(in English): The thesis looks at the transfer of humour in audiovisual texts in sitcoms. The theoretical part introduces the topic, including types of jokes, strategies relating to the transfer of humour and the factors influencing the choice of a particular strategy. The empirical part is based on the analysis of professional and amateur subtitles of the British sitcom Miranda. This part analyses the humour of the series from the polysemiotic perspective. It focuses on the strategies of the transfer of language-dependent, cultural and complex jokes, the functionality of translation based on whether a humorous effect is produced or not, and the differences between the strategies of professional and amateur translators.

This master thesis deals with audiovisual translation with an emphasis on subtitles. In particular, it concentrates on the widespread phenomenon of amateur interlingual subtitling (fansubbing) using the Swedish feature movie Let the Right One In (Låt den rätte komma in) as material. In the theoretical part, the specifics of film subtitling are addressed: the most frequently used subtitling strategies and proceedings and the differences between professional and amateur subtitling in the single stages of the subtitling process - production, distribution and reception of subtitles and also translators' motivation and working conditions. In the empirical part, an analysis of Swedish audiovisual material is carried out, followed by an analysis of the respective professional and amateur-produced subtitles. The focus is on applied subtitling strategies, transfer of culture-specific items and marked speech, but also formal features of both subtitle types are discussed. In the course of the analysis, the current subtitling norms are taken into consideration, as well as the different socio-cultural context and distinctions between the Czech and the Swedish language. In the conclusion, the quality of the researched subtitles is assessed.

[pt] Este estudo possui um duplo objetivo: investigar a construção lingüística de algumas situações de humor do filme Deconstructing Harry (EUA, 1997, Woody Allen), traduzido, no Brasil, como Desconstruindo Harry; e analisar as estratégias lingüísticas adotadas nessas situações de humor em duas traduções do filme, no formato de legendas: uma para o cinema e outra para VHS. A análise se fundamentou nos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução, em especial nos pressupostos de Gideon Toury (1995); na teoria do humor de Victor Raskin (1985), complementada pelas ideias de Sigmund Freud (1905) e Henri Bergson (1900) sobre o tema; e em alguns estudos realizados na área da tradução audiovisual. Aplicando a metodologia descritiva a um corpus selecionado, o trabalho busca associar teoria e prática no campo dos Estudos da Tradução. O estudo levou às seguintes constatações: (i) o humor que prevalece no filme é situacional e sexual, e os recursos linguísticos mais freqüentemente empregados são termos de duplo sentido, palavrões e referentes culturais específicos; (ii) a estratégia tradutória mais utilizada, em ambas as traduções, foi a manutenção dos scripts semânticos do original, seguida pela estratégia de neutralização de um dos scripts; e (iii) a maioria dos referentes culturais específicos mencionados no filme foi mantida como no original, denotando a preferência por uma estratégia tradutória mais estrangeirizadora. / [en] This study has a dual objective: firstly, to investigate the linguistic construction of some humorous situations in the movie Deconstructing Harry (USA, 1997, Woody Allen), translated in Brazil as Desconstruindo Harry, and, secondly, to review the linguistic strategies adopted in these humorous situations in two different translations for subtitles of the movie; one for the cinema and the other for video. The analysis is informed by Descriptive Translation Studies, particularly on Gideon Toury’s premises (1995) and Victor Raskin’s theory of humour (1985), complemented by the ideas of Sigmund Freud (1905) and Henri Bergson (1900) on the topic; and on some studies conducted in the field of audiovisual translation. Applying descriptive methodology to a selected corpus, the work attempts to associate theory and practice in the field of Translation Studies. The study resulted in the following findings: (i) the predominant humor in the movie is situational and sexual and the most commonly used linguistic resources are double entendres, swear words and specific cultural references; (ii) the most favored translation strategy in both versions was to maintain the original semantic scripts, followed by the strategy of neutralizing one of the scripts; and (iii) most of the specific cultural references cited in the movie were left as in the original, indicating the preference for a more foreignizing translation strategy.

[pt] Constatada uma lacuna no campo da tradução audiovisual (TAV) em relação ao tratamento teórico da multiplicidade de elementos semióticos que caracteriza os produtos audiovisuais, esta dissertação busca um caminho teórico para discutir a interpretação de imagens visuais (imagens que se apresentam de forma visível e concreta, por meio de algum suporte material), articulando os conceitos de discurso multimodal e comunidades interpretativas. Parte-se do pressuposto de que textos podem ser compostos por diferentes recursos semióticos além da linguagem verbal, como imagens, música, dança etc., os quais interagem entre si sem que haja uma relação hierárquica entre eles. O foco é lançado sobre os usos que se fazem das imagens nas práticas sociais e discursivas contemporâneas, os diferentes formatos em que elas se apresentam e as maneiras como circulam na sociedade, ressaltando o papel central da visão. A imagem visual é discutida a partir da distinção entre visão como operação física/fisiológica e visualidade como determinações sociais e discursivas que regulam essa operação. Tal distinção não implica uma relação dicotômica, mas uma diferenciação entre o mecanismo e os dados da visão e regras socialmente compartilhadas para a interpretação desses dados. / [en] After acknowledging a gap in the field of audiovisual translation (AVT) regarding the theoretical approach of the multiplicity of semiotic elements that compose audiovisual products, this thesis searches for a theoretical path to discuss the interpretation of visual images (images that have a concrete visible form), articulating the concepts of multimodal discourse and interpretive communities. The premise is that texts are composed by different semiotic resources besides verbal language such as images, music, dance etc., which interact without having a hierarchical relationship. The focus is cast on the uses of images in social and discursive practices, the different formats in which they occur and the ways they circulate in society, highlighting the central role of vision. The discussion on visual images is based on the distinction between vision as a physical/physiological operation and visuality as social and discursive determinations that regulate that operation. Such distinction does not imply a dichotomic relationship, but a difference between the mechanism and data of vision and the socially shared rules for their interpretation.

This paper presents a study on the translation of slang used by drag queens. The study aims to examine how the slang used by drag queens in RuPaul’s Drag Race season 12 is translated into Japanese. The translation strategies used are revealed and the faithfulness of the translation is discussed. Both the original and translated expressions, jargon and words used by drag queens in RuPaul’s Drag Race season 12 were gathered from the first three episodes. The data was then grouped based on the translation strategy and discussed further regarding the effectiveness of the translation strategy and faithfulness of the translation itself with the help of Nida’s theory of dynamic equivalence. The results show that translation by loan, excluding the omission, was the most used translation strategy, but its success hinges on the familiarity of the target audience. Together with substitution, they were the most successful strategies regarding the faithfulness of the translation and the preservation of the slang. Softening, employed to adapt informal and vulgar expressions, risked losing the original slang, and modulation also less successful in preserving it. Paraphrase and explicitation were less successful in retaining the slang nuances but aligned with Nida’s dynamic equivalence which emphasizes the meaning.

Le droit à la culture devrait être universel, puisqu’il est essentiel au développement personnel de l’individu et à l’enrichissement de sa qualité de vie. De nos jours, les médias audiovisuels jouent un rôle majeur au sein de la culture. Dans une société visant un idéal d’inclusion sociale, l’audiodescription (AD) se révèle d’une grande utilité puisqu’elle garantit au public malvoyant l’accès à l’immense partie de la culture que représentent les médias audiovisuels. Le but de ce mémoire est de promouvoir l’accessibilité des médias en observant les différences de pratique entre le Royaume- Uni, l’Espagne, la France et l’Allemagne, puis en les classifiant selon leur origine. Ce travail interdisciplinaire relève des domaines de la traductologie, de la linguistique cognitive et de l’étude cinématographique. Il vise à définir des critères de qualité applicables aux quatre pays concernés et à faciliter la traduction de scripts d’AD. L’analyse contrastive du corpus multimodal quadrilingue composé des trente-trois premières minutes d’AD du film britannique The King’s Speech en anglais, allemand, français et espagnol permet de définir les principales similitudes et différences entre les quatre versions. Les analogies constatées sont considérées comme les indicateurs d’un degré élevé de neutralité. Les divergences entre les versions peuvent quant à elles être attribuées à trois facteurs : l’adaptation du texte audiovisuel cible à la culture cible, l’application ou le non-respect des directives en vigueur dans le pays de culture cible et enfin la subjectivité du descripteur. Cette dernière catégorie regroupe la majorité des différences entre les quatre versions. Le corpus analysé ici semble désigner la neutralité de l’AD comme un critère de qualité majeur permettant d’éviter de trop grandes divergences entre l’AD d’un même film dans différentes langues.

[pt] O mercado de tradução para legendagem de programas de TV sofre com a carência de profissionais, constatação que se baseia numa experiência pessoal de doze anos de atuação nessa área. A presente dissertação busca investigar os motivos dessa carência e propor as bases para um curso de formação de legendadores, a partir de uma perspectiva polissistêmica e descritivista da tradução e de uma visão pós-estruturalista do ensino. A proposta aqui apresentada fundamentou-se em um levantamento das competências e habilidades que todo tradutor para legendas precisa desenvolver, elaborado a partir de entrevistas realizadas com importantes atores do polissistema de tradução para legendagem, bem como na análise das normas, coerções e mecanismos de controle com os quais o legendador se vê obrigado a lidar em sua atividade. A reflexão desenvolvida contempla questões metodológicas e de conteúdo e aborda as peculiaridades que caracterizam a tradução para legendas, procurando oferecer uma alternativa que contraponha uma ênfase na formação ao caráter de treinamento que costuma estar associado à maioria dos cursos atualmente disponíveis. Pretende-se, dessa forma, garantir a maior aproximação e interação entre academia e mercado de trabalho, o que deverá redundar em benefício para ambos. / [en] The television subtitling market suffers from a shortage of professionals, as has been attested by twelve years of personal experience in the industry. The purpose of this research was to investigate the reasons behind this shortage and suggest the basis for implementing a course program on subtitling for TV from a descriptive and polysystemic perspective on translation and a poststructuralist view on education. The proposal presented was based on a list of competencies and abilities every subtitle translator must develop, elaborated from interviews with important actors in the translation for subtitles polysystem, and on the analysis of the norms, constraints and control mechanisms with which the subtitler must deal in his or her professional capacity. The considerations brought forth contemplate methodological and content issues and tackle the peculiarities of subtitling, aiming to offer an alternative to the emphasis on training rather than on education which is usually associated with most courses currently available. Thus, this dissertation intends to guarantee a greater interchange between university and industry, which should bring about benefits for both.

nÃo hà / BjÃrk extravasa criatividade com sua arte singular e, assim, tem inovado e influenciado setores midiÃticos importantes, como os da indÃstria fonogrÃfica, da arte fotogrÃfica e digital e de video making. Com o seu Ãlbum mais recente, Vulnicura (BJÃRK, 2015n), a artista islandesa exprime um forte sentimento de dor que atinge seu Ãpice em Black Lake (2015c), quarta faixa do disco. A partir do texto poÃtico, composto pela letra dessa mÃsica, investigo como ocorreu a transmutaÃÃo da subjetividade de BjÃrk atravÃs da traduÃÃo intersemiÃtica desse texto-signo para trÃs polissistemas distintos: mÃsica, imagem e vÃdeo. Para tanto, proponho um diÃlogo, dentre outros, com os estudos de Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) e Pierce (2000), que tÃm trabalhos importantes sobre esse tipo de traduÃÃo, para compor a primeira parte da fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica desta investigaÃÃo. Ademais, baseio-me nas pesquisas de KÃhl (2008), Barthes (1977) e Goodwin (1992), que tratam, respectivamente, de traduÃÃes midiÃticas para mÃsica, imagem e vÃdeo, para compor os elementos especÃficos de anÃlise do corpus em estudo e, juntamente com outros autores, poder analisÃ-lo a partir de um referencial teÃrico mais heterogÃneo. Os resultados apontam para a maestria de BjÃrk, refletida na evidÃncia de sua capacidade artÃstica de transmutar singularmente a sensaÃÃo de dor â e, por extensÃo, transcriar-se a si mesma â para as trÃs dimensÃes sÃgnicas supracitadas, aguÃando esse elemento em suas traduÃÃes. Conclui-se, portanto, que a presente pesquisa se faz relevante para o fomento dos Estudos da TraduÃÃo e, mais especificamente, para proporcionar melhor compreensÃo sobre fenÃmenos concernentes à traduÃÃo intersemiÃtica. / BjÃrk goes beyond creativity with her unique art and thus has innovated and influenced important media sectors, such as the music, the photographic and digital art, and the video making industries. With her latest album, Vulnicura (BJÃRK, 2015n), the Icelandic artist expresses a keen sense of pain that reaches its apex in Black Lake (2015c), the fourth track of the disc. From the poetic text, composed by the lyrics of that song, I investigate how the transmutation of BjÃrkâs subjectivity happened through the intersemiotic translation of that text-sign to three different polysystems: music, image and video. Therefore, I propose a dialogue, among others, with the studies of Jakobson (1992), Plaza (2003) and Pierce (2000), who have important works on intersemiotic translation, to compose the first part of the theoretical foundation of this research. In addition, I ground it in the investigations of KÃhl (2008), Barthes (1977) and Goodwin (1992), who deal, respectively, with media translations to music, image and video, to compose the specific elements of analysis of the corpus here studied and, along with other authors, to be able to analyze it from a more heterogeneous theoretical framework. The results point to the mastery of BjÃrk by evidence of her artistic ability to uniquely transmutate the sensation of pain â and, by extension, to transcreate her own self â to those three sign dimensions, reinforcing such an element in her translations. It follows, therefore, that this research is relevant to the development of the Translation Studies and, more specifically, to provide better understanding of phenomena concerning the intersemiotic translation.

"Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica" aborda l'estudi de les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual de comèdies de situació originals i doblades de l'anglès al català. En la tesi es descriuen les interjeccions des de diferents perspectives i, després d'analitzar-ne la representació als diccionaris, es proposa una aplicació lexicogràfica electrònica bilingüe. / "Les interjeccions en un corpus audiovisual: descripció i representació lexicogràfica", PhD studies interjections in an audiovisual corpus of sitcoms, both original and dubbed from English into Catalan. Interjections are described from different perspectives and, after analysing their representation in dictionaries, a bilingual electronic lexicographical tool is proposed.

This thesis investigates the use of the pragmatic particles (PPs) 'enfin' and 'écoute' in French film dialogue, and their translations in British English subtitles. Using a corpus of nine films and eight episodes drawn from two television series – all released in the UK between 2005 and 2015, and equating to approximately twenty-two hours – the study identifies tokens across a much wider range of contexts than has previously been possible using traditional corpora. The main contribution is an analysis of PP functions. The results for 'enfin' show a different functional distribution of the particle to other corpora, with corrective 'enfin' occurring significantly less frequently. The relatively large number of tokens of performative and emotional (or affective) 'enfin' allows for an elaboration of these two categories, and a tendency is observed for 'enfin' to appear as an apparent disagreement mitigator in discussions between peers. With regard to 'écoute', it is argued that écoute1 functions as a face-threat mitigator in unequal relationships and écoute2 as an FTA, although the particle is multifunctional and some tokens exhibit characteristics of both categories. Attention is given to combinations of 'enfin' and 'écoute' with other particles: while there is a clear tendency for disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' to co-occur with 'mais', and for the precision and restrictive subcategories of the corrective to co-occur with 'je veux dire', other previously documented combinations ('enfin bon' and 'ben écoute') are not frequently occurring in the present corpus. The thesis also makes a significant contribution to the field of Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The English subtitles show high rates of omission for both particles consistent with previous research, with disagreement-mitigating 'enfin' particularly vulnerable to omission. However, the analysis reveals a surprising pattern regarding 'écoute': a clear division of labour between ‘look’ (used to translate more confrontational tokens) and ‘listen’ (more conciliatory and socially distant). The study includes an experimental analysis of the subtitles relative to their character limits, demonstrating a potential new approach for researchers wishing to investigate the impact of various subtitling constraints.