The desire to translate constructivist and sociocultural approaches to learning in specific learning activities is evident in most forms of training at current, not least in online education. Teachers worldwide are struggling with questions of how to create conditions in this fairly new realm of education for learners to contribute to the development of a good quality in their own and others' learning. Collaboration in forms of text talk in asynchronous, text based forums (ADF) is often used so students can participate at the location and time that suits them best given the other aspects of their life situation. But previous research show how collaboration in forms of text talk do not always evolve in expected quality, and how participation sometimes can be so low that no discussions at all take place. Perhaps it is time to move on and make use of the variety of user-friendly audio-visible technologies that offers conditions for collaboration similar to those in the physical environment? Is there any point to use ADF for collaboration, beyond the flexible opportunity for participation it allows? If so, why, how and under what conditions are it worthwhile to use ADF for tasks meant to be worked collaboratively on? These questions were the starting point of the studies in this thesis that was researched through two case studies involving different techniques and data samples of various natures, with the aim to understand more about collaborative text talk. The research approach differs from the vast majority of studies in the research field of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) where many studies currently are conducted by analysis of quantifiable data. The first case study was conducted in the context of non-formal learning in Swedish Liberal Adult Education online, and the second in the context of higher education online in Sweden. The studies in the thesis were made on basis of socio-cultural theory and empirical studies. Empirical data was collected from questionnaires, interviews and texts created by students participating in tasks that they jointly resolved through text talk. Some results were brought back to the students for further explanation of the results. Findings from data analysis were triangulated with other results and with sociocultural theory. The results indicate that students can create knowledge relevant to their studies through text talk, but can feel restrained or dismiss the activity as irrelevant if important conditions are lacking.  Collaboration through text talk makes individual resources accessible in a specific place where it can be observed and its validity for the purpose of the task evaluated by others. Students with good insight in what they are supposed to accomplish seem be able to consult relevant guidance for this evaluation, from teachers, textbooks, scientific articles and other valid experiences important to their studies, and thereby contribute to learning of the quality they studies are meant to produce. Text talk also increases teachers’ possibilities to identify what the guidance the study group needs when evaluating the gathered resources and through their own active participation provide support in the students “zone of proximal development”. Contributions offered to the CSCL research field is the identifications of important mechanisms related to learning collaboratively through text talk, and the use of case study methodology as inspiration for others to try also these kinds of strategies to capture online learning.

This research investigated elementary classroom teachers' experiences in a collaborative learning community (CLC) on the topic of supporting the literacy learning of students with characteristics of ADHD. Five general education classroom teachers participated in biweekly CLC meetings over a 5-month period. Qualitative methods of data gathering were employed in the form of participant observations in the classroom and during 9 CLC meetings. Participants were also interviewed three times. The first interview was conducted before the CLC meetings began, the second interview was conducted immediately after formal CLC meetings had ceased, and the final interview was conducted 6 months after meetings had ended. Three main findings emerged from the research. First, participants' literacy teaching of their students with characteristics of ADHD was positively influenced as a result of their participation in the CLC. This positive influence came through an interaction of factors related to their knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs. It also resulted from a reconceptualization of both their understanding of their students with characteristics of ADHD and of themselves as literacy teachers. Second, certain aspects of the CLC contributed to this positive outcome. These aspects were the opportunity to work with colleagues, participant control over the format and content of CLC, and repeated opportunities to reflect on and refine teaching practice. Third, personal and contextual factors shaped the participants' experiences within the CLC. Participants who had challenges during their own schooling were more driven and committed to understand and respond to their students’ diverse learning needs. Participants with the most number of years of teaching experience had a more fully realized skill set, higher levels of self-efficacy, and lower levels of stress related to teaching and meeting the needs of their students with characteristics of ADHD. Implications for school literacy teaching, preservice education, in-service education, and future avenues for research are discussed in light of the findings.

Heritage Language Education is considered the cornerstone of Canada’s multiculturalism policy. In Ontario, the mission to preserve the cultural capital of the various ethnic communities is carried out primarily by non-profit organizations and groups with limited official support. My thesis is the autobiographical inquiry of an internationally educated teacher who is involved in a Greek language credit program in Toronto. My commitment to understanding the needs of the new generation of learners guided me through a series of professional development initiatives and the creation of an educational blog which is currently used by students, parents and teachers of the Aristoteles Credit School. By presenting my experiences as I navigated the multidimensionality of HLE in Ontario, I hope to offer a case of a bottom-up reform attempt which is based on transformative pedagogy and brings heritage language education to the epicentre of community activity and educational change in the 21st century.

Heritage Language Education is considered the cornerstone of Canada’s multiculturalism policy. In Ontario, the mission to preserve the cultural capital of the various ethnic communities is carried out primarily by non-profit organizations and groups with limited official support. My thesis is the autobiographical inquiry of an internationally educated teacher who is involved in a Greek language credit program in Toronto. My commitment to understanding the needs of the new generation of learners guided me through a series of professional development initiatives and the creation of an educational blog which is currently used by students, parents and teachers of the Aristoteles Credit School. By presenting my experiences as I navigated the multidimensionality of HLE in Ontario, I hope to offer a case of a bottom-up reform attempt which is based on transformative pedagogy and brings heritage language education to the epicentre of community activity and educational change in the 21st century.

Esta tesis doctoral aporta conocimiento a la docencia en línea y los procesos de colaboración en red. Da continuidad a investigaciones precedentes sobre la colaboración en red en el contexto del aprendizaje y el trabajo colaborativo en entornos virtuales, centrando el análisis desde la perspectiva del docente que trabaja en colaboración a través de la red mientras desarrolla su actividad docente en línea. Desde la literatura la colaboración en red es abordada como una característica clave del aprendizaje a distancia y en línea en los distintos ámbitos académicos y como una competencia interpersonal demanda por la sociedad actual del conocimiento. Sin embargo, a pesar del aparente consenso que en el ámbito educativo suscita el hecho de colaborar y de que constituye una característica relevante para el docente, las prácticas que designa este término son muy diversas en función de quienes colaboran, cómo lo hacen y qué finalidades y valores dirigen su actuación. Su finalidad última es la mejora de la docencia en línea y más concretamente la mejora de los procesos de la colaboración entre docentes que tienen lugar en un entorno virtual que posibilitará que no sólo pueda ser de utilidad para equipos docentes de la propia universidad sino también ser transferible a otras realidades educativas universitarias y no universitarias. El estudio analiza como se comunican e interactúan en un espacio colaborativo virtual y como desarrollan actividad colaborativa un equipo de docentes a partir de un estudio de caso en profundidad en el marco de una institución de educación superior y en concreto en un área transversal que cuenta con un equipo interdisciplinar de consultores con experiencia en dinámicas de colaboración virtual y en acciones formativas que facilitan el uso y la aplicación de las TIC. Se aborda la colaboración en red del equipo de docentes analizando como se comunican e interactúan en un espacio colaborativo virtual y como desarrollan la actividad colaborativa como equipo. Los resultados de la investigación nos evidencian las posibilidades de las TIC en los entornos virtuales para el aprendizaje grupal, transformando la manera de impartir la docencia en la universidad y la manera como los docentes pueden colaborar. Las aportaciones a la investigación, desde la docencia en línea, se concretan en propuestas sobre el rol del docente en línea, sobre las competencias digitales del docente en línea y sobre la formación inicial del docente en línea. Por su parte, las aportaciones a la investigación, desde la colaboración en red entre docentes, se concretan en la mejora de la docencia, la actualización y desarrollo profesional / This thesis contributes knowledge to teaching online and networked collaboration processes. Gives continuity to previous research on network cooperation in the context of learning and collaborative work in virtual environments, focusing the analysis from the perspective of teachers working collaboratively through the network while developing their online teaching. From literature network collaboration is addressed as a key feature of distance learning and online at various academic and interpersonal competence as a demand for the knowledge society. However, despite the apparent consensus in education raises collaboration and the fact that it is a relevant feature for teaching practices that designates this term are very different depending on who collaborate, how they do it and what purposes and values guide their actions. Its ultimate goal is to improve online teaching and specifically improving collaboration processes between teachers that take place in a virtual environment that will enable not only be useful for teaching staff of the university but also be transferable to other realities university and non-university education. The study explores how they communicate and interact in a virtual collaborative space and develop collaborative activity as a team teachers from a case study in depth in the context of an institution of higher education and particularly in an area that has transverse an interdisciplinary team of consultants with experience in dynamic virtual collaboration and training activities that facilitate the use and application of ICT. It focuses on the collaborative on the net analysing how teachers communicate and interact in a virtual collaborative space and how develop collaboratively as a team activity. The research results show us the possibilities of ICT in virtual environments for group learning, transforming the way we teach in university teaching and how teachers can collaborate. Contributions to research from online teaching, take the form of proposals on the role of teachers online, on digital competences of online teaching and initial teacher training online. Meanwhile, contributions to research, from network collaboration between teachers, are specified in improving teaching, updating and professional development.

<p>The research presented in this thesis investigates the design challenges associated with the development and use of mobile applications and tools for supporting collaboration in educational activities. These technologies provide new opportunities to promote and enhance collaboration by engaging learners in a variety of activities across different places and contexts. A basic challenge is to identify how to design and deploy mobile tools and services that could be used to support collaboration in different kinds of settings. There is a need to investigate how to design collaborative learning processes and to support flexible educational activities that take advantage of mobility. The main research question that I focus on is the identification of factors that influence the design of mobile collaborative learning.</p><p>The theoretical foundations that guide my work rely on the concepts behind computer supported collaborative learning and design-based research. These ideas are presented at the beginning of this thesis and provide the basis for developing an initial framework for understanding mobile collaboration. The empirical results from three different projects conducted as part of my efforts at the Center for Learning and Knowledge Technologies at Växjö University are presented and analyzed. These results are based on a collection of papers that have been published in two refereed international conference proceedings, a journal paper, and a book chapter. The educational activities and technological support have been developed in accordance with a grounded theoretical framework. The thesis ends by discussing those factors, which have been identified as having a significant influence when it comes to the design and support of mobile collaborative learning.</p><p>The findings presented in this thesis indicate that mobility changes the contexts of learning and modes of collaboration, requiring different design approaches than those used in traditional system development to support teaching and learning. The major conclusion of these efforts is that the learners’ creations, actions, sharing of experiences and reflections are key factors to consider when designing mobile collaborative activities in learning. The results additionally point to the benefit of directly involving the learners in the design process by connecting them to the iterative cycles of interaction design and research.</p>

In order to explore the differences in engagement levels between entering and returning community college students, the researcher analyzed 13,300 surveys from the 2007 Survey of Entering Student Engagement (SENSE) pilot data set utilizing a quantitative methodology. This study focused on analyzing engagement levels of entering and returning students in six constructs: Active and Collaborative Learning, First Day, Student Effort, Student-faculty Interaction, Support for Learners, and Motivation. After the comparison between the two groups was performed, data were disaggregated by eleven groups to further explore differences. Differences in engagement levels were explored in terms of students’ characteristics such as remedial background, age, gender, full-time status, ethnicity, degree seeking, first generation, and traditional status. The results of this study revealed that returning community college students in general, are more engaged in educational practices associated with persistence than entering students. In addition, findings suggest that with the exception of one variable (overall high school grade average), students commonly categorized as “at risk” or “disadvantaged” (developmental, non-traditional, part-time, first generation, minorities) overwhelmingly held higher levels of engagement in all positive engagement variables of the six analyzed constructs. Furthermore, in an analysis of disaggregated data by eleven groups of students, the following was found: o Students who placed in three developmental courses were by far the most highly engaged group in all positive engagement variables of the six constructs. o Students with the highest level of engagement in the two negative variables of the Student Effort construct (skipped class or came to class without completing readings or assignments) were traditional, 18-19 year olds, not-first generation, and non-developmental students. o Students who reported that success courses had helped them to get the knowledge necessary to succeed in college were overwhelmingly disadvantaged students (developmental, non-traditional, females and minorities). o Developmental students showed higher levels of engagement with regard to college services. o Financial aid advising and skill labs (math, reading, and writing) were the two services with the highest number of statistically significant differences throughout the eleven groups. This study was concluded with recommendations for further research and strategies that community college stakeholders could implement to increase student retention. / text

Over the last decade, community college researchers and practitioners increasingly have focused on student engagement as a cornerstone of a successful student success agenda. This study investigated community college student engagement using an ex post facto quantitative methodology. This study reports the results of the five special-focus survey items from 2009 CCSSE national administration and data collected from institutional Facebook pages. This study measured student engagement levels based on five constructs from the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (Active and Collaborative Learning, Student-Faculty Interaction, Academic Challenge, Student Effort, and Support for Learners), including more than 170,000 survey respondents. Differences in engagement levels were explored in terms of student characteristics including gender, race/ethnicity, developmental status, weekly preparation, commute time, age (traditional/nontraditional), and enrollment status (full-time/part-time). The results of this study revealed the following: •An institutional Facebook page can provide both academic and non-academic information. An institutional Facebook page is a central location that students, parents, fans, and others can go to ask questions about the college, either general or specific. •Students are using social networking tools for academic purposes. •Students who took honors course(s) and students who commuted six hours or more per week were more likely to use social networking tools to communicate about coursework. •Students’ use of social networking tools for academic purposes is associated with an increase in student-level benchmark scores. A proportional relationship exists between use of SNT and engagement scores. In general, students who frequently used SNT for academic purposes achieved higher engagement scores. •However, a corollary is also true: Student Effort scores tend to be lower among students who use SNT for any purpose multiple times per day. / text

In spite of the popularity of technologies that facilitate distance learning, institutions still educate students who gather together in shared physical spaces. But now even these traditional settings for learning are more collaborative and technology-rich environments. Qualitative methods in the sociolinguistic tradition allowed me to attend carefully to the vocal and non-vocal interactions of students engaged in a computer supported collaborative authoring assignment. Three research questions guided my inquiry: 1) In what ways did students negotiate roles and responsibilities?; 2) In what ways did students negotiate access to their assignment?; and 3) what was the nature of discourse in computer supported collaborative authoring? I conducted microanalysis of the communication in online discussions and face-to-face discourse throughout an entire semester of one graduate level course entitled The Psychology of Teachers and Teaching. My data revealed that the online discussion forum, physical proximity to the computer during face-to-face collaboration and instructor influence shaped the students’ roles and responsibilities as well as their entry into the assignment. I propose a model illustrating how students negotiate entry into computer supported collaborative authoring assignments and discuss its implications for teaching and learning. / text

Η διδακτορική διατριβή εντάσσεται στο πεδίο της Υπολογιστικά Υποστηριζόμενης Συνεργατικής Μάθησης, ΥΥΣΜ (Computer Supported Collaborative Learning, CSCL). ‘Eχει ως στόχο την ανάπτυξη και πρόταση μίας μεθόδου για την αυτοματοποιημένη ανάλυση, ταξινόμηση και αξιολόγηση της ποιότητας συνεργατικών εκπαιδευτικών δραστηριοτήτων. Αφενός βασίζεται σε ευρήματα ποιοτικής έρευνας και αφ’ ετέρου συνδυάζει την χρήση τεχνικών μηχανικής μάθησης και ανώτερων μαθηματικών που χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως σε πλήθος άλλων ερευνητικών πεδίων, μελετώντας τους τρόπους που μπορούν να υιοθετηθούν και να συνεισφέρουν στο πεδίο της Υπολογιστικά Υποστηριζόμενης Συνεργατικής μάθησης (χρονοσειρές). Βασικό μέλημα είναι η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος να επιτρέπει την εξαγωγή χρήσιμων συμπερασμάτων για την ποιότητα των συνεργατικών δραστηριοτήτων με τρόπο ποσοτικό και αυτόματο ώστε να είναι δυνατή η χρήση της σε μεγάλα σύνολα δεδομένων. Η παρούσα μελέτη έδειξε πως η ποιότητα της συνεργασίας αποτυπώνεται στον τρόπο που κατανέμεται η συνεργατική δραστηριότητα στον χρόνο και η χρήση χρονοσειρών αποτυπώνει τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά της συνεργασίας με ικανοποιητικό τρόπο. Η μέθοδος αξιολογήθηκε ξεχωριστά αλλά και σε αντιπαράθεση με αντίστοιχα μοντέλα και μεθόδους. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος πλεονεκτεί ως προς την απλότητα κατασκευής και λειτουργίας ενώ διαπιστώθηκε με στατιστικά σημαντικό τρόπο η εγκυρότητα των αποτελεσμάτων της. H μέθοδος δεν απαιτεί την ολοκλήρωση της δραστηριότητας αλλά ενδείκνυται και για την αξιολόγησή της σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Οι χρονοσειρές δραστηριότητας περιγράφουν ικανοποιητικά βασικές συνεργατικές διαστάσεις που ορίζονται ως «χαμηλού επιπέδου» όπως η Επικοινωνία και η Κοινή Επεξεργασία Πληροφορίας και οι οποίες θεωρείται ότι αντικατοπτρίζονται ιδιαίτερα στην διαλογική δραστηριότητα που εκτυλίσσεται μεταξύ των συνεργατών. Από την άλλη, για διαστάσεις ανωτέρου επιπέδου που αντιπροσωπεύονται από πιο περίπλοκες δομές αλληλεπίδρασης, όπως για παράδειγμα ο Συντονισμός και η Διαπροσωπική Σχέση μεταξύ συνεργαζόμενων μερών, οι χρονοσειρές δραστηριότητας δεν καταφέρνουν να τις αποτυπώσουν ικανοποιητικά. Αποδείχθηκε στατιστικά πως για την συγκεκριμένη περίπτωση συνεργατικών μαθησιακών δραστηριοτήτων οι ουσιαστικές αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ των χρηστών που υποδηλώνουν μεταφορά και οικοδόμηση κοινής γνώσης και κοινού τόπου επικοινωνίας αλλά και σχέσεις αιτιότητας, είναι δυνατόν να ανιχνευθούν μέσα σε χρονικά παράθυρα μικρού μεγέθους, της τάξης των τριάντα δευτερολέπτων. Σύνθετες δομές που αποτυπώνουν την δημιουργία στρατηγικής προσέγγισης ή διαμοιρασμού χώρου και χρόνου και απαιτούν μεγαλύτερους χρόνους εξέλιξης, δεν είναι δυνατόν να αποτυπωθούν επαρκώς με αυτή την προσέγγιση. Η έρευνα αυτή δεν αποσκοπεί κατά κανένα τρόπο στην αντικατάσταση της ανθρώπινης κρίσης ή γενικότερα του ανθρώπινου παράγοντα αλλά αντίθετα επιδιώκει να υποστηρίξει το έργο του. / The PhD thesis is part of ongoing research in the field of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL). The main contribution of this thesis is to design and propose a method for the automatic analysis, classification and evaluation of the quality of collaboration of learning activities. On one hand, the method is based and reflects the findings of qualitative research and on the other hand, it uses machine learning algorithms and statistical methods that allow the quantitative analysis of data. We used modeling techniques widely used in other scientific fields (time series) and studied how they can be used in CSCL to contribute new knowledge. The objective of the study is to implement a method for the representation, classification and evaluation of collaborative activities. It was shown that the quality of collaboration and its fundamental aspects is portrayed in the way the activity itself is distributed in time. It was shown through visualizations and statistical analysis that time series allow the effective representation of collaboration and its qualitative characteristics. The classification and evaluation method that was proposed is supported by a machine-learning model. The model was further evaluated as an automated rater of collaboration quality and compared to other similar models. The advantage of the proposed method over others is the simple structure and low-cost, as well as the potential to be used in real-time. The proposed approach attempts to describe and portray the interaction of users through their concurrent activity on different but common workspaces. For that reason we make use of common, basic activity metrics and time series. The time series of activity can describe successfully low level construct such as Communication and Information Processing. For more advanced and complicated constructs however, such as Coordination and Interpersonal Relationship, time series could not capture adequately the qualitative characteristics and underlying mechanisms. This finding comes in agreement with similar studies that point out the need of combined analysis methods that will use in combination content analysis techniques and natural language processing. It was also shown that in the particular context, the meaningful interactions that point to constructive collaboration, successful knowledge building and reciprocal activity can be mapped in small time frames, of about 30 seconds. More complicated structures that signify e.g. strategy planning and effective coordination, take more time to unfold and therefore cannot be traced in such small time frames. This study does not attempt in any way to substitute or overcome the human judgment and human factor, either in the analysis or teaching activity. On the contrary, we believe that the teacher cannot be replaced by automated tools and methods but should be supported and empowered.