Att arbeta med utsatta människor i en statlig verksamhet som tjänsteman kan för de flesta människor verka ofarligt – men hur är det egentligen? Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns ett stort mörkertal när det kommer till klientrelaterat hot och våld och att incidenterna inte tas tillräckligt seriöst. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en större förståelse för vad de ökade hoten får för konsekvenser för personalen på Migrationsverket. Vi vill belysa och synliggöra spänningsfältet i klientrelationen som leder till att hot och våld mot handläggare ökar. Det teoretiska ramverk som används i uppsatsen är gräsrotsbyråkrati, makt och klientrelationer. Genom sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med handläggare på Migrationsverket har vi fått fram underlag som visar att hot och våldssituationer förekommer i större omfattning än vad det anmäls och rapporteras om. Resultatet visade att mörkertalet är stort vid incidentrapporteringen och att det råder en ”det kommer med jobbet”-mentalitet bland personalen. Maktfördelningen har en stor roll i klientrelationen och är en bidragande orsak till att incidenter uppstår. Vidare visar det sig att negativa beslut är de som tenderar att utlösa hot eller våld från klienten och att det väldigt sällan rapporteras kring eller anmäls om inte klienten tar till fysiskt våld. Slutligen visar uppsatsen att förebyggande arbete måste ske i en större omfattning. / Working with vulnerable people in a government controlled authority may for most people seem harmless - but is it really? Previous research has shown that there is large hidden statistics when it comes to client-related threats and violence and that the incidents are not taken seriously enough. The purpose of this paper is to gain a greater understanding of what the increased threats and violence towards officials in a government controlled authority can lead to. We want to shed visibility over the attributes in the client relationship that leads to threats and violence against the government officials. The theoretical framework used in the paper is street-level bureaucracy, power, and client relationships. We have performed six semi-structured interviews with officials from the Swedish Migration board, which have shown that threats and violence towards government officials occur to a greater extent than it is shown and reported on. The results showed that the hidden statistics is large in incident reporting and that there is a "it comes with the territory" mentality among officials. The distribution of power has a major role in client relationships and is a contributing factor to incidents occurring. Furthermore, it turns out that negative decisions are the ones that tend to trigger threats or violence from the client and that it is rarely reported unless the client resorts to physical violence. Finally, the paper shows that prevention work must be done on a larger scale.

This study explored the discourse of the University of Victoria Social Sciences Co-op Program. It reviewed literature that illustrates how neoliberal ideologies due to globalization lead to the marketization of post-secondary education. It provided an overview of the neoliberal discursive context in which the Co-op Program is situated and a semiotic analysis of the discourse of three documents. Particular focus was paid to metaphoric representations. A co-op practitioner conducted the study, which included a reflective discussion of the findings related to the role of the Co-op Program staff, students and employers. The study highlighted neoliberal discourses that may impact a student’s educational experience by limiting student agency, reinforcing power structures, and focusing on career training with little emphasis on learning. As a way forward, the study presented different discourses and metaphoric representations that could be drawn upon to emancipate the students and harness the potential of an experiential education program.

Voluntary service is experiencing transition. This transition is marked by social, symbolic and policy changes that have transformed the relationship between paid and unpaid work, and is reordering the connection between voluntary practice and professional expertise. Giddens (1998) identified this as the third way. Rose (2000) sees this transformation as a strategy embodying a tacit regime around the economic transactions that implicate the agent in self-governance based on normative moral possibilities, thus ordering the moral subject. Research has not yet established the fundamental elements of this transforming logic, or the mechanisms by which oppositions such as paid and unpaid are being resolved by voluntary organisations. The thesis argues that third way commentators’ view of the bureaucratic transformation of voluntary service that examines “historical and social conditions, professional strategies, and disciplinary stakes and constraints…” (Shusterman, 1999: 10) does not account for the nature of service, or the practice and logic of that service. Therefore this study interrogates the notion and logic of service for the nature of the discourse and experience of service at the time of the move toward the third way, the point that voluntary values and practices meeting economic action. This logic is examined and extrapolated by empirical examination of the case service in Rotary and Zonta, organisations whose members are professional and act in voluntary positions. Bourdieu’s (for example 1984[1979], 1998, 2002[1977]) work on the logic of practice (featuring field, habitus and practice) frames the theoretical exploration of the embeddedness and logic of a particular social object in the context of practice. Exploring the field, habitus and practice for aspects of service suggests a multidimensional approach that investigates the discourse, experience, dispositions and contextual practice of service. Thus the study of service is conducted by collecting data from codes of professional conduct and objectives of Rotary and Zonta (the discursive level of interpretation); professionals’ experience and interpretation of volunteering (where the habitus of volunteers is made visible); and observations of practice and order at Rotary and Zonta meetings. The data was collected and analysed using Kenneth Burke’s rhetorical analysis (1969a, 1969b, 1989), Erving Goffman’s footing (Burns, 1992; Goffman, 1981), and Harvey Sacks’ indexicality and membership categorisation analysis (Lepper, 2000; Sacks, 2000[1992]). This study examines and reports on elements and relationships in the service discourse such as expertise, judgment and discretion; aspects of the logic of service exhibited in professional agent’s experience of voluntary service, including agency and professional ethics; and the rituals practiced by professionals in the voluntary context. Many of these elements are contextual components of the opposition between economic and symbolic values in the voluntary setting. Empirical evidence presented in this study suggests that voluntary service when practiced within the new frame of economic rationales and bureaucratic structures does not amalgamate opposing sectors so much as expose a common logic of service.

It is intended with this paper to treat about the standard of rationality embedded to the Brazilian Public Administration by the management reform, started by the President Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and especially to treat about its continuation whether or not during the mandates of his opponent and successor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2005 and 2006-2009). For drawing up the study, firstly, it was outlined, from the method of literature review, a foreshortened history about the different standards of rationality prevailing in different periods of the Brazilian Republic, from the patrimonial model characteristic of the Empire and first Republic (oligarchy) times, through the bureaucratic pattern opened in Brazil in the 1930s at the government of Getúlio Vargas, until the first movements towards reform of the Brazilian Public Administration management. Subsequent to this, it was analyzed the concepts of rationality starting from the theoretical and doctrinarian bias, by taking up base those ones established by Max Weber, differentiating the rationality concerning the ends (zweckrational), regarding the values of rationality (wertrational). In the same way, standards of rationality applied to management and bureaucratic models of public administration were analyzed theoretically, to from then, objectively define premises and assumptions that guide and define them. Further, the movements were addressed during the FHC government beginning to introduce new paradigms for Brazilian Public Administration and, finally, it was analyzed the measures and postures adopted by President Lula regarding the Brazilian Public Administration after his rise to power, for, in the light of objective data and theoretical concepts launched in the dissertation, completed by relative continuity and to some extent, afraid about the management reform during the mandates of President Lula. / Pretende-se com o presente trabalho tratar sobre o padrão de racionalidade incorporado à Administração Pública brasileira pela reforma gerencial, iniciada pelo Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso e, principalmente, sobre a sua continuidade ou não durante os mandatos de seu opositor e sucessor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2005 e 2006-2009). Para a elaboração do trabalho, traçou-se, num primeiro momento, a partir do método da revisão bibliográfica, um escorço histórico acerca dos diferentes padrões de racionalidade preponderantes em diferentes períodos da República Brasileira, desde o modelo patrimonialista característico dos tempos de Império e da Primeira República (oligárquica), passando pelo padrão burocrático, inaugurado no Brasil na década de 1930 nos governos de Getúlio Vargas, até os primeiros movimentos rumo à reforma gerencial da Administração Pública brasileira. Posteriormente a isso, foram analisados, a partir de viés mais teórico e doutrinário, os conceitos de racionalidade, tomando-se por base aqueles estabelecidos por Max Weber, diferenciando-se a racionalidade quanto a fins (zweckrational), da racionalidade quanto a valores (wertrational). De mesma forma, foram teoricamente analisados os padrões de racionalidade aplicados aos modelos burocrático e gerencial de administração pública para, a partir de então, definir objetivamente premissas e pressupostos que os orientam e definem. Na sequência, foram abordados os movimentos iniciados durante o governo FHC no sentido de introduzir novos paradigmas à Administração Pública brasileira e, por fim, foram analisadas as medidas e posturas assumidas pelo Presidente Lula no que tange à Administração Pública brasileira após sua ascensão ao poder, para, à luz dos dados objetivos e conceitos teóricos lançados na dissertação, concluir pela continuidade relativa e, até certo ponto receosa, da reforma gerencial durante os mandatos do Presidente Lula.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur personal på ideella respektive kommunala skyddade boenden för våldsutsatta kvinnor upplever verksamhetens möjligheter och begränsningar samt hur de upplever samverkan. Studien har en kvalitativ metod där det har genomförts åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra personal från två ideella boenden och fyra personal från två kommunala boenden. En kartläggning från Socialstyrelsen (2013) visar att det år 2013 var 71 % av Sveriges skyddade boenden som bedrevs i ideell regi och 21 % som bedrevs i kommunal regi. Det framgick även att dessa boenden hade olika förutsättningar för att hjälpa kvinnorna vilket även framkom i tidigare forskning. I studiens resultat framkom det att personal från de ideella skyddade boendena i högre utsträckning upplevde att de hade en frihet att utforma sitt arbete och att ge kvinnorna ett socialt sammanhang men att de kunde vara begränsade av kortsiktiga avtal med kommunen. Personal från de kommunala boendena upplevde i högre utsträckning en trygghet i arbetet, dock kunde de uppleva begränsningar i att beslutsprocesser var ineffektiva samt att de inte kunde utforma det egna arbetet i samma utsträckning. Personal från de kommunala boendena upplevde sig ha bättre förutsättningar för samverkan än personal från de ideella boendena, samtliga intervjupersoner upplevde dock vissa begränsningar i samverkan. / The purpose of this study is to examine how the staff of non-profit and municipal sheltered housings experience the opportunities and limitations of the organisations as well as how they experience cooperation. The study has a qualitative method in which eight semistructured interviews were conducted with four employees from two non-profit sheltered housing and four employees from two municipal sheltered housing. A survey from the National board of health and welfare (2013) shows that in the year of 2013 71 % of Sweden's sheltered housing were non-profit and 21 % were municipal sheltered housing. These sheltered housings had different conditions in helping battered women, as shown by previous research. The results of this study show that the staff from the non-profit sheltered housing to a greater extent experienced that they were free in designing their work and giving the women a social context but could be limited in short-term agreements with the municipality. Staff from the municipal sheltered housing felt safer with the organisational form however they could experience limitations regarding that the decision-making process were ineffective and that they could not design their own work to the same extent. Staff from the municipal sheltered housing to a greater extent experienced that they had good conditions for cooperation, however all of the interviewees experienced some limitations regarding cooperation.

This thesis is a study of the attempts made in the last four decades of Naser ad-Din shah's reign to reform the government and the administration in Persia.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-08-22T13:18:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Nelson Correa Viana.pdf: 2659347 bytes, checksum: cf0f6a0483fdba84e6e69f01fff88246 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-08-22T16:22:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Nelson Correa Viana.pdf: 2659347 bytes, checksum: cf0f6a0483fdba84e6e69f01fff88246 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:22:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Nelson Correa Viana.pdf: 2659347 bytes, checksum: cf0f6a0483fdba84e6e69f01fff88246 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Este trabalho discute o custeio da previdência dos servidores do estado de Mato Grosso e analisa a sua condição de risco como materialidade de direito social no contexto da proteção social como política. Analisamos o Estado como garantidor da proteção na condição de regulador, característica em que o posiciona no contexto do neoliberalismo que tem como expressão própria mais mercado e menos Estado, com isso a seguridade social está em constantes tensionamentos desafiadores para a manutenção de direitos já conquistados. A luta não tem sido por mais direitos, mas para não perder os já existentes. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa tem natureza qualitativa com informações quantitativas, se caracterizando como um trabalho de cunho exploratório em que se adotam determinados pressupostos e por eles se orientam como provável e provisória resposta ao problema. Tem o mesmo sentido da hipótese, porém sem a característica de, como hipótese, no seu exato significado, ser submetida à verificação para ser comprovada, como nas ciências naturais, uma vez que estamos tratando de fenômenos sociais não reproduzíveis em laboratório, pois o objeto é um produto histórico. O método adotado é o crítico dialético que proporciona questionar a realidade a partir das suas determinações não se contentando com análises lineares que apenas descrevem o objeto sem relacioná-lo com as condições objetivas em que se materializa, portanto, trata-se de uma constante busca da essência da práxis. O resultado encontrado previamente explicita um provável efeito tesoura que pode ser indicativo de risco de custeio da previdência de acordo com os pressupostos delineados. Os dados são provisórios necessitando de contrastação e ajustes quanto aos valores correntes e constantes. Os números representam um esforço de síntese desse plano dialético, mas não significam “a verdade” inconteste, pois eles mesmos ao serem disputados poderiam ser outros números que não estes localizados nos diversos relatórios dos órgãos de controle burocrático que, de certo modo, apenas legitimam o poder político que se atualiza, com as suas convenções como a contabilidade, por exemplo, que ultimamente tem sido objeto de discussão como “contabilidade criativa”. Concluímos que num Estado regulado pelas políticas neoliberais os espaços orçamentários reivindicados pelo social têm menor expressão em relação aos aspectos financeiros nas disputas dos fundos públicos. Pelas expressões da Política, seus interesses específicos são regulados pelas instituições estatais sob orientação de agências multilaterais. Essa é uma das razões das alterações ensaiadas a partir da Constituição de 1988 nos fundamentos da Previdência do servidor público, cujos pretensos privilégios implícitos de classe estão sendo transferidos para o mercado, na medida do possível. / This paper discusses pension defrayal of public servant from Mato Grosso state, analyzing risk condition as materiality of social rights in the context of social protection as politics. The state was analyzed as guarantor of protection in the condition of regulator, feature that places it in the context of neoliberalism whose own expression more market and less state, thus social security is in constant challenging tensions for the maintenance of rights already conquered. The fight has not been on more rights, but to avoid losing existing ones. In this sense, the research has qualitative nature with quantitative information, characterizing as an exploratory work in which it is adopt certain assumptions and are guided by them as probable and provisional answer to the problem, the same effect of the hypothesis, however without the characteristic, as a hypothesis, in its exact meaning, to be submitted for verification to be confirmed, as in natural sciences, since dealing with social phenomena not reproducible in the laboratory, because the object is a historical product. The method adopted is the critical dialectic that provides questioning reality from its determinations, not content with linear analysis that only describe the object without relating it to the objective conditions where it materializes, therefore there is a constant search on the essence of praxis. Previously results explicitly a probable scissors effect that can be indicative of risk of pension defrayal in accordance with the assumptions outlined. Data are provisional and require contrastation and adjustments regarding current and constant values. Numbers represent an effort to synthesize of this dialectical plan, but do not mean the “unquestioned truth”, because when disputed could be other numbers than these found in various reports of the organs with bureaucratic control that somehow only legitimate political power that updates itself with its conventions as accounting, for example, which has lately been the object of discussion as "creative accounting". Lastly, it is concluded that in a state governed by neoliberal policies, spaces budgetary claimed by the society has lower expression compared to financial aspects in disputes of public funds by the expressions of Politics with specific interests regulated by state institutions under the supervision of multilateral agencies. This is the probable reason of the changes assayed from the 1988 Constitution in the fundamentals of public servant's pension, whose pretended implicit class privileges are being transferred to the market, whenever possible.

Dystopian fiction as intended in the Western literary tradition is a 20 th century phenomenon on the Arabic literary scene. This relatively new genre has been experiencing an uplift since the beginning of the 21 st century and many works that have been defined dystopias have been published and translated into English in the last 10 – 15 years. In order to find out their main features, Claeys’s categorization of literary dystopias is applied and a thematic analysis is carried out on four Arabic dystopian works of narrative, written by authors from different parts of the Arabic world. The analysis shows that 21 st century Arabic dystopias are political dystopias, with totalitarianism as their main variation. Rather than on society, their focus is on the individual, and more specifically on personal freedom. The totalitarian constraints are mainly caused by religious fundamentalism and bureaucratic procedures. Surveillance and control over population are implemented by means of religious precepts and bureaucratic constructions, together with, in some instances, control over language and technological devices. Political totalitarianism regardless of a specific political ideology is identified as main theme. The thesis suggests that a Western-based classification framework is only partially suitable for Arabic dystopian fiction of the 21 st century and that further research, including but not limited to a specific classification theory for Arabic dystopian fiction, is necessary to properly investigate this new literary trend in Arabic literature.

This project, based on a study of television producers in Colombia, is an ethnographic exploration of the working conditions of cultural production within a highly contextualized environment such as public service television under state control, using Señal Colombia TV channel as case study. I examine how cultural production is affected by governmental structures and dynamics, whilst exploring the conditions and processes of public service television production, and how television producers experience these processes at an individual level. My primary question is to determine how the production of public service television under state control impacts producers’ practices and perceptions regarding the value and outcomes of their work. In this context, precariousness, autonomy, good work, power and public value have emerged as central areas of constant tension. I link issues regarding cultural work and public value in a media production analysis, obtaining direct empirical data that provides an in-depth description of the current public media production context under state control in Colombia. To explore these intersections, the project brings together interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. The findings exposed that the internal dynamics of both the nation and the organisation significantly affect the concept of public value, making it an ambivalent, uncertain and ill-defined notion. Where governance is state-driven, workers, regardless of their role, subscribe to dominant narratives and discourses that justify their work, and thus contribute to keeping themselves under prescribed creativity. In general, the present study provides a holistic account of cultural work study, focusing on what occurs to cultural work in various contexts of control, and the individual reactions to these contexts. The analysis of cultural work in this context, also broadens current knowledge on the concepts of network sociality and good work under clientelism, and in a non-free-market.

Esta dissertação analisa certas relações de poder na Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB), uma das burocracias públicas mais bem estruturadas do país. Buscou-se compreender como são as relações de poder entre a Administração da RFB (dirigentes) e os Auditores-Fiscais da Receita Federal do Brasil (AFRFB). A hipótese diretriz procurou evidenciar se nas relações de poder entre os dirigentes da RFB e os Auditores-Fiscais predomina a interferência política dos dirigentes sobre as decisões técnicas do Auditor-Fiscal. Os aportes teóricos foram Weber (1974, 2004), Crozier (1981), Crozier; Friedberg (1981) e Wilson (1989). A pesquisa referiu-se a um Estudo de Caso. Para a coleta dos dados foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com Auditores-Fiscais, dirigentes e não dirigentes, no período de maio à julho de 2010. A análise foi dividida em duas dimensões: em primeiro lugar, detalharam-se as atribuições do Auditor-Fiscal, tanto sob o ponto de vista do próprio Auditor-Fiscal, quanto Auditor-Fiscal dirigente. O objetivo foi identificar pontos conflitantes na definição das atribuições que podem gerar conflito. A segunda dimensão abordada se refere às atribuições dos dirigentes. Levou-se em conta a percepção do grupo envolvido, também com o objetivo de estabelecer contrastes. Por último, examinou-se o que ocorre quando o poder de decidão do Auditor-Fiscal não é aceito pela direção. Quais as consequências destas relações de poder, quais tipos de casos podem gerar conflito e como esses conflitos são resolvidos? O estudo possibilitou a compreensão de que nos procedimentos relacionados à coordenação, organização e gerenciamento de recursos humanos as relações de poder ocorrem nos padrões estabelecidos por Weber. Já nas rotinas relacionadas às decisões técnicas há o predomínio da hipótese formulada para o estudo, pelo fato de o “poder de decidir tecnicamente sobre o caso concreto” estar atribuído, de fato, ao dirigente e não ao Auditor-Fiscal, o que reflete as estratégias utilizadas pelos atores no jogo do poder. As relações de poder na RFB manifestam-se de diferentes formas, muitas vezes camufladas, impedindo, de certa maneira, a percepção daqueles que perdem nesse jogo. / This dissertation analyzes some power relations in Brazil's Federal Revenue (RFB), one of the best structured public departments in the country. The aim is to understand how the relationships of power between the administrators of RFB and the Tax Auditors of Brazil‟s Internal Revenue Service (AFRFB). The hypothetical guidelines observed if in the relations between the leaders of the RFB and the Tax Auditors, there is a predominant political interference of such leaders over the technical decisions of Tax Auditors. The theoretical contributions were Weber (1974, 2004), Crozier (1981), Crozier and Friedberg (1981) and Wilson (1989). This research is a Case Study with semi-structured interviews applied to auditors and directors to collect data from May to July in 2010. The investigation was divided into two dimensions: first, the duties of the Tax Auditors were detailed, both from the standpoint of the Tax Auditors themselves as well as from the Tax Auditors as leaders. The objective was to identify disagreeing points of such missions that could generate conflict. The second dimension approached the responsibilities of those in charge. The perception of the group involved in this research was taken into account. It also aimed to establish contrasts. Finally, what happens when the Tax Auditor‟s decision power is not accepted by superiors was also examined. The questions raised regarded the consequences of these relations of power: the kinds of cases that can generate conflict, and how such conflicts are resolved. The study proved that in the procedures related to coordination, organization and human resource management the power relations occur accordingly to the standards set by Weber. Yet, in routine technical decisions, is the predominant hypothesis for the study, once the "technical power to decide on the case" is, in fact, assigned to leaders and not Tax Auditors. This reflects the strategies used by the actors in this game. Moreover, such relations in the RFB are shown in different ways, despite the fact that they are often concealed, preventing those who lose the game from perceiving such powerful influences.