During recent years there have been noticeable shortcomings in the human encounter of people seeking some form of health care in Sweden. This is something that affects professional education within ‘the welfare state’ and implies that human expectations, societal demands and questions about knowledge, basic values and competence have become pedagogically interesting. The basic aim of the dissertation is - to contribute to a practically, relevant and theoretical in-depth understanding of the learning and teaching of ethics in professional education. By taking nursing education as an example and focussing on the human encounter of the person seeking care, the dissertation aims - by analysis of the pedagogic practice and from a critical-theoretical perspective – to provide a foundation for such an understanding. The research perspective includes a social-philosophical point of departure with a focus on Mead’s interactional view of learning and Habermas’s critical theory of social communication. Methodologically an emphasis is placed on discourse analysis. The results demonstrate how the learning and teaching of ethics in human encounters can be understood as a question of communication of both knowledge and values. In the theoretical reconstruction that follows it is shown how pedagogic actions, learning and competence can be understood as communication of and in particular contextual discourses. The six discourses are: ‘the efficiency-related discourse’, ‘the expert-related discourse’, the ‘care-related discourse’, ‘the communicative-related discourse’, ‘the egocentric discourse’ and ‘the ethnocentric discourse’, all of which are mutually related to each other. The contextual discourses focus on different values. Those that are most conducive to creating pleasant human encounters are the communicative- and the care-related discourses, which also form the foundation for the pedagogic recommendation that makes up the concluding discussion of the dissertation. The recommendation concerns a pedagogical practice that affirms, pays attention to, safeguards and challenges and thus generates creativity, as well as the legitimacy of pluralism. To engage in stimulating pedagogical discussion means being committed, taking responsibility and practicing solidarity in the profession of education. Such a ‘deliberative pedagogy’ creates possibilities for people to develop solidarity of judgement in a society that increasingly demanding that. In conclusion, the recommendation for a new and challenging human encounter-ethical-pedagogy is intended to show that ‘ideals can be realistic’. Normative recommendations do not have to be abstract visions of the future, but can be looked upon as means of focussing on alternative actions, that despite the difficulties are possible to realise – here and now.

Siekiant korektiškai apibrėžti ilgai trunkantį paslaugomis pagrįstą verslo procesą, būtina specifikuoti šiuos proceso parametrus: duomenų srautus, verslo partnerius ir jų vykdomus veiksmus, proceso būsenų kaitą bei metodus ilgai trunkančioms transakcijos kompensuoti. Tai gali būti atliekama unifikuojant SAGA ir komunikacinių kilpų modelius. Siekiant aiškumo, pasiūlyti du griežtos formos diagramų tipai. Pateikto formalaus metamodelio pagrindu realizuotas grafinio redaktoriaus prototipas, skirtas modeliuoti paslaugomis pagrįstus procesus. Bandymu metu redaktoriumi sukurti eksperimentiniai verslo procesų modeliai. / To define long-running, service-oriented business process fully and correctly, it is necessary to specify following properties: data flows, business partners along with their actions, and state dynamics of entire process. Also, it is required to define mechanics which can be used to compensate failed long-running transactions. This can be achieved by combining SAGA and Communicative Action Loop models. To gain robustness, it was suggested to use two types of strictly formatted diagrams. A formal metamodel was proposed as a basis for a graphical editor which can be used to define a service-oriented business process and its properties. Finally, a prototype of graphical editor was developed and used to specify example business processes.

Submitted by Daniele Amaral (daniee_ni@hotmail.com) on 2017-10-09T18:11:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCZJ.pdf: 1004793 bytes, checksum: 5f54d238a2afd39b1abce6c5f53e1111 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T13:03:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCZJ.pdf: 1004793 bytes, checksum: 5f54d238a2afd39b1abce6c5f53e1111 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (bco.producao.intelectual@gmail.com) on 2018-01-24T13:03:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCZJ.pdf: 1004793 bytes, checksum: 5f54d238a2afd39b1abce6c5f53e1111 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-24T13:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMCZJ.pdf: 1004793 bytes, checksum: 5f54d238a2afd39b1abce6c5f53e1111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-11 / Não recebi financiamento / It is a fact the interference of strategic interests in education, in many cases reduced to the ‘middle’ condition for the achievement of political and economic ends. Because of this, the dissertation presents the communicative action as a proposal for reflection and delimitation of the existing interests between system and culture. Because it is a documentary research guided by a specific bibliography, we sought to develop the text through the analysis of the Habermasian bibliography, with the objective of extracting theoretical problematizations on the question of quality in education. Another methodological aspect was the interdisciplinary treatment of the theme with focus on education. Based on the literature review, we proposed the construction of a reference for pedagogical action in education, as follows: 1. to present the premise that for each type of reason there is a specific type of action: instrumental reason (paradigm of consciousness) proposes the so-called strategic action, guided by functional rules aimed at the success and effectiveness of action; and communicative reason (paradigm of intersubjectivity), in turn, proposes the communicative action, based on rules of symbolic interaction (debate) that aim at establishing criteria for mutual understanding (consensus). 2. To expose the instrumental dimension in the concept of quality in education, starting from an economistic vision. 3. Adapt Habermas’s theoretical framework to the field of education, especially his conception of communicative action, as a proposal for decolonization and re-signification of the mechanisms of social and systemic integration present in the school institution. Based on Habermas’s theory, we will take into account the hypothesis that communicative action can promote the potentialization of basic elements for democratic debate, with an end to understanding, in order to prevent the instrumental character of the unilateral constraints present in the procedures pedagogical and thus ensure learning that aim not only at market logic, but at the experience of normative interactions (referring to the social world) and expressive (referring to the subjective world). / É fato a interferência de interesses estratégicos na educação, reduzida, em muitos momentos, à condição ‘meio’ para a realização de fins políticos e econômicos. Por conta disso, a dissertação apresenta o agir comunicativo como proposta de reflexão e delimitação dos interesses existentes entre sistema e cultura. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa documental orientada por uma bibliografia específica, buscou-se desenvolver o texto por meio da análise da bibliografia habermasiana, com o objetivo de extrair problematizações teóricas sobre a questão da qualidade na educação. Outro aspecto metodológico foi o tratamento interdisciplinar do tema com enfoque na educação. Com base na revisão de literatura, propusemos a construção de um referencial para a ação pedagógica no âmbito da educação, conforme segue: 1. apresentar a premissa de que, para cada modalidade de razão, há um tipo de agir específico: a razão instrumental (paradigma da consciência) propõe o chamado agir estratégico, orientado por regras funcionais que visam o sucesso e a eficácia da ação; e a razão comunicativa (paradigma da intersubjetividade), por sua vez, propõe o agir comunicativo, baseado em regras de interação simbólica (debate) que visam o estabelecimento de critérios para entendimento mútuo (consenso). 2. Expor a dimensão instrumental no conceito de qualidade na educação, partindo de uma visão economicista. 3. Adaptar o referencial teórico de Habermas para o campo da educação, em especial sua concepção de agir comunicativo, como proposta de descolonização e ressignificação dos mecanismos de integração social e sistêmico presentes na instituição escolar. Deste modo, com base na teoria de Habermas, levaremos em consideração a hipótese de que o agir comunicativo pode promover a potencialização de elementos básicos para o debate democrático, com fim ao entendimento, de modo a impedir o caráter instrumental das coações unilaterais presentes nos procedimentos pedagógicos e, assim, assegurar aprendizagens que objetivam não apenas a lógica de mercado, mas a vivência de interações normativas (referente ao mundo social) e expressivas (referente ao mundo subjetivo).

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-22T12:39:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABI.pdf: 4762204 bytes, checksum: cb7f73e719e15c21782946caf68e421d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:07:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABI.pdf: 4762204 bytes, checksum: cb7f73e719e15c21782946caf68e421d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-04T18:07:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABI.pdf: 4762204 bytes, checksum: cb7f73e719e15c21782946caf68e421d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-04T18:07:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissABI.pdf: 4762204 bytes, checksum: cb7f73e719e15c21782946caf68e421d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-19 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aimed to understand facts arising from educational processes applied to the teaching of Physical Education at the level of Basic Education, established by agents of different generations and mediated by resources of the new technology. The systematic analysis of the phenomenon permeated the understanding of factors related to the level of perception about the technology object of teachers classified as Immigrants and Digital Natives in the first instance; for later verification of the concerted relationship between the concreteness of the perceptible level expressed by the teacher and the appropriation of technological tools in teaching and learning processes in which they act. Based in a referential qualitative research, the methodology used for the range of explanations about this theme connected the instruments of data collection: structured questionnaire; interviews by guidelines class observations and filmings. The application of research understood two moments, as follows: a diagnostic exploration of the above dimension in the context of the totality of individuals who constitute the population of research, formed by Physical Education teachers effectives in a municipal school system of a municipal district of Northwest Paulista, and therefore, extensive analysis in details of vision and respective practice of teachers of both generational categories, and distinct levels of perception about the New Technologies of Information and Communication, the pedagogical approach mediated by technological resources applied to Physical Education at school. In this context was verified that those involved in the processes of appropriation of technological resources and applied together the learners are influenced to a greater extent by the level of perception maintained by the individual with the technological object, therefore, not justified necessarily the generational dimension of the teacher. This way, the adequation of significant educational proposals with the use of the New Technologies of Information and Communication remits to the perception and respective critically appropriation of technology in personal and professional daily use. In the end, about the interaction processes objectified in constructing of new knowledge, the potential didactic and conceptual gaps resulting from pedagogical actions mediated by technological resources in educational practices observed tend to be minimized by reflective communicative actions, directed to the dialogue between the educator agents, educating and technological object. / O presente estudo objetivou o entendimento de fatos advindos de processos educativos aplicados ao ensino da Educação Física em nível de Educação Básica, estabelecidos por agentes de distintas gerações e mediatizados por recursos da nova tecnologia. As análises sistemáticas do fenômeno permearam a compreensão de fatores relacionados ao nível de percepção sobre o objeto tecnológico de professores classificados como Imigrantes e Nativos Digitais, em primeira instância; para a posteriori, constatação da relação assentada entre a concretude do nível perceptível expresso pelo docente e a apropriação das ferramentas tecnológicas nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem no qual atuam. Baseada em referencial de pesquisa qualitativa, a metodologia utilizada para o alcance de explicações acerca desta temática englobou os instrumentos de coletas de dados: questionário estruturado; entrevistas por pautas; observações de aulas e filmagens. A aplicação da pesquisa compreendeu dois momentos, sendo: uma exploração diagnóstica sobre a dimensão supracitada no contexto da totalidade de indivíduos que constituem a população de pesquisa, formada por professores de Educação Física efetivos em uma rede municipal de ensino de um munícipio do Noroeste Paulista, e, por conseguinte, análise minudenciada da visão e respectiva prática de professores de ambas categorias geracionais, e distintos níveis de percepção sobre as NTIC, no trato pedagógico mediado por recursos tecnológicos aplicado à Educação Física na escola. Neste contexto fora verificado que os intervenientes nos processos de apropriação dos recursos tecnológicos e aplicados junto aos educandos são influenciados em maior medida pelo nível de percepção mantido pelo sujeito com o objeto tecnológico, logo, não se justificam, necessariamente, na dimensão geracional do professor. Deste modo, a adequação de propostas didáticas significativas com a utilização das NTIC remete a percepção e, respectiva, apropriação criticamente avultante da tecnologia no cotidiano pessoal e profissional. Por fim, a respeito dos processos interacionais objetivados na construção de novos conhecimentos, as potenciais lacunas didáticas e conceituais decorrentes das ações pedagógicas mediadas por recursos tecnológicos nas práticas educacionais observadas tendem a ser minimizadas por ações comunicativas reflexivas, direcionadas ao diálogo, entre os agentes educador, educando e objeto tecnológico.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-10-19T17:54:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_MICHELINE_DAYSE_GOMES_BATISTA_CD.pdf: 8737170 bytes, checksum: d594366cdf34d0e38eb575c1d0686f4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T17:54:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE_MICHELINE_DAYSE_GOMES_BATISTA_CD.pdf: 8737170 bytes, checksum: d594366cdf34d0e38eb575c1d0686f4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-26 / Esta é uma tese sobre comunidades on-line abrigadas em sites de redes sociais. Seu objetivo é investigar as possibilidades e limites das trocas interacionais e comunicacionais que ocorrem nesses ambientes, considerando que são mediadas pela tecnologia. Tomamos como objeto empírico o grupo Direitos Urbanos | Recife (DU), abrigado no Facebook desde 2012, cujo propósito é discutir os problemas urbanos da cidade do Recife, estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Contando com cerca de 30 mil participantes, a página da comunidade representa um campo institucional que dá suporte às ações off-line do movimento, que se caracterizam pela ocupação de espaços públicos no sentido de reivindicar o direito à cidade. O Facebook é utilizado pelo movimento não apenas para discussões, mas também para informar, articular e mobilizar, seguindo uma receita adotada por inúmeros outros movimentos que têm eclodido ao redor do mundo, tais como o Ocupe Wall Street. Analisando as trocas interacionais e comunicacionais no ambiente do DU, e os efeitos positivos e negativos da tecnologia sobre esse ambiente, buscamos identificar a estrutura das redes sociais e os atores mais centrais, formatos, conteúdos e fluxo das publicações, como ocorre a conversação em si e a ação dos moderadores para a manutenção da ordem e dos discursos do grupo. Constatamos, entre outras coisas, que o DU abriga redes pouco vivas e muito fragmentadas, com poucos atores bem conectados, baixa interação e poucas relações de amizade. Além disso, a comunicação nesse espaço está sujeita a ruídos e ambiguidades e, ainda assim, consegue abrir brechas para a ação comunicativa, gerando laços de apoio e solidariedade. / This is a thesis about online communities sheltered in social network sites. It aims investigate the possibilities and limits of interactional and communicational exchanges that occur in these environments considering that are mediated by technology. We took as empirical object the Direitos Urbanos | Recife group, sheltered in Facebook since 2012, whose purpose is to discuss urban problems of the city of Recife, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Bringing together about 30,000 participants, the community page is an institutional field that supports the offline actions of the movement which is characterized by occupying public spaces in order to claim the right to the city. Facebook is used by the movement not only for discussion but also to inform, coordinate, and mobilize, following a recipe adopted by numerous other movements that have hatched around the world such Occupy Wall Street. Analyzing the interactional and communicational exchanges in DU environment we seek to identify the structure of social networks and the most central actors, formats, content, and flow of publications, as is the conversation itself and the action of moderators to maintain order and group discourses. We find among other things that DU has little living and fragmented networks, with few well-connected actors, low interaction and few friendships. In addition communication in this space is subject to noise and ambiguities and still can open loopholes for communicative actions, generating support and solidarity ties.

O objeto da presente pesquisa constitui-se na análise imanente dos pressupostos da \"guinada linguístico-pragmática\" de Jürgen Habermas verificada no interior de sua magnum opus - a Teoria do agir comunicativo, publicada em 1981. O objetivo a que nos propusemos alcançar é a elucidação do modo peculiar como Habermas absorve as aquisições teóricas da pragmática linguística (em especial J. L. Austin e J. R. Searle) visando a construção de sua teoria da comunicação, cujo ponto central é a postulação do consenso entre sujeitos capazes de linguagem e ação como o \"fim último\" ou télos do agir comunicativo. A hipótese teórica - ou de trabalho -, que acreditamos ter sido confirmada ao longo de nossa pesquisa, é a de que Habermas, mesmo sendo um árduo defensor da razão e do \"projeto da modernidade\", compartilha ponto comum com os pensadores do período que se convencionou designar pós-modernidade: o chamado \"idealismo linguístico\", isto é, apreensão dos atos comunicativos como entidades autônomas, porque separados das relações materiais e sociais dos homens. / The object of this research is the immanent analysis of the Jürgen Habermas \"linguistic-pragmatic turn\" presuppositions, verified in his magnum opus - The Theory of Communicative Action, published in 1981. The goal we set ourselves to achieve is to elucidate the peculiar way as Habermas absorbs the theoretical acquisitions of linguistic pragmatics (especially J. L. Austin and J. R. Searle) for the construction of a theory of communication, whose focal point is the postulation of consensus between subjects capable of speech and action as the telos of communicative action. The theoretical hypothesis that we believe have been confirmed throughout our research is that Habermas, despite being a vehement defender of reason and the \"Project of modernity\", shares common ground with the thinkers of that period is conventionally designate postmodernity: the so-called \"linguistic idealism\", i. e. the seizure of communicative acts as autonomous entities, because separed of socials and materials relations of men

O presente trabalho é um estudo sobre a comunicação como um sistema de relacionamento, mais especificamente entre organizações, movimentos sociais, comunidades, lideranças comunitárias e demais atores sociais estratégicos dos três setores Estado, sociedade civil organizada e iniciativa privada. Entendendo-se a comunicação como processo de relacionamento, o nosso objetivo são as políticas de comunicação com as comunidades em busca da sustentabilidade dos territórios, também chamado de diálogo social. A pesquisa analisa as consequências para a empresa e para a comunidade, do diálogo social como estratégia de comunicação/relacionamento. Trata de aspectos como espaço público, reputação, mediação, recepção e interação, em processos de comunicação entendidos como ações comunicativas. / The present work is a study about the communication asa relationship system, more specifically among organizations, social movements, communities, community leaderships and other strategic social actors from the three sectors State, civil society and business community. To understand the communication as a process, wetargeted the communication policies with the communities reaching the territorial sustainability, so called stakeholders engagement. The research analyses the consequences of stakeholders engagement for the corporation and the community, while communicative/relationship strategy. It deals with aspects like public sphere, reputation, mediation, reception and interaction, in the process of communication known as communicative action.

This research was presented to the Pos Graduation Program in Education, specifically to the Master Degree level, in the Centro de Educação (Center of Education) at UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria), for the line of research on Education and Art. The approach of this work is about the relations between education and cultural industry and their implications in the actual context starting from the diagnosis of the dialectic to the convenient cultural formation while pseudo culture, by Theodor W. Adorno, and of the action communicative theory, by Jürgen Habermas, who emphasizes the public space transformation. The purpose is analyses the concept of cultural industry as a mechanism of aesthetization to the experienced world. In the sense to aid the reversion to the cultural processes of appropriation, it makes use of the hermeneutic reconstructive dialog proposing some outlook for education in order that human being can dialogue and interact with the challenges that results from this context. In this way, this research proposes the work to decode images as a tool to think in better strategies for the formation of civic judgment. The discussion hypothesis proposes the idea that pedagogical changes which can contribute to destabilize the unidimensionality given to the communication, by the distorted practice, must pass by reeducation to the meaning of comprehend. This approach allows other comprehension meanings opening, immersed in the expressed messages, once presupposes participation in a community governed by communicative action, that it contemplates a way of double hand and that itinerary of has not only gone, but also ways in return. Thus the educative practice, through the ontextualized interventions in the experienced world, opens other ways of comprehension to the meanings plurality that emerge form the cultural patrimony, mainly the recognize of the other alterity and the differences, considering the complexity of the daily emergent values from the new interactive media. / Esta pesquisa foi apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, nível de Mestrado, do Centro de Educação, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, para a linha de pesquisa: Educação e Arte. O trabalho versa sobre as relações entre educação e indústria cultural e suas implicações no contexto atual a partir do diagnóstico da dialética da formação cultural, apropriada enquanto pseudocultura, de Theodor W. Adorno, e da teoria da ação comunicativa, de Jürgen Habermas, que enfatiza os processos de transformação do espaço público. O objetivo é analisar o conceito de indústria cultural como mecanismo de estetização do mundo vivido. Para tal, utiliza o diálogo hermenêutico reconstrutivo no sentido de auxiliar a reversão dos processos de apropriação do cultural, propondo algumas perspectivas à educação, a fim de que os indivíduos possam dialogar e interagir com os desafios resultantes desse contexto. Assim, a pesquisa propõe o trabalho de decodificação de imagens como forma de repensar melhores estratégias para a formação da opinião pública. A hipótese de discussão propõe a idéia de que as mudanças pedagógicas que podem contribuir para desestabilizar a unidimensionalidade dada à comunicação, pela prática sistematicamente distorcida, deve passar por uma reeducação dos sentidos do compreender. Essa proposta permite a abertura de outros sentidos da compreensão imersos nas mensagens expressas, uma vez que pressupõe a participação numa comunidade regida pela ação comunicativa, que contempla uma via de mão dupla e que não tem apenas itinerários de ida, mas também caminhos de volta. Desse modo, a prática educativa, através de intervenções contextualizadas no mundo vivido, abre outras formas de compreensão da pluralidade de sentidos que emergem do acervo cultural, principalmente o reconhecimento da alteridade do outro e das diferenças, considerando a complexidade dos valores emergentes do cotidiano das novas mídias interativas.

Abstract This study examines the paradigm shift from philosophy of subject to the philosophy of intersubjectivity. Modern pedagogic thought is deeply rooted in the philosophy of subjectivity. Its point of departure is the concept of the autonomous subject capable to form and define him-/herself and the world of his/hers. This line of thought is the main conceptual framework of theory of formation (Bildung) tradition. Theory of education (Erziehung) has been built upon a presupposition, that educational influence makes human being able to use reason potential to every human being and thus to realize the process of formation. Pedagogical thought of Immanuel Kant is the most prominent example of modern pedagogical thought. Kant argues that human becomes human through education. Education should force human to the autonomous use of reason. However, the concept of educational influence is in contradiction to the kantian idea of human freedom and autonomy. Despite of educational heteronomy should educatee be recognized as an autonomous subject. This basic problem of the modern theory of education is called pedagogical paradox. Helmut Peukert and Jan Masschelein have tried to find option fort the philosophy of subjectivity and thus the way out from the pedagogical paradox. This can be done by the shift from the philosophy of subject to the philosophy of intersubjectivity. According to Habermas, philosophy and human sciences must abadon the idea of autonomous subject and intersubjectivity must be taken as the basic concept of the theoretical reflection. Intersubjectivity must be seen as basis for the human existence. Thus pedagogical action is seen as communicative action. Peukert and Masschelein have not taken in account the critics against Habermas' and Tugendhat's project. Dieter Henrich and Manfred Frank argue intersubjectivity cant take priority against subjectivity or vice versa. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity have the same origin in human existence. Human beining must be seen as subject and person. The author attempt to reconstruct this line of thought by the conceptual analysis of Johann Gottlieb Fichte's philosophy. This opens possibilities for the educational understanding of Henrich's philosophy and his programmatic theory of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. / Tiivistelmä Työssä tarkastellaan subjektifilosofian ja intersubjektiivisuusteorian välistä suhdetta. Moderni pedagoginen ajattelu nousee subjektifilosofisesta perinteestä. Sen sivistysteoreettisena lähtökohtana on ollut ajatus itseään ja omaa maailmaansa määrittävästä autonomisesta ja itsetoiminnallisesta subjektista, joka kykenee käyttämään omaa järkeään. Kasvatusteoreettisen refleksion kohteena on puolestaan ollut kysymys siitä, kuinka kasvatuksellisen vaikuttamisen avulla on mahdollista tuottaa tai saada aikaan autonomisen subjektin kehittyminen. Immanuel Kantin pedagoginen ajattelu on esimerkki modernista pedagogisesta ajattelutavasta ja sen ongelmista. Kantin mukaan ihminen tulee ihmiseksi kasvatuksen kautta. Kasvatuksen tehtävänä on mahdollistaa, että ihminen oppii käyttämään ihmiselle ominaista potentiaalista järkeä itsenäisesti. Tämä edellyttää kuitenkin ulkoista kasvatuksellista pakkoa, joka on ristiriidassa Kantin ja koko modernin filosofian kannalta keskeisen itseä määrittelevän vapaan subjektiviteetin periaatteen kanssa. Hän kiteytti modernin pedagogiikan dilemman kysymykseen "kuinka kultivoida vapautta pakolla". Kasvatuksellinen pakko on välttämätön järjen autonomisen järjenkäytön empiirisen kehittymisen kannalta. Pakosta huolimatta kasvava on kuitenkin tunnustettava alusta saakka vapaana olentona. Tätä argumentaatiomallia ja sen myöhempiä variantteja on nimitetty pedagogiseksi paradoksiksi. Erityisesti saksalaisella kielialueella on etsitty vaihtoehtoja subjektifilosofiselle paradigmalle. Helmut Peukert ja Jan Masschelein ovat pyrkineet osoittamaan, kuinka pedagoginen paradoksi on ratkaistavissa siirtymällä subjektifilosofisesta paradigmasta intersubjektivistiseen ajattelutapaan. He nojautuvat vahvasti Jürgen Habermasin ohjelmalliseen näkemykseen, jonka mukaan subjektifilosofian umpikujat ja ongelmat siirtyvät pois päiväjärjestyksestä, mikäli filosofiassa ja laajemmin myös ihmistieteissä luovutaan autonomisen itseriittoisen subjektin ensisijaisuuden periaatteesta ja korvataan se oletuksella kielellisen intersubjektiviteetin ensisijaisuudesta subjektiviteettiin nähden. Kasvatustieteessä tämä merkitsee pedagogisen toiminnan samaistamista kommunikatiiviseen toimintaan. Kasvatustieteellisessä keskustelussa ei ole kuitenkaan otettu huomioon intersubjektivistista käännettä kohtaan esitettyä kritiikkiä. Dieter Henrich ja Manfred Frank ovat filosofian alueella kritisoineet Habermasia ja tämän ajatteluun vaikuttanutta Ernst Tugendhatia siitä, ettei intersubjektivistinen käänne ole aivan yksinkertaisesti toteutettavissa. Näin siksi, ettei ainakaan käsiteanalyyttisen tarkastelun tasolla ole mahdollista osoittaa, kuinka subjektiviteetti olisi kielellisen intersubjektiviteetin johdannainen. Henrich onkin esittänyt, että subjektiviteetti ja intersubjektiviteetti ovat yhtä alkuperäisiä ilmiöitä. Tästä seuraa, että konkreettista yksilöä on tarkasteltava sekä subjektina että persoonana. Henrichin ohjelmallista näkemystä on mahdollista eksplikoida Johann Gottlieb Fichten interpersoonallisuusteorian ja subjektiteorian avulla. Fichten ajattelu avaa myös mahdollisuuden kasvatus- ja sivistysteoreettiselle tarkastelulle, joka ei palauta pedagogista toimintaa palauteta joko subjektifilosofiseen tai intersubjektivistiseen paradigmaan. Fichten kasvatus- ja sivistysteoreettisten implikaatioiden avulla on siten mahdollista avata tietä Henrichin subjektiteoreettisten näkemysten kasvatus- ja sivistysfilosofiselle reseptiolle.

The road of development through e-government is covered with deep potholes and dead ends. This is because Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are adopted and e-government policies are developed with a blind focus on the ICT tools and with little reflection on the contribution of ICT to development (Heeks and Bailur, 2007, p. 243, Avgerou, 2009, p. 14). To assist with this reflection Information Systems (IS) researchers are increasingly calling for the development of local contextual theory or a framework in ICT for Development (ICT4D) (Avgerou, 2009, p. 14, Madon et al., 2007, Walsham, 2003, Walsham, 1997). This thesis responds to that call by investigating the role of e-government towards development within the South African context. The means of inquiry was a three year ethnographic immersion in a longitudinal research project. The aim of the longitudinal research project was to investigate how a specialised type of ICT (Group Support Systems) can enable interaction between government and citizens in attaining specific human rights. The research project centred on creating an awareness among the public in South Africa of a newly enacted Act, the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act No 3 of 2000 (PAJA). The rich data collected was analysed using Grounded Theory, resulting in a substantive theory that suggests that within the South African context e-government could contribute to development if it is used to facilitate policy implementation within the spirit of Ubuntu. The thesis delineates the journey up to the emergence of the substantive theory. The substantive theory has important implications for IS theory and IS practice. For IS theory, the substantive theory demonstrates that research on ICT4D in Africa could usefully be undertaken by following an action research strategy within a critical-interpretive paradigm. The substantive theory also suggests the importance of taking into account the contextual collaborative nature of African culture in the spirit of Ubuntu when conducting such research. For practice, the substantive theory proposes a potential framework where ICT could provide the collaborative environment or shared space in the spirit of Ubuntu for policy implementation towards development. Checked against implementation requirements on the South African policy on entrepreneurship, the substantive theory framework proves to be equally valuable. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Informatics / unrestricted