Now days, we are more often meet sensors and sensor networks, which are used mainly in industrial fields. In this master thesis my target is sensor network Zigbee and usage of it. Internal structure of communication frames of APS application layer is presented here in details as well, which is used for control of sensors inside of sensor network. Main purpose of this master thesis is to design and implement application gateway between Internet and sensor network ZigBee. I present possible solution of communication protocol for transport over the Internet and processing of it by ZigBee coordinator. Thesis is written in style suitable for practical solution and results of solution are presented on model situations, which include discussion about possible improvements.

The focus of this thesis is to utilize many of today’s current technologies to design a communication protocol that allows different devices to be incorporated into a system that can facilitate the flow of information between a user and a world of digital data. The protocol will take advantage of individual benefits from NFC, Bluetooth and cloud computing in its design to make the underlying complexity as transparent to the user as possible. Some of the main problems, such as security and reliability, are discussed and how they are incorporated into the core design of the protocol. The protocol is then applied to a case study to see how it can be utilized to create an integrity preserving system for managing medical records in a healthcare environment. The results from the case study gives merit to guidelines provided by the protocol specifications, making a system implementation based on the protocol theoretically possible. A real system implementation is required to verify the results extracted from the case study. / Denna uppsats fokuserar på att använda många av dagens teknologier för att konstruera ett kommunikationsprotokoll som möjliggör för olika enheter att inkorporeras i ett system som underlättar informationsflödet mellan en användare och en värld av digital data. Protokollet utnyttjar olika individuella fördelar hos NFC, Bluetooth and molntjänster i dess design för att göra den underliggande komplexiteten så transparant som möjligt för användaren. Några av de främsta problemen, så som säkerhet och tillförlitlighet, diskuteras och hur de inkorporeras i hjärtat av protokollet. Protokollet appliceras sedan i en fallstudie för att se hur det kan användas för att skapa ett system för sjukjournaler som bevarar integriteten hos patienter. Resultatet från fallstudien pekar mot att de riktlinjer som gavs av protokollspecifikationerna fungerar för att göra en systemimplementation på en teoretisk nivå. En verklig systemimplementation skulle behövas för att verifiera de resultat som framgår ur fallstudien.

Les forts besoins en matière d'économie de carburant, de réduction des coûts de maintenance et de diminution des accidents routiers, ont conduit à la conception et à la commercialisation d'une gamme de systèmes embarqués sans fil, installés dans les véhicules roulants terrestres. Or, il faudra surmonter plusieurs défis techniques pour que les divers bénéfices de ses systèmes se réalisent. Ce mémoire de thèse s'est déroulé au sein de l'entreprise Continental Automotive Systems et les laboratoires LAAS et LAPLACE de Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Les travaux ont porté sur le canal de propagation radiofréquence dans l'environnement du véhicule pour le système de surveillance de pression des pneumatiques (TPMS) et le système d'accès sans fil (PASE). Ils se sont répartis entre les expérimentations et des études théoriques visant à présenter des modèles efficaces de l'environnement de propagation, d'évaluer la qualité de communication et de proposer des solutions adaptées aux systèmes embarqués sans fil étudiés. Les résultats de simulation et de mesure montrent que nous pouvons bien cerner les mécanismes de propagation mis en jeu dans l'environnement véhicule, et d'adapter en conséquence les solutions protocolaires et antennaires. / The high potential of accident prevention by using an intelligent tire system can be clearly seen through the different accident analysis. It has been shown that adverse road conditions, tire defects or their combination play an important role in road accidents. Moreover the decrease in the number of fatalities, provided that the entire car fleet is equipped with intelligent tire systems, could be significantly improved by preventing at least 10 % of accidents. This would mean that over 4 000 life’s could be saved every year in European countries. The first part of this thesis presents is the TPM (Tire Pressure Monitoring) System, which corresponds to a wireless radiofrequency transmission between a transmitter module (TX) in each tire of the car and a fixed central receiver (RX). The transmitter, next called "Wheel Unit", is composed with different electronic sensors (temperature, pressure, acceleration...) for the detection of the tire inflation status. The data are collected by the receiver where the different wheel unit frames from each tire is decoded by the control unit. Then a graphical display informs the driver with the required pressure and temperature variations. The second investigated system is the wireless car access, which operate the bilateral link LF /RF, by sending the different commands at 315 MHz or 434 MHz. The signals are related to an electronic code featuring the key to control the vehicle (lock/unlock of doors and the trunk release, start of the engine,…). The automotive PAssive Start and Entry system (PASE) module generates a low frequency wake-up message (at 125 kHz) from the car towards the badge, and a RF challenge signal communicates back from the badge to the car at triggering event. The free radio license frequency of 434MHz is chosen for this study. The RF radio-link budget is a keystone of the overall system reliability: the carrier propagation between the wheel unit and the receiver must be effective whatever the ground composition, whatever the angular position or speed of the wheel unit, for each of the four wheel units. Moreover, the system must be insensitive to RF interferences. The transmission between the wheel units and the receiver is tricky because of the many parameters involved. These environment and operating considerations increase the radio-link budget complexity, and contribute to degrade the global transmission quality of the TPM system. The major parameters that impact the TPMS efficiency: System parameters: the system design affects the transmission performances. The frame structure, the modulation schemes and code lines contribute directly or indirectly to increase the BEP (Bit Error Probability), thus the choice of an efficient system strategy is indispensable for the TPMS. Radiofrequency channel: The car body affects considerably the wave propagation, because the data link is not a line-of-sight, and the channel varies rapidly according to the wheel unit positions and the wave trajectories. So, due to the complex and variable environment, the main characteristics of emitted waves also change in phase and power and it produces both destructive and constructive behaviors. Receiver: generally it can be posed near the metallic structure of the car, so the antenna pattern can be corrupted. RF Source effects. To ensure the good reception of the data transmitted from the sensors, a good knowledge of our wireless radio-link channel is mandatory. Thus, the transmitter part of the system must be properly described: the RF source characterization for TPMS –Tire Pressure Monitoring System- is discussed in this thesis. We proposed in the first part an original approach to characterize the source, from the transmitter antenna to the whole wheel system: thus the influence of each element (lumped antenna + rim + tire) is quantified once embedded in the antenna. Several experimental studies are performed in far and near field conditions for a complete characterization.

Dans cette thèse nous présentons un environnement décentralisé pour la mise en oeuvre des calcul intensif sur grille. Nous nous intéressons à des applications dans les domaines de la simulation numérique qui font appel à des modèles de type parallélisme de tâches et qui sont résolues par des méthodes itératives parallèles ou distribuées; nous nous intéressons aussi aux problèmes de planification. Mes contributions se situent au niveau de la conception et la réalisation d'un environnement de programmation GRIDHPC. GRIDHPC permet l'utilisation de tous les ressources de calcul, c'est-à-dire de tous les coeurs des processeurs multi-coeurs ainsi que l'utilisation du protocole de communication RMNP pour exploiter simultanément différents réseaux hauts débits comme Infiniband, Myrinet et aussi Ethernet. Notons que RMNP peut se reconfigurer automatiquement et dynamiquement en fonction des exigences de l'application, comme les schémas de calcul, c.-à-d, les schémas itératifs synchrones ou asynchrones, des éléments de contexte comme la topologie du réseau et le type de réseau comme Ethernet, Infiniband et Myrinet en choisissant le meilleur mode de communication entre les noeuds de calcul et le meilleur réseau. Nous présentons et analysons des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur des grappes de calcul de la grille Grid5000 pour le problème de l'obstacle et le problème de planification. / This thesis aims at designing an environment for the implementation of high performance computing applications on Grid platforms. We are interested in applications like loosely synchronous applications and pleasingly parallel applications. For loosely synchronous applications, we are interested in particular in applications in the domains of numerical simulation that can be solved via parallel or distributed iterative methods, i.e., synchronous, asynchronous and hybrid iterative method; while, for pleasingly parallel applications, we are interested in planning problems. Our thesis work aims at designing the decentralized environment GRIDHPC. GRIDHPC exploits all the computing resources (all the available cores of computing nodes) using OpenMP as well as several types of networks like Ethernet, Infiniband and Myrinet of the grid platform using the reconfigurable multi network protocol RMNP. Note that RMNP can configure itself automatically and dynamically in function of application requirements like schemes of computation, i.e., synchronous or asynchronous iterative schemes, elements of context like network topology and type of network like Ethernet, Infiniband and Myrinet by choosing the best communication mode between computing nodes and the best network. We present and analyze a set of computational results obtained on Grid5000 platform for the obstacle and planning problems.

[ES] La introducción de soluciones tecnológicas en la agricultura permite reducir el uso de recursos y aumentar la producción de los cultivos. Además, la calidad del agua de regadío se puede monitorizar para asegurar la seguridad de los productos para el consumo humano. Sin embargo, la localización remota de la mayoría de los campos presenta un problema para proveer de cobertura inalámbrica a los nodos sensores y actuadores desplegados en los campos y los canales de agua para regadío. El trabajo presentado en esta tesis aborda el problema de habilitar la comunicación inalámbrica entre los dispositivos electrónicos desplegados para la monitorización de la calidad del agua y el campo a través de un protocolo de comunicación y arquitectura heterogéneos. La primera parte de esta tesis introduce los sistemas de agricultura de precisión (PA) y la importancia de la monitorización de la calidad del agua y el campo. Asimismo, las tecnologías que permiten la comunicación inalámbrica en sistemas PA y el uso de soluciones alternativas como el internet de las cosas bajo tierra (IoUT) y los vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV) se introducen también. Después, se realiza un análisis en profundidad del estado del arte respecto a los sensores para la monitorización del agua, el campo y las condiciones meteorológicas, así como sobre las tecnologías inalámbricas más empleadas en PA. Además, las tendencias actuales y los desafíos de los sistemas de internet de las cosas (IoT) para regadío, incluyendo las soluciones alternativas introducidas anteriormente, han sido abordados en detalle. A continuación, se presenta la arquitectura propuesta para el sistema, la cual incluye las áreas de interés para las actividades monitorización que incluye las áreas de los canales y el campo. A su vez, la descripción y los algoritmos de operación de los nodos sensores contemplados para cada área son proporcionados. El siguiente capítulo detalla el protocolo de comunicación heterogéneo propuesto, incluyendo los mensajes y alertas del sistema. Adicionalmente, se presenta una nueva topología de árbol para redes híbridas LoRa/WiFi multisalto. Las funcionalidades específicas adicionales concebidas para la arquitectura propuesta están descritas en el siguiente capítulo. Éstas incluyen algoritmos de agregación de datos para la topología propuesta, un esquema de las amenazas de seguridad para los sistemas PA, algoritmos de ahorro de energía y tolerancia a fallos, comunicación bajo tierra para IoUT y el uso de drones para adquisición de datos. Después, los resultados de las simulaciones para las soluciones propuestas anteriormente son presentados. Finalmente, se tratan las pruebas realizadas en entornos reales para el protocolo heterogéneo presentado, las diferentes estrategias de despliegue de los nodos empleados, el consumo energético y la función de cuantificación de fruta. Estas pruebas demuestran la validez de la arquitectura y protocolo de comunicación heterogéneos que se han propuesto. / [CA] La introducció de solucions tecnològiques en l'agricultura permet reduir l'ús de recursos i augmentar la producció dels cultius. A més, la qualitat de l'aigua de regadiu es pot monitoritzar per assegurar la qualitat dels productes per al consum humà. No obstant això, la localització remota de la majoria dels camps presenta un problema per a proveir de cobertura sense fils als nodes sensors i actuadors desplegats als camps i els canals d'aigua per a regadiu. El treball presentat en aquesta tesi tracta el problema d'habilitar la comunicació sense fils entre els dispositius electrònics desplegats per a la monitorització de la qualitat de l'aigua i el camp a través d'un protocol de comunicació i arquitectura heterogenis. La primera part d'aquesta tesi introdueix els sistemes d'agricultura de precisió (PA) i la importància de la monitorització de la qualitat de l'aigua i el camp. Així mateix, també s'introdueixen les tecnologies que permeten la comunicació sense fils en sistemes PA i l'ús de solucions alternatives com l'Internet de les coses sota terra (IoUT) i els vehicles aeris no tripulats (UAV). Després, es realitza una anàlisi en profunditat de l'estat de l'art respecte als sensors per a la monitorització de l'aigua, el camp i les condicions meteorològiques, així com sobre les tecnologies sense fils més emprades en PA. S'aborden les tendències actuals i els reptes dels sistemes d'internet de les coses (IoT) per a regadiu, incloent les solucions alternatives introduïdes anteriorment. A continuació, es presenta l'arquitectura proposada per al sistema, on s'inclouen les àrees d'interès per a les activitats monitorització en els canals i el camp. Finalment, es proporciona la descripció i els algoritmes d'operació dels nodes sensors contemplats per a cada àrea. El següent capítol detalla el protocol de comunicació heterogeni proposat, així como el disseny del missatges i alertes que el sistema proposa. A més, es presenta una nova topologia d'arbre per a xarxes híbrides Lora/WiFi multi-salt. Les funcionalitats específiques addicionals concebudes per l'arquitectura proposada estan descrites en el següent capítol. Aquestes inclouen algoritmes d'agregació de dades per a la topologia proposta, un esquema de les alertes de seguretat per als sistemes PA, algoritmes d'estalvi d'energia i tolerància a fallades, comunicació per a IoUT i l'ús de drons per a adquisició de dades. Després, es presenten els resultats de les simulacions per a les solucions proposades. Finalment, es duen a terme les proves en entorns reals per al protocol heterogeni dissenyat. A més s'expliquen les diferents estratègies de desplegament dels nodes empleats, el consum energètic, així com, la funció de quantificació de fruita. Els resultats d'aquetes proves demostren la validesa de l'arquitectura i protocol de comunicació heterogenis propost en aquesta tesi. / [EN] The introduction of technological solutions in agriculture allows reducing the use of resources and increasing the production of the crops. Furthermore, the quality of the water for irrigation can be monitored to ensure the safety of the produce for human consumption. However, the remote location of most fields presents a problem for providing wireless coverage to the sensing nodes and actuators deployed on the fields and the irrigation water canals. The work presented in this thesis addresses the problem of enabling wireless communication among the electronic devices deployed for water quality and field monitoring through a heterogeneous communication protocol and architecture. The first part of the dissertation introduces Precision Agriculture (PA) systems and the importance of water quality and field monitoring. In addition, the technologies that enable wireless communication in PA systems and the use of alternative solutions such as Internet of Underground Things (IoUT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are introduced as well. Then, an in-depth analysis on the state of the art regarding the sensors for water, field and meteorology monitoring and the most utilized wireless technologies in PA is performed. Furthermore, the current trends and challenges for Internet of Things (IoT) irrigation systems, including the alternate solutions previously introduced, have been discussed in detail. Then, the architecture for the proposed system is presented, which includes the areas of interest for the monitoring activities comprised of the canal and field areas. Moreover, the description and operation algorithms of the sensor nodes contemplated for each area is provided. The next chapter details the proposed heterogeneous communication protocol including the messages and alerts of the system. Additionally, a new tree topology for hybrid LoRa/WiFi multi-hop networks is presented. The specific additional functionalities intended for the proposed architecture are described in the following chapter. It includes data aggregation algorithms for the proposed topology, an overview on the security threats of PA systems, energy-saving and fault-tolerance algorithms, underground communication for IoUT, and the use of drones for data acquisition. Then, the simulation results for the solutions previously proposed are presented. Finally, the tests performed in real environments for the presented heterogeneous protocol, the different deployment strategies for the utilized nodes, the energy consumption, and a functionality for fruit quantification are discussed. These tests demonstrate the validity of the proposed heterogeneous architecture and communication protocol. / García García, L. (2021). Architecture and communication protocol to monitor and control water quality and irrigation in agricultural environments [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/174223 / TESIS

This work concerns about designing of communication protocol for generic processor simulator. The main objective of this work was to design a communication protocol which allows to simulate multiprocessor system on a cluster of computers.

På uppdrag av Trafikverket har denna rapport syftet att ge en rekommendation baserat på jämförelse av nuvarande standarden IEC 60870-5-104 och den alternativa standarden IEC 61850. Studien jämför IEC 61850 och IEC 60870-5-104 och skillnader mellan dessa två standarder utifrån olika områden som kommunikation, säkerhet samt ekonomiska aspekter. I arbetets teoridel behandlas elnätet och hur elstationer i allmänhet fungerar utifrån kommunikationsprotokollen och hur systemen kommunicerar med andra enheter. Resultatet av arbetet visar att standarden IEC 61850 erbjuder stora möjligheter och fördelar i samtliga aspekter, och har även en utvecklingspotential. Med kommunikationsprotokollet IEC 61850 erhålls mer information i form av feltyp, direkta mätningar och styrning på kontrollanläggningar. Dock finns det en komplexitet i IEC 61850 som kan kräva större anpassningar för att ersätta tidigare protokoll på anläggningar vid byte. Utifrån säkerhetsaspekten uppvisar IEC 61850 styrka bland annat gällande skydd av integritet och konfidentialitet. Sammantaget visar arbetet att det finns stor fördel att använda sig av IEC 61850 vid framtida tillämpningar utifrån examensarbetets resultat / On behalf of the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), this report aims to provide a recommendation based on a comparison of the current communication protocol standard IEC 60870-5-104 and the alternative standard IEC 61850. This study compares IEC 61850 and IEC 60870-5-104 and differences between these two standards based on different areas such as communication, security and economic aspects. In the theoretical part of this thesis, the electricity grid is treated and how electricity stations generally work based on the communication protocols and how the systems communicate with other devices. The result of the thesis shows that the standard IEC 61850 offers great opportunities and advantages in all aspects and has a potential for development. With the communication protocol IEC 61850, more information is obtained in form of error type, direct measurements and control at control plants. However, there is a complexity in IEC 61850 which may require major adaptations to replace previous protocols on plants when changes are needed. Based on the safety aspect, IEC 61850 shows strength among other things regarding protection of privacy and confidentiality. Overall, the work shows that there is a great advantage of applying IEC 61850 in future use based on this thesis results.

Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) is a fundamental analysis method used in bioinformatics and many comparative genomic applications. The time to compute an optimal MSA grows exponentially with respect to the number of sequences. Consequently, producing timely results on large problems requires more efficient algorithms and the use of parallel computing resources. Reconfigurable computing hardware provides one approach to the acceleration of biological sequence alignment. Other acceleration methods typically encounter scaling problems that arise from the overhead of inter-process communication and from the lack of parallelism. Reconfigurable computing allows a greater scale of parallelism with many custom processing elements that have a low-overhead interconnect. The proposed parallel algorithms and architecture accelerate the most computationally demanding portions of MSA. An overall speedup of up to 150 has been demonstrated on a large data set when compared to a single processor. The reduced runtime for MSA allows researchers to solve the larger problems that confront biologists today.

Web-based simulation (WBS) systems offer tradeoffs between user interactivity and hardware requirements striking to seek a balance between the differing concerns. Server-based systems offer little interactivity or concurrent visualization capabilities, while client-based systems have increased hardware requirements asking the user to provide high-end workstations. Concurrent visualization of simulation output proves execution intensive, or unusable in some situations. Creating an execution efficient and user friendly WBS system greatly improves user experience while gaining all of the benefits inherent in a web-based system such as high accessibility and ease of maintenance. In order to provide a usable concurrent visualization WBS this thesis developed the Web-Based Queuing System Simulation System (WebQS3). WebQS3 splits the responsibilities of simulation execution and simulation visualization into a client-server environment; the client is responsible for the visualization display and server is responsible for simulation execution. The system differs from many previous WBS systems in that the client-side application is developed using web-standard technologies such as HTTP, XML, SVG, and ECMAScript instead relying on Java Applets and associated technologies. Using web-standards as the foundation of the client agent opens the visualization and model construction functionality to any user that accesses the application using a web browser while also making the application more scalable in terms of user load. Implementing the client with web-standards also included the development of an asynchronous client-server communication protocol as opposed to traditional synchronous communication protocols used by Java WBS systems. The asynchronous protocol demonstrates similar or better execution performance than similar synchronous communication protocols in most quality characteristics. By creating a WBS system using web-standards implemented in most modern web browsers any user may visit the WebQS3 site and have simulation tools available for use. Providing simulation services on the web makes eases the creation of simulation models my making the tools to readily available while facilitating information sharing and collaboration over the web. The WebQS3 system serves as a model to drive research in WBS systems away from proprietary Java technologies to web standards for front-end visualization technologies. / Master of Science

Complexe : tel est l’adjectif qui, sans aucun doute, résume le mieux la question de l’architecture normative du réseau internet. Complexe, cette question l’est pour deux raisons. La première tient à l’identification des normes qui constituent cette architecture ; la seconde tient à leur objet. Tout d’abord, s’agissant de l’identification de normes, cette entreprise s’avère éminemment complexe dans la mesure où voilà un concept, la norme, qui renvoie à des réalités si différentes, qu’il est peu aisé de le définir. Après avoir établi l’existence de normes qui règlent la conduite des bâtisseurs du réseau, il faudra, en outre, s’interroger sur la nature de ces normes. Là encore, cette problématique n’est pas aussi facile à résoudre qu’il y paraît. Il n’existe, en effet, aucun critère de distinction entre les différentes espèces de normes qui fasse l’unanimité chez les auteurs. Concernant, ensuite, la seconde raison pour laquelle la question de l’architecture normative de l’internet est placée sous le signe de la complexité, c’est vers l’objet des normes qui la composent qu’il conviendra de se tourner : l’organisation de la société numérique. Il s’agit là, d’un système complexe. Si l’on adhère à cette idée, il doit corrélativement être admis que le schéma auquel répondent les normes par l’entremise desquelles le contrôle de pareil système est effectué, est très différent de celui dans lequel s’inscrivent les normes qui nous sont les plus familières : les règles juridiques. Alors que la genèse des premières est sous-tendue par un mécanisme d’auto-organisation, la création des secondes procède d’un acte de volonté. La différence entre les deux schémas est de taille : dans un cas, c’est la spontanéité qui commande la production des règles de conduite, dans l’autre c’est la raison. Dans l’univers numérique, l’opposition entre ces deux schémas normatifs se retrouve : elle se traduit par la concurrence qui existe entre les ordres numériques et juridiques. Aussi, est-ce à travers cette concurrence à laquelle se livrent ces deux systèmes normatifs que sera décrite l’architecture normative du réseau internet. / Complex is undoubtedly the adjective that best summarises the issue of the normative architecture of the Internet network. This issue is complex for two reasons. The first one results from the identification of the rules that make up this architecture and the second one from their purpose. First of all, the identification of the rules proves to be an extremely complex matter, since this concept of the rule is not so easy to define, as it refers to such a wide range of realities. After establishing the existence of the rules which set the behaviour of network builders, it is necessary to raise the question of the the nature of the rules. Here again, solving this issue is not as easy as it seems. In fact, in literature there is no universal way to distinguish the various types of rules. Secondly, the rules that compose the normative architecture of the internet aim at organising the digital society. Yet, this is a complex system. If one accepts the idea, one has to correlatively claim that the rule-complying scheme that enables such a system to be controlled is very different from that which rules more common rules for us, such as the rules of law. While the former is underpinned by a self organising mechanism, the creation of the latter stems from an act of willing. The difference between both schemes is significant: in the first case spontaneity controls the setting up of rules of conduct, while in the second case reason does. The opposition between these two normative schemes can be found in the digital universe too. It is conveyed by the existing competition between the digital and the legal orders. That is why the normative architecture of the Internet network will be described through the competition between these two normative systems.