A comparison of Czech Administrative Procedure Code with the Administrative Procedure Codes of Swiss Confederation and the Fribourg Canton Summary This master thesis is dedicated to comparison of Czech Administrative Procedure Code with the Administrative Procedure Codes of Swiss Confederation and the Fribourg Canton at the occasion of the 10-year anniversary of the Code of Administrative Procedure. Since Swiss Codes also regulate proceedings before administrative courts, it treats also some aspects of the Czech judicial review (especially access to judicial protection via legal action). The study is based not only on laws, but also on jurisprudence and court's decisions. The first part is focused on description and analysis of the Swiss administrative procedure laws and related topics: history of administrative procedure laws, brief description of public institutions. The second part compares contents of Czech and Swiss Codes and their main divergence - the Czech Code is more instructive that its Swiss counterparts, Swiss Codes are not general codification of all administrative. Then, we analyze selected legal issues related to administrative procedure: definitions and conception of participants in proceedings, different conception of review proceedings, Swiss administrative procedure is not always carried...

L’eau en tant que ressource naturelle en mouvement permanent est difficilement saisissable par le droit. La pénurie de cette ressource demeure un problème majeur dans certaines régions du sud de l’Europe et plus particulièrement en Espagne, en France et en Italie. Devant ce défi, une protection juridique renforcée s'impose par nécessité .Le droit est-il en mesure d’assurer à cette ressource une telle protection à travers un statut spécifique qui tienne compte de son caractère vital et rare? Ce travail s’inscrit principalement dans une perspective de droit comparé entre les systèmes juridiques français, italien et espagnol, étudiés à la lumière du droit de l’Union européenne ayant favorisé une standardisation de la protection de l’eau, même si elle demeure insuffisante. La domanialisation et la patrimonialisation de l’eau, ainsi que la reconnaissance progressive d’un droit à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement sont les solutions proposées par les droits publics étudiés. La question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité de la protection publique de l’eau est au cœur de l’étude et invite à s’interroger sur les acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la protection de la ressource en eau ainsi que sur un partage des compétences souvent complexe. Dans cette perspective, le rôle du juge administratif et des juges des eaux publiques en matière d’application effective des normes protectrices de la ressource en eau est fondamental. Ainsi, la question de l’effectivité de la protection s’est imposée, car elle découle tant de son caractère préventif que du caractère répressif des sanctions appliquées en cas de dommages causés à la ressource en eau. / Water as a natural resource in constant motion is difficult to grasp by the law. The shortage of this resource remains a major problem in parts of southern Europe, particularly in Spain, France and Italy. Faced with this challenge, enhanced legal protection is necessary with force. Is the law able to guarantee this resource protection through a special status that respects its vital and rare character? The purpose of this piece of work is mainly to set a comparative law perspective between the French, Italian and Spanish legal systems, studied in the light of the law of the European Union which promoted a standardization of water protection, even if it remains insufficient. The public domain, the concept of heritage, and the gradual recognition of the right to drink water and sanitation are the solutions proposed by the legal systems studied. The question of the effectiveness and efficiency of public water protection is at the heart of the study. It raises questions about the actors in the implementation of the protection of water, as well as an often complex sharing of skills. In this perspective, the role of the administrative judge and judges of public waters in terms of effective enforcement of protective standards for water is fundamental. So the question of the effectiveness of protection raises central, because it follows both the preventive character and the repressive nature of the sanctions imposed in the case of damaging the water resources.

L'évolution du terrorisme dans les trente dernières années a provoqué la réaction de la communauté internationale et celle des États. Un droit pénal d'extrême sévérité baptisé droit pénal de l'ennemi est en train de se développer. L'étude comparée franco-brésilienne des définitions adoptées, des sanctions et des procédures applicables en matière de terrorisme révèle la présence et les limites posés à ce droit, par les principes de la proportionnalité et de la légalité, ces deux principes qui sont devenus le commun dénominateur des toutes législations en matière pénale. De la sorte les idées de dangerosité et de mesures préventives prennent une importance nouvelle, à la fois en droit de fond et en droit procédural. Si ce droit se développe de façon aussi rapide actuellement, c'est en raison du fait que les infractions terroristes sont à la fois, et dans de nombreux pays, plus nombreuses et en même temps plus dévastatrices. / The evolution of terrorism along the last 30 years has provoked the reaction from the international community just as from the nations. An extremely severe criminal law, named enemy criminal law, is being developed. The Franco Brazilian comparative study of terrorism definitions, sanctions and applicable procedures reveals the presence and the limits imposed to this law by the principles of proportionality and legality, principles that became the common denominator of all legislations in criminal matters. In this way, the concepts of dangerousness and preventive measures take a new importance, in both substantial and procedural law. If this law is being developed so fast lately, it is due to the fact that the terrorist attempts are, in several countries, in greater number and more destructive.

Le contrat de franchise organise la transmission d'un savoir-faire et prépare la réitération d'un succès commercial. Compte tenu de la nature complexe de la prestation caractéristique, les parties au contrat deviennent au fil du temps des véritables partenaires, si bien que le contrat de franchise acquiert une dimension relationnelle. Malgré cette spécificité, le droit français appréhende encore le contrat de franchise en utilisant le modèle cognitif classique offert par la théorie générale du contrat. Une telle démarche risque d'ignorer la réalité des problèmes que les partenaires peuvent rencontrer, ce qui peut conduire à l'application de solutions inadaptées. La proposition d'une analyse relationnelle vise à réduire un tel risque. En se fondant principalement sur les travaux de la doctrine nord-américaine, l'analyse relationnelle séduit de plus en plus les juristes français notamment parce que les raisonnements proposés sont souvent compatibles avec le droit positif. En envisageant le contrat de franchise grâce à la grille de lecture fournie par l'analyse relationnelle, il devient possible d'appréhender l'intégralité du contexte dans lequel ce contrat s'insère et de proposer des règles de droit en harmonie avec les besoins et préoccupations des partenaires contractuels. / The franchise agreement organizes the transmission of trade secrets and business plans. Given the complex nature of this performance , the contracting parties over time become true partners , so that the franchise agreement acquires a relational dimension. Despite the existence of a relational dimension, French contract law still rule the franchise agreement using the standard cognitive model offered by classic contract theory. Such an approach risks ignoring the real problems that partners can meet , which may lead to the application of inappropriate solutions. The proposal for a relational analysis aims to reduce such a risk. Based largely on the work of the North American contract law doctrine , the relational analysis is attracting more and more French scholars especially because the proposed arguments follow the French legal system's evolution. The relational analysis allows us to understand the franchise agreement's context and propose solutions in harmony with the needs and concerns of contractual partners.

A presente tese diz respeito à análise das hipóteses de atribuição da guarda dos filhos incapazes de pessoas que, por alguma razão, vivam separadamente, desmanchando eventual vínculo familiar entre elas existente. Corno esse fato não é apto a desfazer os vínculos entre cada um dos genitores e seus filhos, torna-se imperiosa a atribuição da guarda a um ou a ambos os pais (guarda simples, alternada ou compartilhada). A análise da questão toma em consideração os casos com elemento estrangeiro, ou seja, com algum fator que possa desvincular o caso fático de sua subsunção exclusiva ao ordenamento jurídico nacional, ligando-o, potencialmente, a outro ordenamento jurídico, quer pelo fato de um dos pais ser nacional de ou domiciliado em Estado estrangeiro, quer porque a criança seja estrangeira, ou, ainda, por um dos genitores manifestar a intenção de passar a residir no exterior, mesmo que todos os elementos até então existentes indicassem conexão exclusiva com o ordenamento brasileiro. Além da atribuição da guarda, outras conseqüências podem advir dessa relação fática, como a manutenção ou não do poder familiar, a regulamentação do direito de visitas, a estipulação do valor da pensão alimentícia etc. Torna-se necessário, assim, decidir qual a lei aplicável para a regulação da questão, bem como de suas conseqüências imediatas, vale dizer, a regulamentação do regime de visitas para o genitor afastado da convivência diuturna com os filhos, além da fixação da quantia necessária para a subsistência das crianças, por meio da pensão alimentícia a que façam jus. O estudo considera o direito à convivência familiar plena enquanto princípio maior e reitor da questão. O tema envolve, assim, urna série de institutos jurídicos ligados, em última análise, à proteção da criança em suas relações privadas (familiares), sejam elas de âmbito eminentemente pessoal, sejam, por outro lado, de âmbito patrimonial, englobando-se, desse modo, os direitos humanos e o direito internacional privado. Levou-se em conta o direito internacional privado convencional existente, mas ainda não ratificado pelo Estado brasileiro, indicando a eventual pertinência no que respeita a urna futura ratificação. A existência de uma série de convenções internacionais sobre o tema ainda não ratificadas pelo Brasil exigiu uma análise da questão não apenas do ponto de vista do direito interno, mas também, e principalmente, relativa à regulamentação sugerida pela sociedade internacional. O objetivo maior foi dar tratamento sistemático à matéria e indicar ao legislador nacional e ao Poder Executivo - dotado de competência para representar o país nas relações internacionais - um caminho que pode ser seguido pelo Estado brasileiro no que concerne à ratificação ou não dos tratados internacionais existentes sobre o assunto. A falta de estudos sistemáticos no Brasil a respeito do tema tem o condão de justificar a escolha empreendida, indicando a sua importância e sua originalidade, mormente quando se pretende indicar aos órgãos competentes as vantagens e/ou desvantagens que o sistema é capaz de proporcionar, seja na eleição do elemento de conexão posto em relevo para a escolha da lei aplicável à hipótese, seja nos aspectos procedimentais e de cooperação internacional envolvidos. O trabalho, em razão dos preceitos legislativos abrangidos, exigiu fossem seguidas duas metodologias distintas: uma de raiz e cunho dogmáticos a respeito dos institutos jurídicos conexos à questão e outra, de raiz e cunho comparativos a respeito da colação entre os sistemas existentes, qual seja, o sistema vigente no país e o sistema indicado pela sociedade internacional como o mais adequado para regular a questão. O método comparativo não se confunde com a mera descrição dos ordenamentos jurídicos (nacional e internacional), exigindo, isso sim, a análise de cada um dos fatores considerados relevantes em ambos os ordenamentos, procedendo-se a quadros comparativos que permitam ao intérprete atingir qual o sistema legislativo mais adequado para a hipótese. Não é recomendável, na aplicação de tal método, a análise de muitos ordenamentos jurídicos, daí por que a limitação do trabalho. Assim, não se perverte o método, conservando-se a cientificidade que o trabalho visou realizar. / The present thesis concerns the analysis of hypotheses on attributing the custody of children to people who, for some reason, live separately, undoing the possible family bond existing between them. As this fact is cannot undo the bonds between each of the parents and their children, the attribution of custody to one or to both parents (simple, alternate or shared custody) becomes imperious. The analysis of the matter takes into consideration the cases with a foreign element, that is, with a factor that may disentail the phatic case from its exclusive subsunction to the national legal system, potentially linking it to another legal system, be it for the fact of one of the parents being a foreign citizen or domiciled in a foreign country, be it for the child being a foreigner, or, still, for one of the parents manifesting the intention of living abroad, even if all the elements existing until then indicate exclusive connection with the Brazilian legal system. Besides the attribution of custody, other consequences may derive from this phatic relationship, such as the maintenance or not of the family power, the regulation of visit rights, the stipulation of the fee, etc. It turns thus necessary to decide what law is applicable to regulate the matter, as well as their immediate consequences, that is, the regulation of the visit regime for the parent removed from the daily coexistence with the children, besides the establishment of the necessary sum for the childrens subsistence, by means of the alimony they are entitled to. The study considers the full family coexistence right, while a major principle and ruler of the matter. The theme thus involves a number of legal institutions, in a final analysis, linked to children protection in their private (family) relationships, either of eminently personal ambit, or, conversely, of patrimonial ambit, thus comprehending human rights and private international law. The work took into consideration conventional existing private international law, not yet ratified by Brazil, indicating the possible pertinence concerning a future ratification. The existence of a number of international conventions on the theme, not yet ratified by Brazil, required an analysis of the matter, not only from the point of view of domestic right, but also - and mainly - related to the regulation suggested by international society. The major purpose was to provide a systematic treatment to the matter and to indicate to the national lawmaker and to the Executive Power endowed with competence to represent Brazil in international affairs a path that may be followed by Brazil concerning the ratification or not of the existing international treaties on the matter. The lack of systematic studies on the theme in Brazil have the prerogative of justifying the choice undertaken, indicating its importance and originality, specially when intending to indicate to the competent organisms the advantages and/or disadvantages the system is capable of providing, be it in the choice of the connecting factor detached for choosing the law applicable to the hypothesis, be it in the procedural and international cooperation aspects involved. The work, owing to the legislative rules encompassed, required two distinct methodologies to be followed: one of dogmatic root and character with respect to the legal institutions connected to the matter and another, of comparative root and character with respect to the collation of the existing systems, which is the system in force in Brazil and the system indicated by the international society as the most adequate to regulate the matter. The comparative method is not to be confounded with the mere description of (national and international) law systems, but one requiring the analysis of each of the factors considered relevant in both systems, referring to comparative tables that allow the interpreter to decide on the most adequate legal system for the hypothesis. In the application of the method, the analysis of different legal systems is not advisable, hence the limitation of the work. Therefore, the method is not perverted, preserving the scientificity aimed at by the work.

No contexto do sistema tributário nacional brasileiro, uma apuração correta da renda tributável demanda o respeito a princípios abrigados pela Constituição Federal expressa ou implicitamente e, dentre estes, vale citar o princípio da realização da renda que, numa descrição simplificada, auxilia na detecção da capacidade econômica apta a sofrer tributação, uma vez que delineia diretrizes mais concretas para a identificação do momento adequado para que tal tributação se implemente. Este estudo enfoca o momento temporal em que se consideram ocorridos os fatos econômicos individuais que se ajuntam para compor a apuração da renda tributável. Não se trata, portanto, de uma abordagem direta acerca do aspecto temporal próprio da regra-matriz de incidência do imposto de renda, aquele que se identifica normalmente com o término do período de um ano. O tema é abordado com enfoque na tributação da renda, apresentando parâmetros para a conceituação do referido princípio e buscando delinear suas funções, bem como descrever seu âmbito de aplicação no Direito Tributário brasileiro, especialmente no que concerne à apuração do imposto de renda (sobretudo o de pessoas jurídicas). O princípio da realização é examinado sob três diferentes perspectivas. Primeiro, faz-se uma análise dos conceitos de renda (e noções correlatas de realização) fornecidos pelas ciências financeiras e econômicas. Segundo, há uma análise sob a perspectiva histórica que apresenta a evolução deste princípio na Alemanha, nos E.U.A., no Reino Unido e também no Brasil. E, por fim, sob a perspectiva estritamente jurídica, enfocando-se o sistema normativo atualmente vigente no Brasil, discutem-se a posição sistêmica do princípio da realização e as limitações impostas pela Constituição Federal de 1988 e pelo Código Tributário Nacional. Ainda nesta última perspectiva, avaliam-se as funções desempenhadas pelo princípio da realização como integrante dos princípios de contabilidade geralmente aceitos e as relações entre Direito Contábil e Direito Tributário. O princípio da realização é examinado em seus diferentes elementos (cumprimento da obrigação, mudança da posição patrimonial, troca no mercado, mensurabilidade, liquidez e certeza). Por fim, propõe-se uma estrutura para classificação dos diferentes critérios que informam o princípio da realização à luz da legislação brasileira. / In the context of the Brazilian tax system, a correct calculation of taxable income demands respect for the principles sheltered, expressly or implicitly, by the Federal Constitution and, among these, it is worth mentioning the realization principle. In a simplified description, said principle helps in the detection of the economic capacity that is able to suffer taxation, since it outlines more specific guidelines for identifying the right time where taxation may be implemented. This study focuses on the timing of the economic facts that are gathered up to comprise the basis for calculation of the taxable income. It is not, therefore, a direct approach on the temporal aspect of the basic rule of incidence of income tax (aspect which is usually identified with the end of the taxable period of one year). The issue is discussed with focus on taxation of income, showing parameters for the conceptualization of realization principle and seeking to outline its functions, as well as to describe its scope within the Brazilian Tax Law, especially on what concerns the calculation of the income tax (especially the corporate income tax). The realization principle is examined from three different perspectives. First, the study presents an analysis of the concepts of income (and related notions of realization) provided by the financial and economic sciences. Second, there is an analysis on the historical perspective that presents the evolution of this principle in Germany, the USA, the UK and also in Brazil. Finally, under a strictly legal perspective, focusing on the regulatory system currently in force in Brazil, it discusses the systemic position of the realization principle and the limitations imposed by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the National Tax Code. With respect to the latter perspective, the study examines the functions performed by the realization principle as part of the generally accepted accounting principles and the relations between Accounting and Tax Law. The realization principle is examined in its different elements (achievement of the obligation, change in the property position, market exchange, measurability, liquidity and certainty). Finally, it proposes a structure for the classification of the different criteria that inform the realization principle in accordance with the Brazilian legislation in force.

Dans le cadre des activités commerciales en cours, pour rivaliser avec succès au marché du Vietnam en particulier et au marché mondial en général, les entreprises ont besoin d'avoir des produits uniques, variés de styles, de couleurs, et de caractéristiques remarquables. Pour le faire, en réalité, beaucoup d'entreprises ont davantage investi dans la recherche, création et le développement des marques de marchandise. Toutefois, dans les activités commerciales, une situation réelle se passe où les entreprises mènent des activités légitimes sont souvent violés concernant les droits de propriété des marques sous les formes diverses et complexes. La plupart de la violation de marques de commerce se fait à l'erreur délibéré, c'est à dire le sujet réalise l'acte de violation sait bien que sa marque lancée au marché est similaire ou cause la confusion aux consommateurs, afin d'obtenir du profit de la vente de biens ou de services. La cause de la situation ci-dessus peut être dérivée de la construction et gestion de la marque au Vietnam est un domaine relativement nouveau pour de nombreuses entreprises. Ce n'est pas tout propriétaire de l'entreprise considère sa marque comme du bien intangible, donc il n'a pas préparé des conditions juridiquement nécessaires pour consolider et développer la marque. En terme d'objectivité, le système juridique spécialisée du Vietnam n'est pas conforme dans les règlements d'établir le droit de propriété et dans les règlements d'identifier l'acte de violation. Les procédures d'enregistrement des droits de propriété industrielle sont surchargées et complexes; le temps d'attente pour la délivrance du certificat de protection de la propriété des marques est très long et traverse plusieurs étapes d'examen. D'autre part, la sanction pour assurer l'appropriation industrielle au Vietnam n'est pas complète et détaillée, le mécanisme de mise en œuvre des sanctions n'est pas clair, et les bases de règlement ne sont pas satisfaisantes. / As part of ongoing business activities, to successfully compete in the Vietnam market in particular and the global market in general, companies need to obtain unique products, styles and remarkable features to stand out. In order to do this, in reality, many companies have invested more in research, the creation and development of merchandise trademarks. However, in conducting commercial activities, companies who are conducting legitimate activities often find their property rights violated by various trade marks in many complex shapes. Most of the trademark violations is deliberate, which, in another words, the subject knowingly performs the act of infringement with the knowledge that its trademark is similar or confusing for consumers in order to profit from the sale of goods or services. The causes of the above situation that can be derived from the building and manging trademark in Vietnam is a relatively new area for many companies. Not all owners considers their trademarks as intangible goods and, therefore, has not prepared the necessary conditions legally to consolidate and develop their trademarks. In terms of objectivity, Vietnam's specialized legal system does not conform to the regulations that establish the right of ownership and the regulations that identify acts of violation. Registration procedures of industrial property rights are overloaded and complex; the waiting time for the delivery of trademark ownership protection certificate is very long and passes through several stages of review. On the other hand, the penalty for industrial ownership in Vietnam is not complete and detailed of the implementation of penalty is not clear, and the foundation of the laws are not satisfactory. / Trong khuôn khổ hoạt động thương mại đang phát triển tại Việt Nam, quốc gia được tác giả lựachọn nghiên cứu so sánh những quy định pháp luật với Châu Âu, các doanh nghiệp rất cần đưacác sản phẩm, dịch vụ mới, như các sản phẩm thể hiện tính sáng tạo vào giao lưu thương mại dướinhãn hiệu có thể thu hút khách hàng và tạo sự trung thành trước tiên là khách hàng trong nước,sau đó định hướng thu hút khách hàng nước ngoài. Nhãn hiệu là dấu hiệu thu hút khách hàng (vídụ như nhãn hiệu Coca-Cola, được biết đến rộng rãi trên thế giới với những sản phẩm nước uốngkhông có cồn ; hay như nhãn hiệu nổi tiếng Apple, dành chỉ những sản phẩm như máy vi tính,điện thoại và các ứng dụng cho các thiết bị trên). Nhãn hiệu, đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc raquyết định mua hàng của người tiêu dùng nhất là đối với những sản phẩm mới, có giá trị rất caonên doanh nghiệp phải đầu tư xây dựng, phát triển để có thể thu hút được sự quan tâm của kháchhàng, nhất là việc làm cho khách hàng liên tưởng đến sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ của họ. Do nhãnhiệu tạo sự trung thành từ khách hàng và có giá trị tài sản cao nên là mục tiêu để bên thứ ba mongmuốn chiếm đoạt, bằng việc nhái nhãn hiệu, làm giả nhãn hiệu nhằm gây nhầm lẫn cho kháchhàng, thu lợi bất chính. Chính vì thế, trong hoạt động kinh doanh cần có những quy định pháp luậtđủ mạnh để ngăn chặn tình trạng vi phạm quyền sở hữu nhãn hiệu, có như thế chủ sở hữu mới cóthể an tâm đầu đầu tư phát triển nhãn hiệu, đồng thời có thể thu hút được những nhà đầu tư nướcngoài, vì có khung pháp lý đủ mạnh để bảo vệ quyền sở hữu nhãn hiệu của họ. Việt Nam đã gianhập nền kinh tế thế giới, do vậy các nhà lập pháp cấn phải xây dựng hệ thống pháp luật và cácbiện pháp để bảo vệ quyền sở hữu trí tuệ nói chung và quyền sở hữu nhãn hiệu nói riêng. Đây lànhiệm vụ phát triển kinh tế nhưng cũng đồng thời thực hiện các cam kết quốc tế mà Việt Nam đãgia nhập. Luận án tập trung nghiên cứu hệ thống pháp luật Việt Nam trong bảo hộ quyền sở hữu nhãn hiệu, từ đó chỉ ra những điểm chưa phù hợp với các công ước quốc tế, như các thủ tục xác lập quyền sở hữu nhãn hiệu còn nhiều mâu thuẫn, cơ quan cấp giấy chứng nhận sở hữu nhãn hiệu là cơ quan hành chính nhưng cũng đồng thời là cơ quan giải quyết các khiếu nại và tranh chấp phát sinh về nhãn hiệu ; chưa có khái nhiệm chuẩn về hành vi nhái nhãn hiệu, và việc xử lý hành vi xâm phạm nhãn hiệu được áp dụng bằng cả ba hình thức chế tài như : hành chính, dân sự, và hình sự với mức chế tài còn nhẹ chưa mang đủ tính răng đe và ngăn chặn những hành vi tương tự xuất hiện trong tương lai, mức bồi thường chưa tương xứng với thiệt hại mà chủ sở hữu nhãn hiệu phải gánh chịu. Luận án giới thiệu kinh nghiệm của một số quốc gia Châu Âu trong việc bảo hộ nhãn hiệu hang hoá, từ đó làm cơ sở cho việc đề xuất những giải pháp nhằm hoàn thiện hệ thống pháp luật Việt Nam, trước nhất phù hợp với các công ước quốc tế, từ đó có thể khuyến khích các doanh nghiệp Việt Nam mạnh dạn tham gia thị trường thế giới và có thể thu hút được những nhà đầu tư nước ngoài.

Cette thèse a pour objectif de convaincre de la nécessité d’introduire des règles applicables aux groupes de sociétés au sein du règlement, et d’analyser, au moyen du droit comparé, les résistances que cette position impliquent et d’en tirer les conséquences qui lui sont attachées au regard de la sécurité juridique au sein de l’Union européenne.Alors que le texte prohibe - implicitement - l’application du règlement au groupe de sociétés, le juge anglais, inspiré par un certain pragmatisme, a très vite considéré que le renversement de la présomption en faveur du siège social statutaire des filiales permettrait la centralisation des procédures principales au sein d’un seul État membre pour le traitement unitaire des difficultés des groupes de sociétés (« la jurisprudence Daisytek »). La Cour de justice de l’Union européenne a dans son célèbre arrêt Eurofood tenté de limiter les interprétations extensives des critères de compétence dont les juridictions nationales s’étaient vite accommodées. Les jurisprudences nationales se sont ensuite diversifiées. Si certains juges ont accordé un poids déterminant à la présence d’une activité dans l’État membre sur le territoire duquel est situé le siège social statutaire des sociétés membres d’un groupe, d’autres juges ont tout simplement résisté à l’arrêt Eurofood. Examinant ensuite les propositions des institutions européennes visant à modifier le règlement 1346/2000, cette thèse souligne la volonté des autorités européennes d’insérer des règles applicables aux groupes de sociétés pour la mise en oeuvre du règlement. Au terme de cette étude de droit comparé, des solutions sont proposées pour favoriser un traitement transfrontière efficace des difficultés au sein d’un groupe de société tout en garantissant la sécurité juridique des tiers au sein de l’Union européenne. / On 12 December 2012, the European Commission published its proposals for the revision of the Insolvency Regulation which were followed by a draft Legislative Resolution from the European Parliament (20th December 2013). While these proposals’ main objective is to create a specific legal framework for corporate group insolvencies, this thesis aims to demonstrate that they are unlikely to achieve their goal because of the requirement of legal certainty requirement within the EU.Adopted on 29 May 2000, the Council Regulation (EC) No 1346/2000 on insolvency proceedings (the « Insolvency Regulation ») aims at establishing a uniform set of private international law rules on insolvency proceedings having cross-border effects within the EU. Since its entry into force (31 May 2002), its application by national courts has created debate, in particular with regard to its application to corporate groups. In order to maximise the value of groups’ assets or to achieve a global restructuration of groups, the national courts broadened the scope of the Insolvency Regulation by an extensive interpretation of the centre of main interest (« COMI ») criterion. In such a context, the Court of Justice of the European Union (« CJEU ») reinforced the rule that each legal entity should be treated separately (in its 2006 Eurofood case).However, the CJEU’s ruling did not solve the legal issues that national courts were facing when applying the Insolvency Regulation in respect of corporate groups insolvencies.In spite of the fact that the creation of rules for groups of companies has always raised complex legal (and political) issues, the European’s proposals constitute surely a solid basis for discussion and a great opportunity for European academics and practitioners to make their voices heard as well as to propose further amendments to the current Insolvency Regulation. This thesis aims to demonstrate that several issues are unresolved with regard to the whole structure of the revised Insolvency Regulation (e.g. no specific definition of COMI with regard to corporate groups) as well as with regard to the special regime introduced for corporate groups (e.g. no clear choice on the coordination system to be favoured for insolvent groups of companies).

Le contrôle de constitutionnalité des révisions n’est pas encore accepté en France. Il s’agit d’une position qui fait consensus en doctrine depuis les débuts de la IIIème République. Dans sa décision du 26 mars 2003, le Conseil constitutionnel a également rejeté sa compétence en matière de lois constitutionnelles. Pour autant, la situation française reste, à l’aune du droit comparé, si ce n’est exceptionnelle, du moins isolée par rapport à ses proches voisins allemands et italiens. En outre, il existe dans le texte de la Constitution de 1958 une disposition formellement non-révisable. L’article 89 alinéa 5 dispose ainsi : « La forme républicaine du Gouvernement ne peut faire l’objet d’une révision ». Loin des débats sur la supraconstitutionnalité, il est donc possible d’envisager un contentieux spécifique des lois de révision constitutionnelles sur le fondement même de la Constitution. On désigne ces normes comme des normes à constitutionnalité renforcée. Il s’agit d’envisager d’abord s’il existe en théorie une hiérarchie entre les normes à constitutionnalité renforcée et les normes à constitutionnalité simple. Cette recherche ne peut se fonder que dans le cadre d’une analyse positiviste et kelsénienne du droit. Elle montre bien que le pouvoir constituant pose des normes spécifiques lors de la production de la constitution que le pouvoir de révision, mais aussi tous les autres pouvoirs constitués de l’État, doit respecter. Ensuite, il convient de vérifier que cette théorie est effective dans la pratique. L’étude des « changements de constitution », lors de transitions constitutionnelles ou des révisions totales conforte cette posture théorique. L’analyse de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle comparée démontre enfin que, loin d’être la prémisse d’un « Gouvernement des juges », le contrôle des révisions constitutionnelles permet le parachèvement de l’État de droit / Judicial review of constitutional amendments is not yet accepted in France. The legal community quasi-unanimously agreed on that solution since the early days of the III Republic. In its decision dated from march 26th, 2003, the Constitutional Council has explicitly denied its power concerning constitutional amendments. In view of the situation in neighboring countries Germany and Italy, the French situation remains singular, if not exceptional.The Constitution contains a provision which cannot be amended. Article 89 para 5 thus states: The republican form of government shall not be the object of any amendment.” Far from the debate on supraconstitutionaliy, it is therefore possible to envisage a specific action of constitutional amendment, based on the Constitution itself. These norms are called constitutionally enforced. The idea is to determine whether a hierarchy exists between “enforced constitutionally norms” and “simple constitutionally norms”. This research must be conducted under a positivist and kelsenian approach. It demonstrates that the constituent power creates specific norms that the amending power, along with all delegated power must respect. It should then be assessed if this theory is effective. The analysis of “constitutions changes” during constitutional transition reinforces the theoretical analysis. Comparative constitutional law studies demonstrate that judicial review of constitutional amendments is not a “Government by judiciary”; it further advances the rule of Law

L’existence d’un « régulateur financier » ayant pour mission d’encadrer les marchés financiers est un phénomène répandu qui confronte les systèmes juridiques à une question délicate : celle de l’intégration de ce régulateur dans le paysage institutionnel classique. C’est cette question qui est au coeur de la recherche menée en droit comparé, en France et au Moyen-Orient. D’origine anglo-saxonne, la formule frappe par son originalité fonctionnelle et structurelle. L'appréciation du phénomène passe d'abord par l’étude de la spécificité de la fonction de régulation. Comment appréhender le fait que le régulateur financier cumule des compétences normatives, contentieuses et administratives ? Ne dessaisit -il pas le législateur, le juge et l’exécutif d'une partie de leur activité? L’analyse révèle que la raison d'être du régulateur financier est de fonctionner en complémentarité avec les pouvoirs de l’État. Ne constituant pas un quatrième pouvoir, le régulateur financier diffuse l’art de la régulation résultant de son statut de gendarme de la Bourse et de magistère moral. L’approche fonctionnelle est complétée par une analyse du statut du régulateur financier. Quel positionnement occupe-t-il, alors qu'il combine des éléments privés et publics ? L’étude montre que le régulateur financier résiste aux distinctions classiques. Dépassant les frontières public/privé, il est à mi-chemin entre l'Etat et le marché. Il se nourrit des valeurs du privé par l’association des professionnels dans la régulation, le recours à des mécanismes contractuels pour régler les différends et la soumission au contrôle du juge judiciaire. Mais il maintient en même temps un statut public spécifique en vue d’assurer son indépendance. Il en résulte l'émergence d'un nouveau mode d’action de troisième voie ayant pour objet la mise en oeuvre d'une nouvelle fonction de l'Etat qui est la régulation dont l'avènement nécessite la conception d'une formule institutionnelle inédite. / The existence of a "financial regulator" whose mission is to control the financial markets is a widespread phenomenon that faces legal systems with a delicate issue: that of the integration of this regulator in the classic institutional landscape. It is this question which is at the core of research in comparative law between France and the Middle East. The formula, being of an Anglo-Saxon origin, is intriguing for its functional and structural originality. The evaluation of this phenomenon begins with the study of the specificity of the regulatory function. The question is how to apprehend that the financial regulator combines normative, administrative and litigation functions. Would not it divest the legislator, the judge and the executive of a part of their own activities? The analysis reveals that the purpose of the financial regulator is to function as a complement to the State’s powers. The financial regulator doesn’t constitute a fourth power itself; it rather diffuses the art of the regulation resulting from its status as a markets watchdog and its moral authority. The functional approach is complemented by examining the status of the financial regulator. What position does it occupy while combining both private and public elements? The study shows that the financial regulator is resistant to conventional legal distinctions. It is halfway between the State and the market surpassing by that the boundaries of the public/private law. In fact, it is nourished by private values through associating professionals in the regulation, using contractual mechanisms to resolve disputes, and submission to the judicial court control. However, it maintains, at the same time, a specific public status to ensure its independence. The result is the emergence of a new third mode of action whose purpose is the exercise of a new function of the State, which is the regulation, whose advent requires designing an unprecedented institutional formula.