La question centrale que cherche à aborder cette thèse tourne autour d’une proposition de délimitation du concept de la gouvernance dans les organisations non gouvernementales. La question de la gouvernance a été largement étudiée par les économistes du « public choice » sans pour autant proposer une application aux ONG, chose qui devient nécessaire vu le développement sociétal quantitatif et qualitatif de ces organisations et leurs impacts croissants sur la société. Face aux défaillances des Etats, et aux besoins d’interventions spécifiques dans quelques domaines, des actions collectives organisées ont émergé et se sont développées. L’approche adoptée cherche à présenter en premier lieu l’émergence des normes de coopération et d’entraide pour ensuite définir les structures de propriétés et de prise de décisions au sein des ONG. Cette étude présente ensuite les caractéristiques des différentes composantes du cadre opérationnel des interventions des ONG : relations avec les donateurs, transparence de l’information, structures de coûts… Le choix du Liban émane du caractère unique d’un petit pays qui a connu une prolifération large d’ONG depuis plus qu’une cinquantaine d’années. Après avoir présenté les résultats de l’enquête menée auprès d’un échantillon représentatif des organisations au Liban, on propose un modèle d’évaluation de l’efficacité de l’action de ces organisations basé sur les travaux de Cooper, Charnes et Rhodes sur le modèle de Data Envelopment Analysis DEA. / The central question that this thesis seeks to address revolves around a proposal for delimitation of the concept of governance in non-governmental organizations. The issue of governance has been widely studied by economists of the public choice without nonetheless proposing an application to NGOs, something that has become necessary due to the quantitative and qualitative development of these organizations and their growing impact on society. Given the shortcomings of States, and specific needs that have begun to arise requiring interventions in some areas in societies, organized collective action emerged and developed. The approach used in this proposal seeks to present first the emergence of norms of cooperation and mutual assistance, and then define the properties and structures of decision-making processes within NGOs. This study then presents the characteristics of the different components of the operational framework of NGO interventions: donor relations, information and transparency, cost structures ... The choice of Lebanon comes from the uniqueness of a small country that has seen a large proliferation of NGOs from more than fifty years. presented the results of the survey of 90 organizations in Lebanon, an evaluation of the effectiveness of the action of the organization is presented based on the work of Cooper, Charnes and Rhodes on the model of Data envelopment analysis DEA.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 igor_aragao_brilhante_resumo_sumario.pdf: 575896 bytes, checksum: 9ccca5066f7a230a01729f64392eea70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-10 / The notion of inalienability of public interest has traditionally served to justify the obligation of the public advocate, in claims filed against the State, uncritically exhausted the means of opposition proceedings. This work aims to demonstrate the unsustainability of this paradigm of thoughtless procedural resistance, revealing the fragility of its theoretical foundations and the increasing adverse effects of its practice. It will be demonstrated that, often, it is not the judicial contesting that performs the best public interest. There will be a particular analysis of how certain bureaucratic disfunctions have been functioned as an instrument of manutency of the traditional profile of public advocates's performance. Finally, will be presented and analysed institutional improvements that would eliminate or reduce the excesses that still mark the position of the Executive Branch as judicial defendant / A noção de indisponibilidade do interesse público tem servido tradicionalmente para justificar a obrigatoriedade de o advogado público, nas demandas ajuizadas contra o Estado, exaurir acriticamente os meios de oposição processual ao seu alcance. Este trabalho visa a demonstrar a insustentabilidade desse paradigma de resistência processual irrefletida, desnudando a fragilidade de seus fundamentos teóricos e os crescentes efeitos nocivos de sua prática. Demonstrar-se-á que, muita vez, é a não resistência processual que realiza o melhor interesse público. Haverá também a particular análise de como certas disfunções burocráticas têm sido determinantes para a manutenção do perfil tradicional de atuação da Advocacia Pública. Por fim, serão apresentados e postos à prova os aperfeiçoamentos institucionais que eliminariam ou reduziriam os excessos que ainda marcam a postura da Fazenda Pública em juízo

A few weeks before the Swedish election in September 2018, a young girl named Greta Thunberg decidedto leave school every Friday and instead sit outside the Swedish parliament in Stockholm to raise awarenessabout the climate. This “school strike for climate” has since then developed to be a world-wide phenomenonand on the 15th of March more than 1.4 million youngsters participated in more than 100 countries.However, these actions have been subject of lots of debate in media; Greta being both cherished andcriticized. Framed within the questions about what motivates the political participation and in what way theschool takes a stand, this thesis aims to analyze “school strike for climate” in relation to the role of bothknowledge and fostering in the Swedish school. Through theories of street-level bureaucracy and politicalparticipation, accompanied by Carol Bacchis discourse perspective what´s the problem represented to be the studyexamines 32 Swedish newspaper articles. The result is a variety of problem representations, getting legitimized through law or moral, but also through a representation which hold both school and the pupils responsible for result in school. One of thedevelopments in the discourse is that during time and enlarging of the political activism, the youngster’sactions more and more is characterized as political participation than of an individual choice. This alsomeans that schools have to take a stand up on an organizational level, where many principals refer to schoolattendance and the law. When political activism is legislated through the curriculum it seems to be adidactical choice by the teachers, whom within their free space as professional street-level bureaucrats mayhave varying opportunities to use the theme within their teaching. Over all, the discourse focus more uponthe climate than democratic ideals, which suggests an unused potential of “school strike for climate” incivic´s education.

This study examines the applicability of Michael Lipsky’s (1980) concept of “street-level bureaucracy” to the profession of social work in 2019. Street-level bureaucrats are public service workers “who interact with citizens in the regular course of their jobs; have significant independence in decision making, and potentially have extensive impact on the lives of their citizens” (Lipsky, 1980:3). They are faced with uncertainties in their work related to inadequate resources, unclear policies, and caseloads/workloads that defy what may be possible to achieve by any one worker. Workers develop routines and “coping mechanisms,” to manage their environments. The routines that they develop then become effective public policy for their clients. The street-level bureaucracy theory has been widely applied, but generally with the assumption that street-level bureaucrats are homogenous across occupations and settings. Recent research suggests the need for more nuanced approaches, especially with regard to the effects of professionalism, individual characteristics of workers, and the variety of circumstances in which they interact with clients. Yet most research utilizes small numbers of cases, making it difficult to measure differences among types of workers. The present study addresses that gap with a large survey of social workers in Louisiana. Findings show that these street-level bureaucrats do exercise discretion, but circumstances in which they do so vary significantly, even within a single profession. Further, ways in which they exercise discretion differ from those described by Lipsky. Instead of using coping mechanisms to buffer themselves from an otherwise overwhelming environment, the respondents in this study report consultation with peers and management to find ways to serve client needs. These findings have implications for both the study of street-level bureaucracy and the practice of social work. Keywords: Discretion, decision-making, street-level bureaucracy, social work, coping mechanisms

The aim of this study was to examine how professionals within Swedish child and youth department of social services reason regarding the establishment of a police report when they suspect that children have been exposed to violence. The aim of this study was also to examine if the professionals' experience that an established police report tends to influence their ongoing social investigations in any way. A thematic analysis was conducted based on six qualitative semi structured interviews with professionals working within the child and youth department of social services from two different workplaces. The empirical data was analyzed in relation to previous research regarding the topic of the study and selected theories. The theories that formed the basis for the analysis were Lipsky’s Street-Level Bureaucracy and Normative ethics in terms of Consequence ethics, Duty-based ethics and Situational ethics which are derived from various philosophers. The results of the study show that the professionals when they consider whether a police report should be filed or not reason about several different factors, making their assessments complex and difficult to describe in generalized terms. Some factors described as influencing their assessments are the degree of clarity in the received information, the severity of the suspected violence and the child's age and ability to tell about what they have experienced. The professionals also reason about possible consequences a police report may result in, in both positive and negative sense, which also influence their assessments. When making these assessments the professionals possess a relatively high degree of discretion using mainly consequence ethics and situational ethics. Further the result show that the ongoing social investigations are significantly affected by an established police report. The impact consists of difficulties in establishing a good alliance with the family and having to deal with the parents’ trauma. The social investigation is also affected by the parallel ongoing police process, because of the existing confidentiality during the preliminary police investigation.

This study, written by Fredrica Eurén and Linnea Skoglund, is about how prison guards who work in a detention department in Stockholm experience the treatment of homeless people who are taken into care due to intoxication. The captive homeless often receive an extra favorable treatment from the prison guards that differs from the standardized work routines. The motivations for special treatment are based on the meeting that takes place between the homeless person in care and the prison guard. The deviations that are made, as well as extra benefits that are given to the homeless in care, include food and drink and also the opportunity to stay longer in custody so that the homeless person can spend a little more time inside. The results are analyzed using two theories: emotional work and street level bureaucracy. These theories partly explain how employees in certain professions cope with emotions, and partly how employees at street level within government organizations use their discretion in decision making. Similar studies have been carried out in prison, but not in arrest as examined in this study. The results suggest that the prison guards, to some extent, feel a kind of civil courage towards the homeless, which in turn means that they provide more favorable treatment to the homeless in custody. / Denna studie av Fredrica Eurén och Linnea Skoglund, handlar om hur kriminalvårdare som arbetar på arrestavdelning i Stockholm upplever hanteringen av hemlösa som omhändertas på grund av berusning. De omhändertagna hemlösa erhåller många gånger en extra förmånlig behandling av kriminalvårdarna, vilket skiljer sig från de standardiserade arbetsrutiner som finns inom myndigheten. Avstegen från rutinerna som görs, samt även motiveringarna till denna specialbehandling, baseras i grunden på det möte som sker mellan den omhändertagna hemlöse och kriminalvårdaren. De avsteg samt extra förmåner som ges till omhändertagna hemlösa, är bland annat mat och dryck samt möjligheten till att få stanna längre på arresten för att den intagne ska få spendera lite mer tid under tak. Resultatet analyseras med hjälp av två teorier: emotionellt arbete och gräsrotsbyråkrati. Dessa förklarar dels hur medarbetare inom vissa yrken arbetar med känslor på arbetet samt hur de hanterar dessa, dels hur medarbetare på gatunivå inom myndighetsorganisationer agerar inom ett visst handlingsutrymme som ges dem. Liknande studier har genomförts på anstalter, men inte på arresten såsom denna studie undersöker. Resultatet talar för att kriminalvårdarna till viss del känner en typ av civilkurage gentemot de hemlösa, vilket i sin tur gör att de ger mer förmånlig behandling till omhändertagna hemlösa.

This study presents a qualitative analysis of the dichotomy between official HIV and AIDS policy and its implementation in a Human Rights based, United Nations (UN) agency, located in South Africa. The study demonstrates that although HIV and AIDS policy is an intrinsic part of the commitment of this large organisation, the implementation of the policy, in the form of a Workplace Wellness Programme supported by budgetary resources, is weak and incomplete. The thesis integrates detailed vignettes in drawing attention to how personnel in the South Africa office perceive and experience the implementation of HIV and AIDS policy. Additionally, the voices of bureaucrats are also integrated in an effort to interrogate management attitudes and mindsets on matters of policy and treatment of staff. The study explores staff members’ sense of being stigmatised and discriminated, when living with the virus and their responses to it. In this, I bring a personal perspective to the study, by relating my own views of living with a potentially life-threatening disease to the views of the participants in the workplace in which the study is conducted. Classical Weberian and contemporary accounts of ‘bureaucracy’ and the organisational ‘rule book‘ are drawn upon. It is argued that whilst the value systems and politics of managers in the United Nations system lead them to be defined as progressive, some of the practices within their own institutions are contradictory, indifferent and manipulative leading to the perpetuation of discrimination and anxiety amongst HIV-positive staff. Thus, human agency and ingenuity supersedes organisational structure and the rigour of organisational policies and rules. The contradictions highlighted necessitate a careful scrutiny of organisational dynamics, within the wider international development scenario, and organisational introspection within individual UN offices vis-à-vis HIV and AIDS policy implementation. It is envisaged that the study will induce the commissioning of a larger study carried out by an independent body and funded by the United Nations, enabling the validation and enhancement of the argument presented in the case study and provide more recommendations for the way forward for the United Nations. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Sociology / unrestricted

The aim of this study was to explore job-coaches and work consultant’s discretion in work with activation of social assistance recipients. Semistructured interviews have been conducted with 4 job-coaches and 4 work consultants within 2 different municipalities. The interviews have been analyzed using Lipsky's theory on street-level bureaucracy and new institutional organization theory. The results of the study showed that job-coaches and work consultant’s report having a large discretion in the work with activation. Further results show that their experienced discretion in their work is not assessed as being affected by the level of education and age but that the work experience is seen essential. On an organizational level a large supply of activation measures and routines giving support was viewed as important. On a political level political priorities was viewed as an important aspect in regards to the discretion. / Syftet med den föreliggande studien har varit att undersöka jobbcoachers och arbetskonsulenters handlingsutrymme i aktiveringsarbetet med socialbidragsklienter. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med 8 jobbcoacher och arbetskonsulenter i två kommuner. Intervjumaterialet har analyserats med hjälp av Lipsky´s teori om fornlinjebyråkrati och nyinstitutionell organisationsteori.  Studiens resultat visade att jobbcoacher och arbetskonsulenter upplever en stor handlingsfrihet i arbetet med aktivering. Vidare resultat visar att det upplevda handlingsutrymmet i arbetet bedöms inte påverkas av utbildningsnivå och ålder men att yrkeserfarenhet upplevs som betydelsefull. På organisationsnivå ansågs ett stort utbud av aktiveringsåtgärder och stöd inom verksamheten vara av vikt. På politisk nivå ansågs politiska prioriteringar som en viktig aspekt när det gäller handlingsutrymme.

The working life has since the industrialization gone through big changes in the entire world. With these structural changes being made in the working life, the labor market and the operative businesses now have new demands on their coworkers as a response to the increasing competition. At the same time progress has been made in both technology and communication, individuals now have the opportunity to work from other places than a physical office and at any given time. In total, these changes have led to what’s often referred to as "boundaryless work. In boundaryless work the individual has to draw the line between working life and personal life. Previous research has shown that the personal life and working life are getting harder to keep apart, and organizations are focusing more on task orientation rather than working time orientation. This essay has the purpose of investigating how people draw lines between their working life and their personal life when work can be done everywhere and at any given time. It also looks at to what extent individuals working boundaryless experience classic bureaucracy principles such as strict accountability, hierarchy and expert power. This is done through qualitative interviews with white collar workers. The results provided by this essay shows that the individuals tend to experience classical bureaucracy principles in some respects. The results show a positive attitude towards the boundaryless work, and the responsibility to draw the boundaries between work and private life. It’s also shown that almost every respondent uses a strategy where they go offline on their phone to draw these boundaries. / Arbetslivet har sedan industrialiseringen genomgått stora förändringar världen över. Strukturella förändringar i arbetslivet innebär att arbetsmarknaden och verksamma företag har nya förväntningar på deras medarbetare till följd av en ökad konkurrens. Samtidigt har det gjorts stora framsteg inom både teknologi och kommunikation, individer har nu möjlighet att arbeta från andra platser än ett fysiskt kontor och på andra tider än kontorstider. Sammantaget har dessa förändringar lett till vad som kallas "gränslöst arbete". I det gränslösa arbetet förväntas individen att själv dra gränser mellan vad som är arbete- och vad som är privatliv, annars tenderar arbetet att tränga in i privatlivet. Tidigare forskning visar att privatliv och arbetsliv blir allt svårare att hålla isär, samtidigt som organisationer blir mer fokuserade på uppgiftsorientering snarare än arbetstidsorientering. Tidigare forskning visar också att organisationer blir mer individualiserade och flexibla. Denna uppsats har som syfte att undersöka hur individer drar gränser mellan arbets- och privatliv när arbetet kan utföras överallt och under vilken tid som helst på dygnet. Den kollar också på hur mycket individer upplever klassiska byråkratiska principer såsom tydlig ansvarsfördelning, hierarki och expertmakt. Uppsatsen undersöker också hur individer i dessa arbeten upplever sin work- life balance. Detta görs genom kvalitativa intervjuer med tjänstemän. Resultaten i denna uppsats visar att individer inom gränslösa arbeten upplever klassiska byråkratiska principer i vissa avseenden samtidigt som de inte upplever dessa avseenden i andra aspekter. Resultaten visar också en positiv attityd gentemot det gränslösa arbetet och ansvaret att själva dra gränser mellan arbete och privatliv. Det har också visat sig att nästan varje respondent använder en strategi där de går offline på deras telefon för att dra dessa gränser.

There is a lack of studies about elderly with mental illness. Previous studies show that care managers tend to construct needs together with the client based on a standardized range of aid (Olaison, 2009; Jönson & Harnett, 2015; Dunér & Nordström, 2005). Further the social needs tend to disappear during the need investigation. This study is based on semi-structured interviews with care managers that work according to the Swedish Social Services Act towards elderly people in Sweden. The purpose of the study is to understand what strategies care managers have and use in the work alongside elderly with mental illness. The interviewed care managers come from different municipalities in the southern and middle Sweden. The interviews are analysed through the theoretical model of street-level bureaucracy (Lipsky, 2010; Johansson, 2007) and Agevall’s (2000) types of autonomy. The study indicates that care managers experience that they work a lot towards elder clients with mental illness of various kinds. The description of the profession however doesn’t say much about how to work with this clientele. Further the organization doesn't have guidelines specified for mental illness in older people, therefore the care managers need to create their own strategies in order to meet the mental needs in clients. The study shows that the care managers have different strategies in their work. For example, some of them describe how they go beyond the aid guidelines to meet mental needs in their clients.