 bytes, checksum: e5a03cba7c22ad75ea704611c4613418 (MD5) Paula Queiroz Dutra P1.pdf: 4701850 bytes, checksum: 65dec920916566cce3c8ce3511209712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T18:03:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Paula Queiroz Dutra P2.pdf: 2766888 bytes, checksum: e5a03cba7c22ad75ea704611c4613418 (MD5) Paula Queiroz Dutra P1.pdf: 4701850 bytes, checksum: 65dec920916566cce3c8ce3511209712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este estudo examina a tradução de humor nas legendas sob uma perspectiva descritiva. Através da análise das duas traduções brasileiras de 15 episódios do seriado norte americano Sex and the City, a do canal Multishow da TV por assinatura, realizada por Daniela P.B. Dias, e a dos DVDs da série vendidos no Brasil, cujo tradutor permanece desconhecido, procurou-se descrever e comparar as estratégias tradutórias utilizadas para a reconstrução do humor verbal e visual dos episódios em português. No seriado, observamos dois tipos principais de humor: o humor universal, pela temática de relacionamentos, e o humor local, baseado em referências à cultura americana. Os gatilhos de humor mais comumente encontrados nos exemplos selecionados foram jogos de palavras e comentários espirituosos e irônicos, com muitas ocorrências desses referentes culturais como elemento principal para acionar o humor. Considerando as especificidades desse tipo peculiar de tradução audiovisual que é a legendagem e o desafio que a tradução de humor sempre representou, este estudo apresenta reflexões sobre a prática de legendagem associada à tradução de humor na TV e no DVD, uma lacuna nos estudos realizados até o momento no Brasil. A pesquisa demonstrou que há uma maior formalização do estilo nas legendas do DVD, por meio de omissões e minimizações de palavrões e referências sexuais, do uso de pronomes oblíquos e de estruturas sintáticas mais formais, o que até certo ponto compromete a recriação do humor e a representação do coloquialismo dos diálogos de partida. Na TV também há minimizações, mas em menor grau do que no DVD, enquanto que os empréstimos ocorrem em um maior grau. Observamos também a tendência das legendas do DVD serem mais longas do que as da TV, o que deve ser levado em conta na análise comparativa entre as duas versões, já que o número de caracteres pode limitar a possibilidade de recriação do tradutor. De um modo geral, a versão televisiva revela uma maior liberdade do tradutor, com um maior número de adaptações e, por isso, legendas mais criativas em termos de humor. / Salvador

NUNES, Jefferson Cândido. A transmutação monadológica de Björk: tradução intersemiótica da dor em três dimensões, a partir de Black Lake. 2017. 153f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Fortaleza (CE), 2017. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-06-21T15:36:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jcnunes.pdf: 4735582 bytes, checksum: 2375ed77fc22e4825e2d8998b6b635d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-22T13:29:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jcnunes.pdf: 4735582 bytes, checksum: 2375ed77fc22e4825e2d8998b6b635d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T13:29:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_dis_jcnunes.pdf: 4735582 bytes, checksum: 2375ed77fc22e4825e2d8998b6b635d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Björk goes beyond creativity with her unique art and thus has innovated and influenced important media sectors, such as the music, the photographic and digital art, and the video making industries. With her latest album, Vulnicura (BJÖRK, 2015n), the Icelandic artist expresses a keen sense of pain that reaches its apex in Black Lake (2015c), the fourth track of the disc. From the poetic text, composed by the lyrics of that song, I investigate how the transmutation of Björk’s subjectivity happened through the intersemiotic translation of that text-sign to three different polysystems: music, image and video. Therefore, I propose a dialogue, among others, with the studies of Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) and Pierce (2000), who have important works on intersemiotic translation, to compose the first part of the theoretical foundation of this research. In addition, I ground it in the investigations of Kühl (2008), Barthes (1977) and Goodwin (1992), who deal, respectively, with media translations to music, image and video, to compose the specific elements of analysis of the corpus here studied and, along with other authors, to be able to analyze it from a more heterogeneous theoretical framework. The results point to the mastery of Björk by evidence of her artistic ability to uniquely transmutate the sensation of pain – and, by extension, to transcreate her own self – to those three sign dimensions, reinforcing such an element in her translations. It follows, therefore, that this research is relevant to the development of the Translation Studies and, more specifically, to provide better understanding of phenomena concerning the intersemiotic translation. / Björk extravasa criatividade com sua arte singular e, assim, tem inovado e influenciado setores midiáticos importantes, como os da indústria fonográfica, da arte fotográfica e digital e de video making. Com o seu álbum mais recente, Vulnicura (BJÖRK, 2015n), a artista islandesa exprime um forte sentimento de dor que atinge seu ápice em Black Lake (2015c), quarta faixa do disco. A partir do texto poético, composto pela letra dessa música, investigo como ocorreu a transmutação da subjetividade de Björk através da tradução intersemiótica desse texto-signo para três polissistemas distintos: música, imagem e vídeo. Para tanto, proponho um diálogo, dentre outros, com os estudos de Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) e Pierce (2000), que têm trabalhos importantes sobre esse tipo de tradução, para compor a primeira parte da fundamentação teórica desta investigação. Ademais, baseio-me nas pesquisas de Kühl (2008), Barthes (1977) e Goodwin (1992), que tratam, respectivamente, de traduções midiáticas para música, imagem e vídeo, para compor os elementos específicos de análise do corpus em estudo e, juntamente com outros autores, poder analisá-lo a partir de um referencial teórico mais heterogêneo. Os resultados apontam para a maestria de Björk, refletida na evidência de sua capacidade artística de transmutar singularmente a sensação de dor – e, por extensão, transcriar-se a si mesma – para as três dimensões sígnicas supracitadas, aguçando esse elemento em suas traduções. Conclui-se, portanto, que a presente pesquisa se faz relevante para o fomento dos Estudos da Tradução e, mais especificamente, para proporcionar melhor compreensão sobre fenômenos concernentes à tradução intersemiótica.

This paper aims to study the results of dubbing from Japanese to Swedish using a pivot language. The author examines the Swedish dubbed version of the Japanese animated film Spirited Away by comparing it to the original version and finding differences in what in-formation is conveyed through the dialogue. Because the Swedish dubbed version has been translated using the English language script as a base, the English dubbed version is also examined. The findings are then presented, categorized and analysed according to where the changes have appeared and what they consist of. Finally, the results are dis-cussed and compared to previous findings in the field. The study finds how many lines of dialogue have been altered, and that the use of a pivot language has greatly increased the number of altered lines, although no proof was found of an increased amount of mistrans-lations. The increased amount of altered lines leads to the conclusion that the usage of a pivot language can be problematic.

nÃo hà / O objetivo deste estudo à descrever o estado da arte da localizaÃÃo/traduÃÃo de videogames. Pretende-se analisar o panorama atual da localizaÃÃo de videogames, traÃar um breve histÃrico e identificar as caracterÃsticas deste processo tradutÃrio. O mercado de videogames torna-se notÃcia, cada vez com uma frequÃncia maior, quando jogos atingem altÃssimas marcas de vendas no Brasil e no mundo. AnimaÃÃes foto realistas, roteiros e narrativas bastante desenvolvidas, com diÃlogos ricos e profundos, sÃo caracterÃsticas dessa indÃstria multibilionÃria, cuja importÃncia no ramo do entretenimento, em termos de faturamento, ultrapassou a de Hollywood. Seu desenvolvimento, principalmente no mercado nacional, fez com que as produtoras e distribuidoras passassem a se preocupar em localizar/traduzir seus tÃtulos. Apesar de ter seu inÃcio nos anos 1990, a localizaÃÃo de videogames à um fenÃmeno recente, jà que esse mercado somente se consolidou de fato nos Ãltimos anos. Justamente por ser algo novo, a quantidade de pesquisas nessa Ãrea à escassa. Este estudo tenta suprir essa insuficiÃncia, apontando aspectos importantes localizaÃÃo de jogos no Brasil, bem como identificando as peculiaridades, mecanismos e escolhas enfrentados em alguns processos de localizaÃÃo. Para tanto, serÃo analisados alguns jogos, sob uma perspectiva descritiva e histÃrica. A base teÃrica sÃo os conceitos de gameplay de Adams (2010), Novak (2012) e Rollings e Morris (2010), a âexperiÃncia de jogoâ de Mangiron e OÂHagan (2006) e Sousa (2015), a domesticaÃÃo/estrangeirizaÃÃo de Lawrence Venuti e os conceitos de localizaÃÃo, alicerÃados por Minako OÂHagan e Carmem Mangiron, Bert Esselink e Anthony Pym. / The main goal of this research is to describe the state of the art in localization/translation of video games. The aim is to analyze the current panorama of video game localization, to outline its historical background and to identify the characteristics of such translation process. The video game market becomes news as games time after time break sales records in Brazil and all over the world. It is a multibillionaire industry that has photorealistic animations, scripts and narratives very well developed with rich and profound dialogs. Its economic importance has surpassed Hollywood. The vigorous growth of the games industry, specially in Brazil, made the developers aware of the importance of localizing/translating their titles to Brazilian Portuguese. Video games localizations are a recent phenomenon in Brazil, despite having started in the early 1990s. There are very few papers done in this field of study in Brazil. This research tries to fill this gap by showing important aspects of video game localization in Brazil, pointing out its singularities, mechanisms and choices made in some localization processes. To do so, a few games are studied. The theoretical basis is the work done by Adams (2010), Novak (2012) and Rollings and Morris (2010) concerning âgameplayâ, the research on âgameplay experienceâ by Mangiron and OâHagan (2006) and Sousa (2012), the studies on domestication/foreignization by Lawrence Venutti and the ideas on Localization by Minako OâHagan, Carmem Mangiron, Bert Esselink and Anthony Pym

A study of subtitling for the Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing (SDH) with special reference to the Portuguese context. On the one hand it accounts for a descriptive analysis of SDH in various European countires with the aim of arriving at the norms that govern present practices and that may be found in the form of guidelines and / or in actual subtitled products. On the other hand, it is the result of an Action Research project that aimed at contributing towards the improvement of SDH practices in Portugal. These two lines of research are brought together in the proposal of a set of guidlines -Sistema de legendagem vkv - for the provision of SDH on Portuguese television. This research positions itself within the tradition of Translation Studies (TS) by taking a descriptive approach to its subject. Nonetheless it takes a step beyond to seek reasons and to propose change rather then simply to describe objects and actions. Given its topic and methodological approach, this research also drank for other fields of knowledge, such as Deaf Studies, Sociology, Linguistics and Cinema Studies, amongst others. In this contect SDH is addresssed as a service to Deaf and Hard - of - Hearing viewers, thus implying a functional approach to all that it entails. In order to arrive at an emcompassing understanding of the subject, in the body of this work we may find a summary of the history of SDH as well as an overview of the overriding and specific issues that characterise this type of subtitling. Following this, the Portuguese situation is made known through the account of five case studies that were carried out in the course of 2002 and 2003. In response to the needs and requirements of Portuguese Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing viewers, the proposed set of guidelines is based on the special concern for adequacy and readability and is envisaged as a useful tool for students and practitioners of SDH.

This thesis focuses on translation norms of professional and amateur film subtitles. Adopting a descriptive approach, it first tries to establish recommended and actual technical and linguistic norms of translated film subtitles. Then, based on 109 films and corresponding 133 amateur and 101 professional subtitles, it quantitatively investigates which technical norms are actually upheld. The result is that actual technical norms of both groups are markedly different from the recommended ones and also slightly different from each other. Last, it qualitatively compares one amateur and one professional subtitles. Keywords: audiovisual translation, subtitling, amateur translation, fansubbing, translation norms 1

Contemporary scholars have been studying audiovisual translation for the past twenty years. However, health communication has never yet been included as a part of the audiovisual material under discussion. The goal of this thesis is to create Russian subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing from the original English version of The Three Amigos, a series of PSAs (Public service announcements) regarding the prevention of HIV/AIDS, and to analyse and discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of this work. After analysing the current situation on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, I use this series entitled The Three Amigos as an example of health communication that works, and therefore, should be accessible to more viewers. The thesis is organised into three chapters. Following a general introduction, Chapter 1 discusses health communication, presents statistics on HIV/AIDS in Russia and Belarus, and provides an example of health communication that fulfills its functions – public service announcements on HIV/AIDS prevention in the form of The Three Amigos. Chapter 2 discusses the necessity of subtitling for the target audience, and emphasises the fact that people with hearing impairment need special subtitles that differ from the ones that are suitable for viewers without hearing impairment. Chapter 3 contains the analysis of the subtitles for the deaf and hard of hearing that I created for this project. Finally, the conclusion summarises the findings of this research, and addresses possible directions for future projects on this topic.

Hierdie studie handel oor die Engelse onderskrifte in Afrikaanse televisieprogramme oor verskillende genres. Dit ondersoek die verskynsels asook die gehalte in en van die intertalige onderskrifte. Dit is _ vergelykende teksstudie met die doel om aanbevelings vir verbeterde onderskrifte te gee. Daar word _ deeglike literatuurstudie gedoen om agtergrond vir die navorsing te skep. Die data word ingesamel en gekategoriseer om geanaliseer te word sodat ingeligte gevolgtrekkings gemaak kan word. Daar is bevind dat die Afrikaanse televisieprogramme wat ondersoek is, substandaard Engelse onderskrifte het en dat die meeste foute is as gevolg van die minagting van die onderskrifskeppingsreëls. Die verhandeling sluit af deur aanbevelings te maak oor hoe dit verbeter kan word. / This study considers English subtitles in Afrikaans television programs in different genres. It researches the phenomena, as well as the standard of the interlingual subtitles. It is a comparative text study and has the goal of creating recommendations for better subtitles. A thorough literature study was done to provide background for the coming research. The data was collected and categorised to be analysed to reach an informed conclusion. The study found that the researched Afrikaans television programs have substandard subtitles and that the most mistakes were because of ignoring the subtitling rules. The dissertation concludes by making suggestions on how to better it. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Afrikaans / MA / Unrestricted