Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-30T12:47:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Keli_Prezzotto_Machado 2017.pdf: 909609 bytes, checksum: a65f2ab12d77f2ed7e3947dedc7f9caf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-30T12:47:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Keli_Prezzotto_Machado 2017.pdf: 909609 bytes, checksum: a65f2ab12d77f2ed7e3947dedc7f9caf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / The causes of economic growth, as well as the need for international trade between countries, have long been discussed. The factors that aid growth have changed according to each economic school. Economic growth is considered to be measured through GDP, so some jobs use exports as a possible source of consistent growth in the long run. In this sense, it was proposed to verify the role played by exports in terms of the acceleration of Brazilian economic growth? In order to answer this question, this study aims to analyze whether exports are preponderant to the economic growth of Brazil in the period from 1975 to 2017. For this purpose, we will use the Export-led-growth (ELG) hypothesis, which Exports boosts economic growth. Using time series data of the GDP and exports variables, the adopted econometric procedures were the unit root test to test the stationarity, Johansen cointegration test to verify the existence of cointegration between the variables, and the Granger causality test to verify The causality. The main results suggest the absence of cointegration and the bias of the variables for the analysis period. / As causas do crescimento econômico, bem como a necessidade do comércio internacional entre os países, vem há muito tempo sendo discutidas. Os fatores que auxiliam no crescimento foram mudando de acordo com cada escola econômica. Considera-se que o crescimento econômico é mensurado através do PIB, da mesma forma, alguns trabalhos utilizam-se das exportações como sendo uma possível fonte de crescimento consistente no longo prazo. Nesse sentido, qual o papel desempenhado pelas exportações no que tange a aceleração do crescimento econômico brasileiro? Para responder este questionamento, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar se as exportações são preponderantes para o crescimento econômico do Brasil no período de 1975 a 2017. Para tanto, utilizou-se da hipótese Export-led-growth (ELG), a qual verifica que as exportações impulsionam o crescimento econômico. Utilizandose dos dados de séries temporais das variáveis PIB e exportações, os procedimentos econométricos adotados foram o teste de raiz unitária para testar a estacionariedade, teste de cointegração de Johansen para verificar a existência de cointegração entre as variáveis, e o teste de causalidade de Granger para verificar a causalidade. Os principais resultados sugerem a ausência de cointegração e a bicausalidade no sentido de Granger entre as variáveis para o período de análise.

Metodologias de mapeamento de QTLs modernas empregam abordagem multivariada e se beneficiam da matriz de covariâncias fenotípicas para melhorar as estimativas de localização e efeitos de QTLs. No entanto, a correlação fenotípica pode ser em parte atribuída às relações de causalidade entre os fenótipos e mesmo as abordagens de mapeamento de QTLs multivariadas atuais têm desconsiderado tais relacionamentos. Dentre as metodologias científicas desenvolvidas para o estudo da causalidade em dados observacionais, destacam-se os modelos de equações estruturais e os modelos gráficos. Neste trabalho, foi estudado um conjunto de caracteres fenotípicos relacionados à morfologia de raízes, absorção de fósforo e acúmulo de biomassa em uma população composta de 145 linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes (RILs) do programa de melhoramento de milho da EMBRAPA Milho e Sorgo. O mapeamento de QTLs para os caracteres fenotípicos foi realizado utilizando mapeamento de múltiplos intervalos univariado (MIM) e multivariado (MT-MIM). A análise MIM revelou QTLs afetando diâmetro de raízes, área de superfície de raízes finas, peso seco da parte aérea e concentração de fósforo na parte aérea e nas raízes. A análise MT-MIM revelou 12 QTLs, com diferentes padrões de pleiotropia, com efeitos marginais para as sete variáveis analisadas. Um modelo de relacionamento causal entre os caracteres fenotípicos foi desenvolvido utilizando conhecimento prévio e modelagem de equações estruturais. O modelo de equações estruturais apresentou fluxo unidirecional de causalidade entre as variáveis, com as variáveis de morfologia de raízes exercendo efeito sobre as variáveis de acúmulo de biomassa, que por sua vez, têm efeito sobre as variáveis de absorção de fósforo. A aplicação do algoritmo PC para a descoberta de causalidade automatizada baseada nos padrões de independências condicionais não foi capaz de orientar todas as relações de causalidade descobertas, porém revelou um relacionamento mais complexo que o modelo de equações estruturais, com potenciais ciclos de retroalimentação causais. O emprego de algoritmos de descoberta de causalidade baseados em informações de QTLs, chamados QDG e QPSO, permitiu a orientação de todos os relacionamentos de causalidade encontrados pelo algoritmo PC e confirmou a existência de dois ciclos vizinhos de relacionamento causais entre as variáveis estudadas. Como regra geral, os QTLs pleiotrópicos detectados pela metodologia MT-MIM apresentaram efeitos sobre caracteres fenotípicos alinhados causalmente nos modelos propostos pelos algoritmos PC e QDG, sugerindo que alguns dos QTLs detectados são na realidade efeitos indiretos de QTLs situados em posição mais elevada no modelo causal. O emprego da abordagem MT-MIM aliada à análise de causalidade permitiu melhor compreensão da arquitetura genética dos caracteres de morfologia de raiz, acumulação de biomassa e aquisição de fósforo em milho. / Modern QTL mapping approaches are multivariate and take advantage of the phenotypic covariance matrix to improve estimates of QTL positions and effects. However, phenotypic correlation can also be assigned to the causal relationship among phenotypes, and even modern multivariate QTL analysis does not take these relationships into account. Structural equation models and graphical models are the main methodologies to study causality from observational data. We studied a set of phenotypes related to root morphology, biomass accumulation and phosphorus acquisition in maize. These phenotypes were measured in a maize population from the EMBRAPA breeding program composed of 145 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the crossing of two divergent lines for phosphorus acquisition efficiency. QTL mapping for the traits was performed using univariate (MIM) and multivariate (MT-MIM) multiple interval mapping. MIM analysis revealed QTL affecting root diameter, fine root surface area, shoot dry weight and root dry weight. MT-MIM analysis revealed 12 QTL with different pleiotropy patterns and QTL with marginal effects affecting all seven studied characters. A causal model for phenotype characters was developed using a priori knowledge and structural equation model techniques. The structural equation model presented an unidirectional causal flow among the variables, with root morphological traits exerting causal effects over biomass traits, which in turn cause phosphorus acquisition traits. Using PC algorithm for an automatic search of causal models based on conditional independence was not able to orient all discovered causal relationships among traits but revealed a more intricated relationship than the structural equation model, with potential causal feedback loops among the traits. Employing causal search algorithms based on QTL information (named QDG and QPSO) allowed the orientation of all causal relationships detected by PC algorithm and it has also confirmed the presence of two neighbor causal cycles among the studied traits. As a general rule, pleiotropic QTL detected by MT-MIM approach exerted effects over traits according to the causal model discovered by PC and QDG algorithms, suggesting that some of the QTL detected effects were indirect effects of QTL located upstream at the proposed causal model. Employing MT-MIM approach and causal analysis has allowed a better comprehension of genetic architecture underlying root morphology, biomass accumulation and phosphorus acquisition traits in maize.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-10-31T19:09:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rondnellydinizleite.pdf: 2136069 bytes, checksum: c88a66c411a6f93300f11ebe0b5b196b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T14:13:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rondnellydinizleite.pdf: 2136069 bytes, checksum: c88a66c411a6f93300f11ebe0b5b196b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T14:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rondnellydinizleite.pdf: 2136069 bytes, checksum: c88a66c411a6f93300f11ebe0b5b196b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente pesquisa pretende abordar o modo pelo qual Bernhard Welte enfrenta o problema de Deus na contemporaneidade. Nesse sentido, começaremos nossa investigação com uma sucinta contextualização histórico-filosófica acerca dessa questão no contexto do pensamento do filósofo, isto é, procuraremos analisar como se articula a relação e, por conseguinte, o influxo da filosofia heideggeriana na reflexão weltiniana. Feito isso, voltaremos nossa atenção para os dois caminhos através dos quais Welte procura alcançar Deus, a fim de tratarmos de sua demonstração da realidade do mistério absoluto. Partindo dessa demonstração, chegaremos à discussão acerca dos pressupostos que lhes concerne em um cotejo crítico com as provas tradicionais da existência de Deus no medievo e sua crítica por parte de Kant. Depois de esclarecidos tais pressupostos, discutiremos a demonstração ulterior realizada por nosso autor da pessoalidade e da divindade do mistério absoluto. Neste ponto de nosso itinerário investigativo, analisaremos o modo pelo qual Welte resolve a questão da diferença fenomenológica e a relevância de seu empreendimento para o âmbito de competência relativo ao pensamento estritamente filosófico. Com vistas à consecução de tal objetivo, abordaremos a retomada dos conceitos de causalidade e analogia no pensamento de Welte, a crítica da teologia ao seu modo de pensar e o fato de Heidegger, seu mestre, não considerá-lo como um filósofo, mas como teólogo. Trata-se, portanto, de mostrar, através da perquirição weltiniana, a premência e a atualidade da questão de Deus para o pensamento filosófico contemporâneo e como a reflexão de nosso autor contribui de forma paradigmática para esse debate no âmbito exclusivo da filosofia. / The present research intends to approach the way by which Bernhard Welte faces the problem of God in the contemporaneity. In this sense, we will begin our investigation with a succinct historical-philosophical contextualization about this question in the context of the philosopher's thought, that is, we will search to analyze how the relation and, consequently, the influx of Heidegger's philosophy in the weltinian reflection is articulated. Having done this, we will turn our attention to the two paths through of which Welte seeks to reach God in order to deal with his demonstration of the reality of the absolute mystery. Starting from this demonstration, we will come to the discussion about the presuppositions that concern them in a critical comparison with the traditional proofs of the existence of God in the Medieval and his critique by Kant. Having clarified such assumptions, we shall discuss the further demonstration made by our author of the personality and divinity of the absolute mystery. At this point in our investigative itinerary, we will analyze the way in which Welte solves the question of phenomenological difference and the relevance of his enterprise to the scope of competence relative to strictly philosophical thinking. With a view to achieving this objective, we shall approach the resumption of concepts of causality and analogy in Welte's thinking, the critique of theology to his way of thinking, and the fact that Heidegger, his master, does not regard him as a philosopher, but as theologian. It is therefore a question of showing, through Weltinian perquisition, the urgency and actuality of the question of God to contemporary philosophical thought and how the reflection of our author contributes in a paradigmatic way to this debate in the exclusive sphere of philosophy.

Orientador: Márcio Augusto Damin Custódio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T07:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_EvanielBrasdos_M.pdf: 1468909 bytes, checksum: e86d693216376464f306ca34e7ed2e3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação tem por escopo expor como Tomás sustenta que a criação é passível de demonstração filosófica na Summa contra gentiles, livro II, capítulos 6; 15-22; 52-55. Para tanto, explicitarei que Tomás procede do seguinte modo: primeiro, estabelece um novo sentido para a noção de substância na SCG, II, 53-55, esta que, por sua vez, difere daquela que Tomás leu nos textos de Aristóteles, qual seja, a substância se constitui de matéria e forma. Nesse sentido, para demonstrar filosoficamente que a substância, além de gerada, também é criada, Tomás estabelece um novo componente na constituição da substância, além dos dois acima mencionados, a saber: o ato de ser. Segundo, analisarei como Tomás postula que esses componentes são realmente distintos na SCG, II, 52. Terceiro, investigarei porque esses componentes por serem distintos, todavia unidos numa relação, devem ser efeitos de uma causa eficiente. A partir desses três modos de investigação, a operação da causa eficiente tratada na SCG, II, 6; 15, e, ademais, o surgimento do efeito sustentado na SCG, II, 16-22, designa-se de criação / Abstract: This dissertation addresses how Thomas Aquinas holds that creation is philosophically demonstrable in his Summa contra gentiles, book II, chapters 6; 15-22; 52-55. In order to do so, it will be argued that Aquinas does it as follows: first, he establishes a new sense to the notion of substance in SCG, II, 53-55, which, in its own turn, differs from the one Aquinas could read in Aristotle's texts, i.e., that substance is composed by form and matter. In this sense, in order to philosophically demonstrate that the substance, besides being generated, is also created, Aquinas assumes a new feature in substance constitution, which is different from the two previously mentioned, namely, the act of being. Then I shall analyze how Aquinas postulates that those components are really distinct in SCG, II, 52. Third, it will be investigated why those components, for they are distinct although merged in a relation, should be the effect of an efficient cause. Having accomplished these three modes of inquiry, the operation of the efficient cause addressed at SCG, II, 6; 15, and also, the appearance of effect held in SCG, II, 16-22, is named creation / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

Orientador: Lucas Angioni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:39:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro_FrancineM._M.pdf: 1073485 bytes, checksum: 61b5a8a4997a983b538dbf5f532bae26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: De acordo com Aristóteles, conhecemos algo cientificamente quando apreendemos a causa pela qual essa coisa é e apreendemos, também, certa relação necessária entre aquilo que pretendemos conhecer e o que descobrimos ser a causa adequada que explica por que tal fato é o caso. Além disso, o filósofo identifica o conhecimento científico com a posse de um silogismo científico ou demonstração. Neste trabalho, analisamos a relação entre a teoria demonstrativa que Aristóteles desenvolve, principalmente, no livro I dos Segundos Analíticos e sua teoria silogística dos Primeiros Analíticos I e tentamos responder por que o conhecimento científico deve ser via silogismo. Também procuramos explicitar como as noções de causa e de necessidade, pelas quais Aristóteles define o conhecimento científico, são contempladas pela exigência de que as proposições de uma demonstração sejam per se. Finalmente, discutiremos como essas noções de per se, necessidade e causa se encaixam na estrutura silogística, uma vez que conhecer algo cientificamente é possuir um silogismo científico / Abstract: According to Aristotle, we know something scientifically when we grasp not only the cause by which this something is and but also a certain kind of necessary relation between what we intend to know and what we have discovered to be the adequate cause that explains why this is the case. In addition, the philosopher identifies the scientific knowledge with the possession of a scientific syllogism or demonstration. In this work, we examine the relationship between the demonstrative theory that Aristotle develops mainly on book I of Posterior Analytics, and his syllogistic theory, presented in Prior Analytics I. We try to answer why scientific knowledge must be presented via syllogism. We also intend to explicit how the notions of cause and necessity, through which Aristotle defines scientific knowledge, are contemplated by the requirement that the propositions of a demonstration must be per se (in itself). Finally, we discuss how these ideas of per se, necessity and cause fit in the syllogistic structure, since knowing something scientifically means to have a scientific syllogism / Mestrado / Filosofia / Mestre em Filosofia

Les principaux facteurs de l'insécurité routière sont connus, et l'enjeu réside aujourd'hui dans la mesure de l'effet d'un facteur, et la hiérarchisation de l'ensemble des causes intervenant dans la survenue de l'accident. Toutefois, les données disponibles concernent généralement que des accidentés. En l'absence de non-accidentés, l'épidémiologiste du risque routier se heurte à une sélection extrême. Une des solutions classiques est d'utiliser des analyses en responsabilité, et de mesurer l'effet causal d'un facteur sur le risque d'être responsable d'un accident. Néanmoins, la validité des analyses en responsabilité repose sur l'hypothèse, discutable, que les non-responsables sont représentatifs des circulants. L'objectif de cette thèse est donc de déterminer si les données disponibles d'accidentés permettent de fournir, via les analyses en responsabilité, des estimations des effets causaux sans biais, et notamment sans un biais de sélection résiduel. Nous montrons dans cette thèse que, dès lors que l'inclusion dépend de la gravité de l'accident, et que le facteur étudié a un impact sur la vitesse, il est impossible d'estimer l'effet causal du facteur sur le risque d'être responsable de l'accident grave sans un biais de sélection résiduel. Ce résultat est tout d'abord démontré de manière formelle, grâce à l'utilisation des modèles causaux structuraux. Ces modèles sont fondés sur une structure graphique, le DAG, qui représente les différentes relations entre les variables. Ce DAG permet la description des variables réellement observées, mais également des variables contrefactuelles, variables observables dans un monde contrefactuel où l'on aurait fixé l'exposition à une certaine valeur. L'effet causal étant défini à partir de ces variables contrefactuelles partiellement observées, c'est la structure du DAG qui permet de déterminer si l'effet causal peut être estimé en fonction des variables observées. Or, la structure du DAG conduisant à la survenue d'un accident grave ne permet pas d'exprimer l'effet causal du facteur étudié sur la responsabilité de l'accident grave en fonction des distributions observées sur les accidentés graves. Conditionner les estimations sur les accidentés graves correspond à ajuster sur une variable du DAG appelée « collider », et ainsi à introduire un biais dit de collision. En générant un modèle relativement simple, nous donnons à nos résultats théoriques une illustration numérique. En effet, lorsque les données ne dépendent pas de la gravité de l'accident, ou que le facteur étudié n'a pas d'effet sur la vitesse, la mesure estimable à partir des analyses en responsabilité est une mesure sans biais de l'effet causal, sous certaines hypothèses de prévalences faibles. Lorsque l'inclusion dépend de la gravité de l'accident, il existe un biais et ce biais induit par les analyses en responsabilité est d'autant plus grand que l'intensité de la relation entre le facteur et la vitesse, et celle entre la vitesse et l'accident est grand. Les schémas d'étude présentés permettent d'approcher des situations où le facteur étudié serait l'alcool ou le cannabis. Dans le cas de l'alcool, il apparait que sous le modèle simple considéré, la mesure d'association estimable serait une sous-estimation de l'effet causal. En revanche, dans le cas du cannabis, la mesure d'association correspondrait à une sur-estimation de l'effet causal. D'autre part, les outils de l'inférence causale nous ont permis de fournir une description formelle de la validité externe et interne, ainsi qu'une description formelle de la mesure d'association estimable via les analyses en responsabilité. Cette question de la validité interne d'une mesure se pose dans d'autres champs d'application que la sécurité routière. Elle se pose notamment dans le cas du paradoxe de l'obésité [etc...] / Many factors associated with the risk and severity of road accidents are now widely considered as causal : alcohol, speed, usage of a mobile phone... Therefore, questions asked by decision-makers now mostly concern the magnitude of their causal effects, as well as the burden of deaths or victims attributable to these various causes of accident. One particularity of road safety epidemiology is that available data generally describe drivers and vehicles involved in road accidents only, or even severe road accidents only. This extreme selection precludes the estimation of causal effects. To circumvent this absence of « control » population of non-crash involved drivers, it is common to use responsibility analysis and to assess the causal effect of a given factor on the risk of being responsible for an accident among involved drivers. The underlying assumption is that non-responsible drivers represent a random sample of the general driving population that was « selected » to crash by circumstances beyond their control and therefore have the same risk factor profile as other drivers on the road at the same time. However, this randomness assumption is questionable. The objective of this thesis is to determine whether available data in road safety allow us to assess causal effects on responsibility without a residual selection bias. We show that a good approximation of causal effect of a given factor on the risk of being responsible is possible only if the inclusion into the dataset does not depend on the severity of the accident, or if the given factor has no effect on speed. This result is shown by using the Structural Causal Model (SCM) framework. The SCM framework is based on a causal graph : the DAG (directed acyclic graph), which represents the relationships among variables. The DAG allows the description of what we observe in the actual world, but also what we would have observed in counterfactual worlds, if we could have intervened and forced the exposure to be set to a given level. Causal effects are then defined by using counterfactual variables, and it is the DAG’s structure which determines whether causal effects are identifiable, or recoverable, and estimable from the distribution of observed variables. However, the assumptions embedded in the DAG which describes the occurence of a severe accident does not ensure that a causal odds ratios is expressible in terms of the observable distribution. Conditioning the estimations on involved drivers in a severe crash correspond to conditioning on a variable in the DAG called « collider », and to create a « collider bias ». We present numerical results to illustrate our theoretical arguments and the magnitude of the bias between the estimable association measure and some causal effects. Under the simple generative model considered, we show that, when the inclusion depends on the severity of the accident, the bias between the estimable association measure and causal effect is larger than the relation between the exposure and speed, or speed and the occurrence of a severe accident is strong. Moreover, the presented designs allow us to describe some situations where the exposure could be alcohol or cannabis intoxication. In the case of alcohol, where alcohol and speed are positively correlated, the estimable associational effect underestimates the causal effect. In the case of cannabis, where cannabis and speed are negatively correlated, the estimable associational effect overestimates the causal effect. On the other hand, we provide a formal definition of internal and external validity, and a counterfactual interpretation of the estimable quantity in the presence of selection bias, when causal effects are not recoverable. This formal interpretation of the estimable quantity in the presence of selection bias is not only useful in the context of responsibility analyses. It is for instance useful to explain the obesity paradox

La mécanique quantique prédit l'existence de corrélations entre particules distantes qui ne peuvent s'expliquer dans le cadre des théories réalistes locales. Suite au développement récent de la théorie de l'information quantique, il a été réalisé que ces corrélations non-locales ont des implications quant aux capacités de traitement de l'information des systèmes quantiques. Outre une signification physique, elles possèdent donc une signification informationnelle. Cette thèse traite de différents aspects de la non-localité liés à ces deux facettes du phénomène.<p><p>Nous commençons par un examen de la structure des corrélations locales et non-locales. Nous dérivons dans ce contexte de nouvelles inégalités de Bell, et généralisons ensuite le paradoxe de Greenberger-Horne-Zelinger à des états quantiques de dimension arbitraire et composés de plusieurs sous-systèmes. <p><p>Nous abordons par après la non-localité du point de vue de la théorie de l'information. Il est possible de concevoir des théories non-locales consistantes avec le principe de causalité mais offrant des avantages supérieurs à la mécanique quantique en terme de manipulation de l'information. Nous investiguons l'ensemble des corrélations compatibles avec de telles théories afin d'éclairer l'origine des limitations imposées par le formalisme quantique. Nous nous intéressons également à la quantité de communication classique nécessaire pour simuler les corrélations non-locales. Nous montrons que cette mesure naturelle de la non-localité est étroitement liée au degré de violations des inégalités de Bell.<p><p>Nous nous tournons ensuite vers des aspects expérimentaux. La faible efficacité des détecteurs utilisés dans les expériences de violation des inégalités de Bell reste un obstacle majeur à une démonstration convaincante de la non-localité, mais aussi à toute utilisation de la non-localité dans des protocoles d'information quantique. Nous dérivons d'une part des bornes quant à l'efficacité minimale requise pour violer les inégalités de Bell, et d'autre part des exemples de corrélations plus résistante à ces imperfections expérimentales. <p><p>Finalement, nous clôturons cette thèse en montrant comment la non-localité, principalement étudiée dans le cadre de systèmes décrits par des variables discrètes, telles que les variables de spin, peut également se manifester dans des systèmes à variables continues, telles que les variables de position et d'impulsion.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse contribue à l'approche économétrique de la croissance pro-pauvre. Elle présente des apports théoriques et empiriques. En premier lieu, elle présente les différentes définitions, indices et politiques de croissance pro-pauvre proposées dans la littérature théorique. Elle examine également les modèles théoriques et empiriques portant sur les interactions entre distribution du revenu et croissance. Elle montre que les mesures traditionnelles, en plus de leurs caractères partiels, peuvent conduire à des résultats contradictoires. Pour contourner ces limites, cette thèse privilégie l'approche alternative qui consiste à utiliser des modèles économétriques. Cette dernière approche, bien qu'elle présente l'avantage d'inclure l'ensemble des dimensions de la pauvreté, souffre de deux types de biais : le biais de sélection et le biais d'endogeneité. Ces derniers s'expliquent par les limitations inhérentes des données : erreurs de mesures, points aberrants. En outre, les résultats obtenus avec cette approche sont sensibles aux formes fonctionnelles choisies. Ainsi, il y'a de bonnes raisons d'utiliser la régression Gini. Malheureusement, les régressions de type Gini n'existaient qu'en coupe instantanée et en séries temporelles. Ainsi, dans un second temps, cette thèse propose d'étendre la réflexion sur la régression Gini en panel. Elle introduit les estimateurs intragroupes, intergroupes, le test d'existence de l'effet individuel et l'estimateur Aitken Gini. Enfin, cette thèse présente des applications empiriques qui illustrent de façon concrète la robustesse de nos estimateurs. Elle s'intéresse particulièrement aux conséquences de la méthode d'estimation et à la section de l'échantillon. Elle conclut que le processus de croissance favorise la réduction de la pauvreté à condition que les inégalités de revenu soient maîtrisées. Mais aussi, que l'impact de la croissance agricole sur la réduction de la pauvreté varie en fonction du niveau de développement du pays. / This thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development.

This thesis analyses the chief relations inside the transmission mechanism of the monetary policy of the U.S. Federal Reserve System during the period from 1955 to 2007. The theoretical part of the thesis describes the principles of the history of Federal Reserve and his monetary policy, the development of Fed's monetary policy and its transmission mechanism, the lags in the monetary policy and various theories which deal with try to explain the monetary policy relations. In the analytical part I focus on answering the most laid questions whether, how much and for how long do the nominal interest rates and monetary aggregates affect the real variables (mainly the real domestic product) of the United States. Next I focus on investigating the monetarist assumption of money neutrality in the long run. I also introduce Granger causality and Impulse and Responses investigations into proposed VAR model.

The text discusses some used methods for estimating potential product and output gaps based on aggregated data for the Czech Republic. Though these methods exhibit some common features, an empirical comparison demonstrates that the various techniques differ substantially. In particular, the correlation of output gaps calculated with different methods is generally low , the methods imply different turning points. To conclude, the methods for estimating potential product a used have only limited information content for macroeconomics.