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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

La notion de risque en droit des assurances : Etude comparative en droits malgache, français et de la CIMA / The concept of « risk » in insurance law : a comparative approach in Malagasy, French and CIMA laws.

Behaja, Alan Basile 12 September 2017 (has links)
Notion cardinale du droit des assurances car autour duquel s'organise autant l'opération que le contrat d'assurance, le risque est un terme résolument polysémique. Si ailleurs, dans d'autres domaines du Droit, cette réalité ne poserait pas véritablement de difficulté, ici, en droit des assurances il en va autrement. En effet, dans ce domaine du Droit, la polysémie exagérée du risque a fini par générer une cacophonie sémantique qui provoque des difficultés de communication et a fortiori de compréhension entre l'assureur, l'assuré, le juge, le législateur et la doctrine. Or chacun le sait : lorsque les paroles des lois n'éveillent plus chez tous les hommes les mêmes idées, l’insécurité juridique guette car le raisonnement juridique se fait alors nécessairement « à tâtons ». C'est au-devant de ce constat que l'intérêt de notre thèse point alors : en effet, au-delà des apparences, le risque assurantiel n'intègre-t-il pas à quelque échelle d'analyse la potentialité d'une conception uniformisée qui permettrait d’éveiller chez tous les hommes la même idée ? Nous allons démontrer que la réponse à cette interrogation est plus qu'affirmative. Cette donne acquise, il nous faudra alors aller au-delà du constat et en analyser au plus près les différentes répercussions au plan juridique. / Undisputably a chore notion in insurance law because of its role within the insurance mechanism and the insurance policy, the concept of « risk » is without a doubt barely polysemous. If that fact would not really matter in some other law fields, herein, in the field of insurance law, it goes differently. Indeed, in this latter field, the polysemy of the risk has tangibly generated misunderstandings between the insurance provider, the policy holder, the judge, the legislator and the doctrine. And as everyone knows, when the terms of the laws don’t really appeal to the same ideas to people, legal insecurity is wrapping as the basis of the legal reasonning is then standing on a subjective scale. Before this state of affairs, the interest of our thesis shows then up : beyond the appearances, can’t the concept of risk reveal any potentiality to a uniform conception that would appeal to the same idea to people ? We will prove that the question has definitely an affirmative answer. Hence, we should then go beyond this established fact and analyse closely the different legal impact it would drain off.
192

Abuse of Dominant Position in China and the EU : A Comparative Legal Study

Aretakis, Nicolas January 2017 (has links)
This thesis presents the Chinese and European competition laws on abuse of dominant position. The thesis starts with an introduction, and goes on to present the purpose of the study, which is to determine the similarities and differences between the Chinese and European prohibitions on ADP.       After the introductory part, consisting of background, method, material and previos research, the respective prohibitions are described in different aspects. The aspects are namely system, purpose, scope of application, what constitutes dominance and what constitutes abuse. Thereafter, the two prohibitions are compared. In the comparison, similarities are presented such as similar purposes, similar scope of application, very similar in what constitutes a dominant position and abuse. The systematics however differ more, and so do the rules on extraterritorial application.      In the concluding remarks, the results of the thesis are highlighted and the author shortly analyses the results..
193

A discriminação da mulher no mercado de trabalho: estudo comparado da legislação do Brasil e do Japão / The discrimination against woman in the labor market: comparative study of the Brazilian and Japanese legislation

Yuri Kuroda Nabeshima 16 May 2014 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a discriminação da mulher no mercado de trabalho por meio do estudo comparado da legislação brasileira e japonesa. Apesar das experiências políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais diferentes, o Brasil e o Japão, assim como a maioria dos países (para não dizer todos), enfrentam a séria questão da discriminação de gênero. As mulheres sempre ocuparam um papel secundário na sociedade, que tem atribuído a elas a imagem de esposa do lar e mãe dedicada neste sistema familiar patriarcal. De fato, no que tange ao mercado de trabalho, este problema tem sido historicamente refletido na baixa participação das mulheres trabalhadoras, na diferença salarial, nas poucas mulheres em cargos de liderança e gerência, entre outras situações desvantajosas. Pode-se dizer que a mulher apenas passou a conquistar espaço e reconhecimento efetivamente no mercado de trabalho no século XX, especialmente a partir da ratificação por ambos os países da Convenção da ONU contra Todas as Formas de Discriminação contra a Mulher (CEDAW). Essa dissertação explora o modo como o Direito Brasileiro e o Japonês lidam com a temática da discriminação de gênero examinando os dispositivos legais sobre direitos trabalhistas da mulher, bem como a implementação de ações afirmativas e a adoção de meios eficazes de resolução de controvérsias. Finalmente, conclui-se por sugerir os próximos passos a serem seguidos para o atingimento da tão aguardada igualdade de gênero. / The present dissertation aims to analyze the discrimination against women in the labor market under the comparative study of the Brazilian and Japanese legislation. In spite of the different political, economic, social and cultural backgrounds, Brazil and Japan, like the vast majority of countries (not to say all of them), face the serious question of gender discrimination. Women have always occupied a secondary role in the society, which has attributed them the image of supporting housewife and caring mother in the male breadwinner family system. In fact, regarding the labor market, this problem has been historically reflected in low participation of women workers, wage gap, few women in leadership and management positions, among others disadvantage situations. It shall be said that the women only began effectively to conquer space and recognition in the labor market in the 20th century, especially since the ratification by both countries of the UN Convention against All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). This dissertation explores how Brazilian and Japanese Law deal with the gender discrimination issue by examining the legal provisions concerning womens labor rights, as well as the instruments created to improve their condition in the workplace, such as the implementation of positive action and the adoption of effective mean of resolution of controversies. Finally, it concludes by suggesting the next steps to be pursued towards the gender equality.
194

Direito, sociedade, ambiente e reforma agrária: debates sobre a função socioambiental da propriedade na Argentina, no Brasil e no Paraguai / Law, society, environment and land reform: discussions on the environmental function of property in Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay

Maria Solange Bourlot 18 December 2014 (has links)
A insatisfação com o sistema latifundiário predominante na América Latina tem levado à implementação de reformas, ainda que com diferentes intensidades. O direito constitui um fator essencial nesses processos, através dos textos constitucionais e das leis que dispõem que a propriedade da terra deve cumprir uma função social. Tal concepção significou uma transformação do clássico direito de propriedade, aquele que assegura o uso pleno e ilimitado do bem pelo proprietário. Sua incorporação nas constituições ocorreu num processo amplo de reconhecimento dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais, denominado constitucionalismo social, verdadeira mudança de paradigma em meio a uma grande concorrência de interesses e pressões. Junto à função social, posteriormente foi considerada a função ambiental da propriedade fundiária, entendida como um requisito essencial nos tempos atuais. Este trabalho consiste num estudo comparativo acerca do surgimento, evolução e incorporação do princípio da função socioambiental da propriedade pelos ordenamentos jurídicos da Argentina, do Brasil e do Paraguai, assim como sobre o entendimento dos Tribunais de última instância a respeito da sua aplicação em casos concretos. Graças à revisão e análise do material bibliográfico, pôde-se interpretar que a pressão exercida pelos movimentos sociais constitui um dos principais fatores que determinaram a incorporação deste princípio nos sistemas jurídicos, embora com diferentes níveis de profundidade, vista a disparidade de força com a qual estes grupos atuam nos três países. Por outro lado, através da análise de conteúdo dos principais julgamentos dos Tribunais Superiores tratando sobre a função socioambiental da propriedade, foi possível advertir que tal princípio é aceito e levado em conta nos três casos. Porém, principalmente no caso brasileiro, seu cumprimento é em última análise colocado num segundo plano para a resolução das controvérsias, o que demonstra que sua aplicação concreta como princípio de justiça social é ainda tímida no âmbito judiciário. / The discontent with the landowner system in Latin America has led to the implementation of reforms, although with different intensities. The law has been a key factor in these processes through constitutions and laws which state that land ownership should fulfill a social function. This has meant to a transformation of the classic ownership law, one that ensures the full and unlimited use of the good by the owner. Its incorporation in constitutions takes place within a broad recognition process of economic, social and cultural rights, called social constitutionalism, a genuine paradigm shift that entailed huge fight of interests and pressures. Besides the social function, later was considered the environmental function, understood as a key requirement nowadays. This work is a comparative study about the emergence, evolution and incorporation of the social and environmental function principle of property by the legal systems of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, as well as on the understanding of the courts of last resorts regarding of their application in specific cases. By means of the review and analysis of bibliographic material, we could interpret that the pressure exerted by social movements has been one of the main factors in determining the incorporation of this principle in the legal systems, although with different strength, given the relevance of these groups operation in the three countries. Moreover, by analyzing the content of the Superior Courts main judgments dealing with the social and environmental function of property, it was possible to observe that such a principle is accepted and taken into account in all three cases. However, especially in the Brazilian case, its lack of compliance is placed in the background for disputes resolution, which shows that its practical application as a principle of social justice claims is still timid in courts.
195

Estudo comparativo municipal no Brasil e no Peru

Medina, Enver Vladimir Chahuayo January 2009 (has links)
O presente estudo tem como objeto, a instituição municipal, brasileira e peruana, nos seus perfis fundamentais: fatores históricos, culturais, atuais, de compreensão jurídica da instituição municipal, a relação entre município e Estado e a organização dos mesmos. Analisar, de forma comparativa, a normatividade constitucional municipal dos dois países, procurando esboçar a perspectiva da doutrina atual do Brasil e do Peru, a respeito dos Municípios, assim como as causas que desenvolveram os sentidos das mesmas. É distinguida, também, a estruturação orgânica de governo do Município, isto é, o órgão executivo e legislativo, assim como a estrutura administrativa municipal adotada no ordenamento jurídico peruano, e no brasileiro. As relações, de poder entre Município e Estado, são de crucial importância para a organização e funcionamento da instituição municipal, encontrando-se plenamente justificadas nos ordenamentos sob comparação. Essas relações, guardam referência com o marco normativo desenvolvido a partir de uma delicada concordância de competências e funções que, numa última análise, depende da forma de estado adotada por ambos os países, assim como do grau de concretização do nomeado princípio da subsidiariedade. A importância e compreensão do princípio de subsidiariedade, em ambos os ordenamentos, se mostra com a materialização, ou não, de municípios destacados pela sua adequação ao tipo de localidade, assim como às necessidades da mesma. Finalmente, esta pesquisa busca outorgar os elementos necessários para uma adequada abordagem e estudo da instituição municipal nas duas formas de Estado adotadas pelo Brasil e o Peru, analisando os possíveis elementos jurídicos determinantes da posição e normatividade destes países; permitindo uma compreensão introdutória básica do Município nos ordenamentos jurídicos sob análise. / The present study has as objective the Brazilian and Peruvian Municipality institution in its fundamental aspects: The present historic-cultural factores of legal understanding of the municipality institution, the connection between city council and state, and its organization. It is a comparative analysis of the constitutional regulations of the Brazilian and Peruvian city council making an effort to outline the main scope of its present doctrine as well as the causes which could have favored the sense of both. Consequently, it is distinguished the organic structure of the municipality government, that is to say the executive and legislative branches as well as the administrative municipality structure taken in the legal sistems under comparison. It is emphasized the relation in power between town council and state as well, both fundamental for the organization and operation of the municipality institution being even entirely justified in the Peruvian and Brazilian legal system. Such relations are being given by regulatory frameworks which develop a delicate assignement of competencies and functions, which depend on the state form adopted by both countries as well as the degree in which the so-called principle of subsidiary materializes. The importance and understanding of this principle in the regulations under comparison are reflected in their becoming reality or not, of city councils prominent for its adjustement to the type of locality as well as its necessities. Finally, the purpose of this invetigation is to give the necessary elements for an adequate approach and study of the municipality institution in a federal way of the Brazilian state and in the united Peruvian, analyzing the possible legal elements desicive in the legal regulations of the municipality, which allows a basic introductory undertanding of the municipality and the legal regulations comparatively. / El presente estudio tiene por objeto la institución municipal brasilera y peruana en sus aspectos fundamentales: factores histórico - culturales actuales de comprensión jurídica de la institución municipal, la relación entre municipio y Estado, y la organización de aquella. Es un análisis comparativo de la normativa constitucional del municipio brasilero y peruano procurando esbozar los principales alcances de su doctrina actual así como de las causas que pudieron propiciar el sentido de ambas. Por ende se distingue la estructuración orgánica del gobierno municipal, es decir, los órganos ejecutivo y legislativo así como la estructura administrativa municipal adoptada en los sistemas jurídicos bajo comparación. Se destaca también las relaciones de poder entre Municipio y Estado, fundamentales para la organización y funcionamiento de la institución municipal, encontrándose, incluso, plenamente justificadas en los ordenamientos jurídicos peruano y brasilero. Esas relaciones vienen dadas por marcos normativos que desarrollan una delicada asignación de competencias y funciones, que dependen de la forma estadual adoptada por ambos países así como del grado de concretización del denominado principio de subsidiariedad. La importancia y comprensión del principio de subsidiariedad en los ordenamientos bajo comparación se reflejan en la materialización, o no, de municipios destacados por su adecuación al tipo de localidad así como a las necesidades de la misma. Finalmente, esta investigación busca otorgar los elementos necesarios para un adecuado abordaje y estudio de la institución municipal en la forma federal de estado brasilera y en la unitaria peruana, analizando los posibles elementos jurídicos determinantes de la normatividad jurídica del municipio, que permitan una comprensión introductoria básica del Municipio en los ordenamientos jurídicos comparados.
196

Marcas sonoras, voz, a lei da EIRELI e interpretação jurídica

Bezerra, Maurício José dos Santos 31 August 2015 (has links)
The registrability of sound marks and therefore the voice, very controversial Institute on Law Brazilian trademark,, post to find record of resistance by the regulatory agency, the federal agency INPI - National Institute of Industrial Property - the regrar the right to record sound marks from the use of the literal interpretation of Article 122 of Law 12,979 / 96, which, in its final part, provides that "visually perceptive distinctive sign". However, this institute has some inserts in Brazilian law, to speak of the Civil Code and the Federal Constitution, even if such provisions have direct application, at least until the issue of the law EIRELI (Law No. 12,441 / 2011). In this vein, the doctrine and jurisprudence have made use of hermeneutics and interpretative processes to develop legal thinking about the right of sound marks and voice, as the foreign trademark legislation, whether European, American and even countries Latin America, already willing to regulate the matter. Thus, this paper will address content on registrability of sound marks and the voice of law in Brazilian law, taking into account the rules of hermeneutics and comparative law. / A registrabilidade das marcas sonoras e por consequência o da voz, instituto bastante polêmico no Direito Marcário brasileiro, posto que encontre resistência de registro pelo órgão regulador, a autarquia federal INPI Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial a regrar o direito de registro de marcas sonoras a partir da utilização da interpretação literal do disposto no artigo 122 da lei 12.979/96, que, em sua parte final, dispõe que os sinais distintivos visualmente perceptíveis . Contudo, tal instituto tem algumas inserções no Direito brasileiro, a se falar do Código Civil e da Constituição Federal, ainda que tais disposições não tenham aplicação direta, ao menos até a edição da lei das EIRELI (Lei nº 12.441/2011). Nesse diapasão, a doutrina e a jurisprudência têm se valido da hermenêutica e dos processos interpretativos para evoluir o pensamento jurídico quanto ao direito das marcas sonoras e da voz, já que a legislação marcária estrangeira, seja a europeia, a americana e até mesmo de países da América Latina, já dispuseram a regular a matéria. Assim, o presente trabalho abordará conteúdos sobre registrabilidade de marcas sonoras e do direito de voz no Direito Brasileiro, levando-se em conta as regras de hermenêutica e o direito comparado.
197

Da decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem comercial internacional / Decisions ex aequo et bono in international commercial arbitration

Martim Della Valle 28 May 2009 (has links)
A eqüidade é um termo polissêmico e comporta diversas definições. Nesta obra, estudam-se as decisões por eqüidade na arbitragem comercial internacional e não a eqüidade em todos seus aspectos. Trata-se da função substitutiva da eqüidade. A decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem apresenta-se como uma técnica: uma forma de decidir sem que haja remissão necessária ao direito positivo. Sua característica principal é a liberdade de método decisório. Seu principal efeito é a possibilidade de derrogar o direito positivo, dentro dos limites da ordem pública. Ela qualifica-se, do ponto de vista positivo, como uma técnica de decisão; do ponto de vista negativo, como uma abdicação do julgamento conforme regras de direito. Em termos históricos, a decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem existe desde pelo menos a Grécia antiga. Desde então, ela sobrevive na tradição jurídica ocidental. Nos dias atuais, ela é encontrada na imensa maioria dos ordenamentos. Boa parte de sua disciplina atual no mundo decorre do movimento de reforma das legislações nacionais ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que teve na Lei Modelo da CNUDCI uma importante fonte de inspiração. A arbitragem por eqüidade é uma espécie do gênero arbitragem. Embora possua diversas denominação no mundo, tais diferenças não encerram diversidade de conceitos. Em termos de qualificação da cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade, existem divergências: pode-se relacioná-la à cláusula arbitral, ao procedimento ou ao mérito. Nesta obra, defendemos seu posicionamento nos domínios da cláusula arbitral, embora possua efeitos processuais. Nos dias de hoje, pode-se afirmar a existência de regras materiais transnacionais depreendidas do exame do direito comparado e jurisprudência arbitral, especificamente para a arbitragem por eqüidade. A cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade produz efeitos tanto no direito material quanto no procedimento. No direito material, possibilita-se a derrogação do direito positivo. No direito processual, tanto pode causar alterações automáticas do procedimento como conferir maior liberdade aos árbitros na condução da arbitragem. Resta dúvidas se autoriza modificações no procedimento convencionado pelas partes. Também é controversa a possibilidade de se decidir por eqüidade questões prévias ao mérito, como a validade da cláusula arbitral. A decisão por eqüidade é limitada pela ordem pública e pelo princípio do devido processo. Com relação ao contrato, existem divergências sobre seu alcance. Todavia, pode-se verificar a sedimentação de um entendimento pelo qual os árbitros podem moderar certas disposições contratuais que produzam resultados injustos; todavia, não podem alterar substancialmente a economia do contrato. Do exame de direito comparado, existem três sistemas de arbitragem por eqüidade. Na imensa maioria dos casos, permitir-se-á desde que as partes assim convencionem. Presume-se, portanto, a arbitragem de direito. Um segundo sistema, utilizado por alguns países Latino-Americanos, presume que a arbitragem seja por eqüidade, salvo convenção das partes. Um terceiro sistema, adotado por poucos países, não permite a arbitragem por eqüidade. Os tratados internacionais em geral não tratam da arbitragem por eqüidade. Aqueles que o fazem, em geral apresentam uma regra material: permitem-na, desde que as partes convencionem. Nesta obra, realizou-se um exame da jurisprudência arbitral e uma pesquisa empírica com 92 profissionais que atuam na arbitragem comercial internacional em diversos países. De seu exame, podem-se identificar alguns elementos recorrentes na prática da arbitragem por eqüidade no mundo. Esses elementos ajudam a desvendar as formas e limites da arbitragem do instituo, bem como o que tem sido compreendido como equitativo no domínio da arbitragem comercial. Em outras palavras, o \"justo no comércio internacional\". / Equity is a polissemic term and comprises several definitions. This work focus on ex aequo et bono (sometimes referred to as in \"equity\") decisions rendered in international commercial arbitration, and not on the term \"equity\" as a whole. It is about the equity substitutive function. The equity decision rendered in arbitration procedures presents itself as a technique: A way to decide without reference to positive law. Its main characteristic is the freedom of the decision method. Its main effect is the possibility to repeal the positive law, within the public order/ordre public limits. It is qualified, from a positive point of view, as a decision technique; from a negative point of view, as an abdication of judgment according to the rules of law. In historical terms, ex aequo et bono decision in arbitration exists at least since Ancient Greece. Since then, it survives in the occidental legal tradition. Nowadays, it is found in most part of the legal systems. Good part of its current discipline in the World results from the national legislation reformulation movement occurring in the last decades, which was greatly inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) is a type of arbitration. Although it has several different legal frameworks in the world, such differences do not imply a diversity of concept or nature. In terms of qualification of the amiable composition c1ause, there are divergences: It may be related to the arbitration c1ause, to proceeding or to merits. This work submits its positioning in the arbitration c1ause, in spite of its procedural effects. Nowadays, it may be affirmed the existence of transnational material rules applicable to arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) arising out of comparative law and case law analysis. The ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) c1ause produces both substantive and procedural effects. In the substantive law, it is possible to repeal the positive law. In procedural law, it may cause automatic alterations in the proceeding, such as granting a greater freedom to the arbitrators in the conduction ofthe arbitration. It is still unc1ear if it authorizes modifications in the proceeding agreed by the parties. It is also controversial the possibility to render ex aequo et bono decisions in relation to those matters prior to the merit, such as the arbitration c1ause validity. The decision ex aequo et bono is limited by the public order/ordre public and due process. There are divergences regarding its effects in relation to the contracts (and parties\' will more generally). However, there seems to be an understanding according to which the arbitrators may mitigate certain contractual provisions producing unfair results; nevertheless, they may not substantially modify the contractual economy. According to a comparative law analysis, there are three \"systems\" for ex aequo et bono c1auses. In most of the cases, such kind of arbitration is permitted, provided that the parties so agree. It is therefore presumed the arbitration at law. A second system, used by some Latin-American countries, provides for ex aequo et bono decision as the default rule for arbitration, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. A third system, adopted by a few countries, does not allow this kind of arbitration. International treaties, in general, do not deal with arbitrations ex aequo et bono. Those which so deal with it, in general, present a material rule: decisions ex aequo et bono are permitted, if the parties so agree. This work analyzes the case law related to ex aequo e bono arbitration and performs a field research with 92 professionals acting in the international commercial arbitration field in several countries. From such analysis, it can be identified some common features in the worldwide arbitration practice. Such elements help c1arify the ways and limits of this kind of arbitration, as well as what has been understood as equitable within the commercial arbitration context. In other words, what is \"fair\" in international trade.
198

L'administration de la protection de l'enfance en France et en Turquie / Administration of child protection in France and in Turkey

Sirin, Memduh Cemil 15 June 2017 (has links)
La France et la Turquie organisent différemment leurs administrations de protection de l'enfance. Les modèles appliqués à l'administration de la protection de l'enfance diffèrent quant à leur partage des compétences entre, d'une part, l'administration et la justice et, d'autre part, l’État central et l’État décentralisé. La France préfère un système décentralisé alors que la Turquie opte pour un système centralisé et déconcentré. En principe, la protection judiciaire en France n'est que subsidiaire par rapport à la protection administrative, tandis qu'en Turquie, en règle générale, la décision judiciaire est obligatoire pour toute mesure de protection. Bien que les différents modèles lui soient appliqués, les administrations respectives de la protection de l'enfance des deux pays portent les mêmes défauts essentiels. Il s'agit de la protection d'un nombre insuffisant d'enfants en danger et de la satisfaction insuffisante des besoins des enfants pris en charge par l'administration. Alors que le modèle administratif de la protection de l'enfance conserve son importance, il faut se concentrer d'abord sur les éléments constitutifs de l'administration qui sont la philosophie, l'infrastructure juridique, les institutions et les politiques de l'administration de la protection de l'enfance. Cette étude analyse les administrations respectives de la protection de l'enfance de la France et de la Turquie en se penchant sur leur conformité à l'intérêt de l'enfant à partir de ces éléments constitutifs. / France and Turkey organize differently their child protection administrations. The models applied to the child protection administration differ in their division of powers between administration and justice on the one hand and the central and decentralized State on the other. France prefers a decentralized system while Turkey opts for a centralization and deconcentration. In principle, judicial protection in France is subsidiary to administrative protection, whereas in Turkey, as a general rule, judicial decision is compulsory for ail protection measures. Although the different models are applied to it, the respective child protection administrations of the two countries share the same basic shortcomings. These are the protection of an insufficient number of children in danger and insufficient satisfaction of the needs of the children in the care of the administration. While the administrative model of child protection retains its importance, it is necessary to focus first on the constituent elements of administration that are the philosophy, legal infrastructure, institutions and policies of the administration of chi Id protection. This study analyzes the respective child protection administrations of France and Turkey by examining their conformity with the interests of the child on the basis of these constituent elements.
199

The impact of religious dress code in the workplace

Mphela, Reshoketsoe 04 June 2014 (has links)
LL.M. (Labour Law) / Please refer to full text to view abstract
200

Disability, discrimination and equal opportunities : a comparative labour law study

Harmse-Truter, Laurentia 16 August 2012 (has links)
LL.D. / This study aims to investigate the different ways in which the position of people with disabilities can be addressed. Antidiscrimination legislation can play a very important role. Efforts to create equal opportunities must, however, not be limited to legislative initiatives and policy declarations. There is an urgent need for education and training of this minority group. 7 Systematic efforts to heighten public awareness of civil rights and in particular the recognition of the rights of the disabled community are imperative. This study aims to bring home the truth that "disability rights are an idea and ideal whose time has come. ,, When addressing the issue of disability discrimination (or for that matter any kind of discrimination) several principles need to be addressed, the most important being the following: The meaning of the concept of "equality" needs to be established. The fact that all people are equal, does not necessarily mean that all people must be treated the same. When speaking about disability discrimination one must know who forms part of the protected class. For that reason the first issue that must be addressed is the definition of "disability": This leads to the next question, namely which individuals should be protected by anti-discrimination laws and should they benefit from affirmative action measures? What is meant by the term "discrimination"? Is it at all permissible to distinguish between groups of people and, if so, when and which standards are to be applied? What role can anti-discrimination legislation fulfil in the struggle for equality? When dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, what is required in order to prove discrimination and what remedies must be available to an aggrieved party? Normally, in case of criminal action proof is required beyond reasonable doubt and in case of civil action on the balance of probabilities. 10 Civil action offers more effective remedies, but should it be punitive in nature (by awarding damages to the aggrieved party) or non-punitive (by putting the aggrieved party in his/her "rightful place")? What sort of enforcement mechanism is needed? Is it a task for the ordinary tribunals or rather a special body created for that purpose? What defences should be available to an employer accused of discriminatory practices? Who should benefit from enforcement? Only the individual victim or all members of that group? Is anti-discrimination legislation sufficient or is something in addition called for? If positive measures are required, what form must these measures take? This study will address these questions specifically with relation to people with disabilities.The "equality principle" will first be studied. Thereafter the concept of "disability" will be defined. There is a movement away from a medical model of disability towards a social model that takes account of the disabling effects of attitudes and structural barriers on the position of disabled people. Then the concept of "discrimination" will be addressed. Discrimination has many different forms and can take place in different contexts In the following chapter possible solutions to the problem of disability discrimination will be raised. Thereafter follows an important comparative analysis of different jurisdictions on international, supra-national and national level. Different jurisdictions have reached different stages in addressing this problem. The factual analysis of each jurisdiction will include the existence of any anti-discrimination legislative measures, the scope of the protected class, applicable employment provisions, defences available to employers, and the success achieved in addressing the problem. The contentious issue of affirmative action measures will also be addressed. By drawing inferences from the comparative study, suggestions will be made for future developments in South Africa. The conclusion is reached that it is imperative for South Africa to draft disability anti-discrimination legislation that takes account of the needs of this minority group. Legislative initiatives, however, are not enough and must be supported by various programmes aimed at the disabled themselves and the community that they live in. Only then can human rights become a reality also for people with disabilities.

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