Depuis ces dernières décennies, le droit de l’arbitrage international connaît une autonomie, en marge de la justice étatique, que les législateurs nationaux ne semblaient guère prévoir. Cette autonomie suscite l’intérêt mais aussi une inquiétude renouvelée par un double constat. Le premier réside dans l’absence d’une définition légale de l’arbitrage international, si ce n’est l’existence d’une définition implicite au travers de critères de distinction à l’égard de l’arbitrage interne. Ces critères, relevant d’une technique législative propre à chaque État, traduisent la conception très particulière qu’ils se font de l’institution et influent inévitablement sur la manière dont ils décident de régir l’arbitrage international. Le second relève de la complexification des échanges économiques et commerciaux transfrontaliers et de l’éclatement exponentiel des sources que connaît l’arbitrage international, sous l’impulsion des sources internationales, des réformes nationales et de la pratique qui en est faite. Le développement de ces règles met en évidence un processus qui s’inscrit dans un contexte favorable à la promotion d’une harmonisation informelle, d’un droit matériel de l’arbitrage international. Ces règles restent, aujourd’hui, insuffisantes. La faiblesse du système réside dans leur origine nationale qui conduit à soumettre la question de la réglementation de l’arbitrage à différentes législations particularistes. Même si le monisme – internationalisé – n’est pas incompatible avec les spécificités de l’arbitrage international, la solution dualiste semble plus opportune : la vraie question étant le degré de prise en compte de ces spécificités par les réglementations nationales. Aussi, l’existence d’un dualisme matériel, puis formel de l’arbitrage international, constitue une démarche préalable à la réflexion sur la potentialité d’un ordre juridique transnational considéré comme le socle normatif de l’arbitrage international. / Over the last decades, unforeseen to national legislators, International Arbitration Law acquired more and more autonomy despite the existence of domestic legislation governing international arbitration. This autonomy has sparked much interest but has also caused some concern. The reason for such concern is twofold. The first cause for concern lies in the fact that there exist no legal definition of international arbitration. Indeed, the notion of international arbitration is, as of today, derived from the various criteria which have been set to distinguish international arbitration from domestic arbitration. These criteria, which stem from legislative methods specific to each national jurisdiction, are a reflection of the very unique approach taken by national laws towards arbitration and inevitably influence the manner in which each state decides to legislate on the rules governing international arbitration.The second cause for concern is the result of the increasing complexity of cross-border economic and commercial trade and the continuous diversification of sources of international arbitration through the enactment of numerous international pieces of legislation, national reform and case law. The development of these rules reveals an ongoing process within a context favorable to an informal harmonization of substantive International Arbitration Law. These rules remain insufficient today. The weakness of the system is due to the fact that International Arbitration has been regulated through domestic legislation. This raises the question of regulating arbitration through country-specific legislation. Even if, when internationalized, monism is not incompatible with the specificities of international arbitration, the dualistic approach seems to be more appropriate. The real question here actually lies is the importance afforded by national regulation to such specificities. Moreover, the existence of material dualism followed by formal dualism in international arbitration is a first step in the ongoing legal debate around the appropriateness of Transnational Arbitral Legal Order as the normative pillar of international arbitration.

The thesis involves the usage and definition of folktale in theory and practice. The thesis consists of theoretic and practical parts. The theoretic part briefly deals with comparative law that used the folktale as one of the suitable material to study. It also compares different attitudes of defining and classifying folktales. Afterwards in the theoretic part there is introduced the influence of folktales on the pre-school and middle-school children. One part is devoted to narratology as a theory of narration and to particular kinds of folktales. The practical part introduces the preparation of worldwide folktale reading-book. It contains the way of selection of the literature, the structure of particular chapters of reading-book and creation of CD. Further there is the chapter Methods of active teaching, where the methods, responding to the trends of nowadays education, are introduced. The practical part ends with two chapters from the prepared reading-book, devoted to Italian and Greece folktales. The chapters fully correspond to the structure of the prepared reading-book. They also contain worksheets using some methods of active teaching.

No description available.

En dépit de l’impressionnante capacité technoscientifique des sociétés modernes, et en grande partie justement à ce titre, plusieurs indicateurs ne laissent aucun doute quant à la destruction accélérée de la nature de la planète. Bien que des signes de cette dégradation aient été perçus à divers moments de l’Histoire, c’est à partir des effets de la Révolution Industrielle que l’Homme, pour la première fois à une échelle visible, prend conscience de son rôle en tant qu’agent du changement environnemental et décide de s’organiser pour combattre les effets négatifs de ces changements. Il s’agit d’un jalon essentiel pour les objectifs contemporains de protection de l’environnement, qui a eu pour conséquence d’une part, la constitution d’un segment autonome de la société concerné par la protection de la nature, et d’autre part l’institutionnalisation d’un outil opérationnel privilégié : l’Aire naturelle protégée.Sans surprise, les instruments juridiques des Aires protégées font partie aujourd’hui des droits de la plupart des pays et couvrent une partie importante de la surface de la planète. Toutefois, cela ne doit pas occulter que le succès des Aires protégées auprès des gouvernements des pays est un phénomène relativement récent et qui résulte des profonds changements opérés au cours des dernières décennies sur les objectifs des politiques publiques de protection de la nature.Ces nouveaux éléments, et la recherche de leur intégration, ont conduit à deux constatations de plus en plus évidentes. D’un côté, les États ont connu une augmentation importante des ressources financières nécessaires à la conservation des espaces naturels, accompagnée de la reconnaissance que les Aires protégées devraient bénéficier autant que possible d’une certaine indépendance financière. D’un autre côté, il est de plus en plus clair que la recherche de l’efficacité des Aires protégées passe nécessairement par la sensibilisation, l’éducation, la persuasion et l’engagement de la population.Pour ces raisons, des nouvelles formes de réglementation sont recherchées et le droit est mobilisé pour offrir des alternatives permettant la valorisation de ces espaces et l’intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans les pratiques sociales.En ce sens, la valorisation - qui s’appuie souvent sur la stratégie de patrimonialisation et d’appropriation d’un certain nombre d’éléments matériels et immatériels des espaces naturels, afin d’augmenter simultanément la sensibilisation à leur importance et de lever les fonds nécessaires pour qu’ils soient protégés de la manière adéquate – fait l’objet d’une croissante reconnaissance comme une notion capable de répondre aux défis actuels des politiques publiques de conservation, pour son potentiel à lier les objectifs apparemment contradictoires de protection de la nature et de développement économique local.Dans ce travail nous cherchons à identifier et comparer la prise en compte de ces nouvelles préoccupations et les contributions des droits brésilien et français. Autrement dit, cet ouvrage traite de la valorisation du patrimoine environnemental des Aires protégées en droit brésilien et en droit français, à partir d’un point de vue comparatif. Dans ce but, elle traite successivement des notions de valorisation du patrimoine environnemental et d’Aire protégée, de la prise en compte politique de cette valorisation comme notion susceptible de répondre aux défis contemporains des Aires protégées, et finalement des contributions des droits brésilien et français en termes d’opérationnalisation de cet objectif. / Despite the impressive techno-scientific capacity of modern societies, and for the most part precisely as a result of it, several indicators leave no doubt about the accelerated destruction of the nature of the planet. Although signs of this degradation have been perceived at various moments in history, it is from the effects of the Industrial Revolution that men, for the first time on a visible scale, becomes aware of his role as an agent of environmental change and decides to act to combat the negative effects of these changes. A milestone in the history of contemporary environmental protection goals, this important change resulted both in the constitution of an autonomous segment of society concerned with the protection of nature, and in the institutionalisation of a specific operational tool: the natural protected area.The impressive success protected areas have found among governments should not obscure the fact that this success is a relatively recent phenomenon resulting from the profound modifications nature protection policy has seen in the last decades, which have also led to two in increasingly visible observations. On the one hand, states have experienced a significant increase in the financial resources needed for the conservation of natural areas, followed by the recognition that protected areas should benefit from a certain financial independence and contribute to development. On the other hand, it is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of protected areas depends on the awareness, education, persuasion and the commitment of the population.As a consequence, new forms of regulation are sought and law is called upon to offer alternatives for the valorisation of these spaces and the integration of environmental concerns into social practices. In this regard, protected Areas can play an important role as experimental areas for the search of such an alternative, as they are spaces that have both a growing need for financial resources and the necessary regulatory and institutional framework necessary for the development of such new practices.In this sense, valorisation has gained recognition as a concept capable of responding to the current challenges of nature conservation policies, for its aptitude to link the seemingly contradictory goals of nature protection and local economic development.In this work we seek to identify and compare how Brazilian and French law have taken into account this new objectives, and their contributions towards it implementations. In other words, this thesis draws on the valorisation of the environmental heritage of protected areas in Brazilian and French law, from a comparative point of view. Towards this objective, it deals successively with the notions of valorisation of the environmental heritage of Protected Area, the political consideration of this valorisation as a notion capable of responding to the contemporary challenges of protected areas, and finally the contributions of Brazilian law and French law. / Apesar da impressionante capacidade técnico-científica das sociedades modernas, e em grande justamente como suaconsequência, vários indicadores não deixam dúvidas sobre a destruição acelerada da natureza do planeta. Embora ossinais dessa degradação tenham sido percebidos em vários pontos da história, as preocupações com o ambiente são umfenômeno moderno e levaram tanto à constituição de um segmento autônomo da sociedade preocupado com a proteçãoda natureza, quanto à institucionalização de uma ferramenta operacional específica: a área natural protegida.Esta tese tem como objeto a valorização do patrimônio ambiental das áreas protegidas nos direitos brasileiro e francês, naperspectiva do direito comparado. Ela trata das noções de valorização do patrimônio e de áreas protegidas, daconsideração política, científica e jurídica do objetivo de valorização, e, enfim, das contribuições do direito brasileiro edo direito francês para dar efetividade a essa valorização.

Submitted by Mariana Guerra Sabadin (mariana.sabadin@gmail.com) on 2015-11-30T15:55:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Apresentada à Direito GV | 30.11.2015.pdf: 1365128 bytes, checksum: be63412ebe9b39f69c030581c4e2858d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-11-30T16:55:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Apresentada à Direito GV | 30.11.2015.pdf: 1365128 bytes, checksum: be63412ebe9b39f69c030581c4e2858d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T11:19:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final Apresentada à Direito GV | 30.11.2015.pdf: 1365128 bytes, checksum: be63412ebe9b39f69c030581c4e2858d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / This master’s dissertation aims at investigating whether the parties to business deals executed in accordance with Brazilian law can evoke the party autonomy to – through the inclusion in the contract of mechanisms imported from the common law – such as representations and warranties, rules regarding indemnification and limitation of liability (generally accompanied by exclusive remedy clauses), entire agreement clauses and disclaimer os reliance clauses –, limit their extracontractual liability for fraud (dolo) set forth in the Brazilian Civil Code and, therefore, create a true license to lie. In view of the lack of judicial precedents on this issue in Brazil, this dissertation analyzes the case 'Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F&W Acquisition LLC, C.A. No. 1756-N' examined by the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware in 2006 in order to (i) comprehend – according to the decision of such Court of Chancery and to the foreign literature that has studied the case – the intended and actual effects of such clauses and mechanisms within the common law system; and, afterwards, (ii) attempt to understand – according to the principles applicable to the formation, conclusion and interpretation of commercial agreements in Brazil (such as the objective good faith) – how the Brazilian Judiciary should conduct the accommodation and/or adaption of such clauses and mechanisms to Brazilian law. / A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo investigar se as partes de negócios jurídicos empresariais celebrados à luz do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro podem evocar a autonomia privada para, por meio da inserção no contrato de mecanismos importados da common law – como as declarações e garantias, as regras de indenização e limitação de responsabilidades (frequentemente acompanhadas de disposição de remédio exclusivo), as cláusulas de entendimento integral e os dispositivos de disclaimer of reliance –, estabelecer limites à responsabilidade extracontratual por dolo prevista no Código Civil e, assim, criar contratualmente verdadeira licença para mentir. Para tanto, dada a ausência de jurisprudência brasileira a esse respeito, parte-se da análise do caso Abry Partners V, L.P. v. F&W Acquisition LLC, C.A. No. 1756-N, examinado pela Court of Chancery do estado norte-americano de Delaware em 2006. Busca-se, então, compreender – com base na decisão proferida em tal caso e na doutrina estrangeira que sobre ela se debruçou – os efeitos pretendidos e obtidos, no âmbito da common law, pela inserção das cláusulas e mecanismos mencionados acima e, posteriormente, segue-se – de acordo com os princípios que regem a formação, a conclusão e a intepretação dos contratos comerciais no Brasil (tal como a boa-fé objetiva) – rumo ao exame de como o Poder Judiciário brasileiro tenderá a conduzir a acomodação e/ou adaptação de tais mecanismos e cláusulas ao direito pátrio.

A adoção da modelagem institucional de governança do processo de avaliação ambiental norte-americano, centrada na figura da agência líder, deverá demandar a edição de uma lei formal, prevendo o referido arranjo jurídico-institucional, na forma de uma moldura (framework) adaptável às necessidades especificas e peculiaridades de cada setor da Administração. Dessa forma, a referida lei formal funcionaria como uma norma geral, e como tal poderia ser complementada pela legislação infralegal, que viria a estabelecer as disposições especificas para dar efetividade ao instituo da agência líder nos setores em que seja desejável e oportuna a implantação do mesmo, a critério da Administração. Destarte, a atuação do Poder Legislativo estaria restrita à introdução ao sistema jurídico doméstico do instituto estrangeiro, estabelecendo apenas seus contornos básicos, cabendo à Administração a avaliação da oportunidade e conveniência da escolha dos setores específicos, do estabelecimento dos contornos normativos e do momento da efetiva regulamentação concreta do instituto. / O trabalho foi aprovado e publicado em cumprimento a Norma Interna NP- 40.001.00 / Submitted by Romilson de Almeida Volotão (romilsonvolotao@terra.com.br) on 2016-03-28T21:06:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T18:46:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-03-31T18:02:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T18:02:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ULTIMA VERSÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 2567378 bytes, checksum: a714072d0ee77f369be1901d8193e7fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The issue of staggered performance of the Brazilian public administration, indeed evident in some cases is extremely worrying from the point of administrative efficiency of decision-making systems and processes of the various sectors that make up its structure. In this line, the general objective of this study is to analyze the dysfunctions caused by the lack of coordination in the exercise of administrative activity by the Brazilian state. However, because the topic is too broad to fit in the narrow confines of a dissertation, choose a specific institutional arrangement to serve the north of this study: the administrative and environmental licensing process for infrastructure projects. The infrastructure projects require a range of permits and licenses issued by numerous agencies or government entity, have jurisdiction to rule, each within their respective area of expertise, and on the basis of various laws. Therefore, the uncoordinated activities of these actors causes considerable economic losses, mainly due to the delay in decision-making, the exaggerated strictness of the requirements and environmental conditions and excessive legalization sector disputes. Thus, the theme-problem of this dissertation is to seek the best legal response to the propositional problem related to the inefficiency of the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil. In this goal, the economic rationale was chosen as theoretical framework. With this expected to formulate proposal that the licensing process for infrastructure projects in Brazil could become a new institutional governance modeling formulated based on the study compared to the US legal system more efficient if it were adopted, whose environmental assessment process is based on interagency coordination and central figure in the so-called lead agency. / A problemática da atuação desconcertada da Administração pública brasileira é deveras evidente em alguns casos, e extremamente preocupante sob o aspecto da eficiência administrativa dos sistemas e processos decisórios dos diversos setores que compõem sua estrutura. Nessa toada, o objetivo geral do presente estudo é analisar as disfunções geradas pela falta de coordenação no exercício da atividade administrativa pela Estado brasileiro. Entretanto, como o tema é abrangente demais para caber nos estreitos limites de uma dissertação de mestrado, escolhemos um arranjo institucional específico para servir de norte deste estudo: o processo de licenciamento administrativo e ambiental de empreendimentos de infraestrutura. Os empreendimentos de infraestrutura demandam uma gama de autorizações e licenças emanadas de inúmeros órgãos ou entidade do poder público, igualmente competentes para decidir, cada qual dentro de sua respectiva área de atuação, e com fundamento em legislações diversas. Por conseguinte, a atuação descoordenada desses atores causa consideráveis prejuízos econômicos, mormente em decorrência da demora na tomada de decisões, do rigorismo exacerbado dos requisitos e condicionantes ambientais e do excesso de judicialização de controvérsias do setor. Destarte, o tema-problema da presente dissertação consiste em buscar a melhor resposta jurídica para o problema propositivo relacionado à ineficiência do processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil. Nesse desiderato, foi escolhida a racionalidade econômica como referencial teórico. Com isso espera-se formular proposta no sentido de que o processo de licenciamento de empreendimentos de infraestrutura no Brasil poderia tornar-se mais eficiente caso fosse adotada uma nova modelagem de governança institucional formulada com base no estudo comparado com o sistema jurídico norte-americano, cujo processo de avaliação ambiental está baseado na coordenação interagências e na figura central da chamada agência líder.

L’évolution des technologies de l’information et du transport a favorisé l’action transnationale du terrorisme, exigeant une réponse étatique qui prenne en considération le mouvement transfrontalier des terroristes. Cette réponse s’est traduite dans le cas les États‐Unis et de l’Espagne par l’introduction de dispositifs de lutte antiterroriste dans le droit migratoire et d’asile. Les dispositifs de lutte antiterroriste insérés aux États‐Unis sont cohérents avec la tradition migratoire interne tandis que ceux introduits par l’Espagne sont cohérents avec le droit international, par le biais de l’introduction des règles de l’UE. La doctrine internationale a aussi justifié l’adoption de ces dispositifs, invoquant les théories du contrat social et de l’exceptionnalisme souverain. Pourtant, l’introduction de ces dispositifs de lutte antiterroriste par les pays étudiés répond à un processus de confusion des buts et des moyens de lutte contre la criminalité et la migration illégale ou crimmigration. Ces dispositifs ne sont pas très efficaces pour lutter contre le terrorisme, malgré leur présence continue pendant le contrôle migratoire et le traitement des demandeurs d’asile, mais ils sont utiles pour lutter contre l’immigration illégale et préserver la «stabilité culturelle». De fait, ces dispositifs font partie d’un système sélectif de surveillance qui a impliqué la création d’un droit migratoire et d’asile «de l’ennemi», qui conçoit l’étranger comme une source de danger justifiant l’octroi d’un traitement qui le dépersonnalise, permettant à l’État d’atteindre symboliquement ses buts et, éventuellement, d’obtenir de la légitimité vis‐à‐vis de la population autochtone. / Advances in information and transportation technology support transnational terrorist action and require a state response which takes into account the transnational terrorist movement. This response resulted in, for the United States and Spain, immigration and asylum measures that are part of counter‐terrorism strategies. American migratory and asylum measures to combat terrorism are consistent with American migratory tradition and foreign policy, while Spanish measures are consistent with international law, though in conformity with European law. The international doctrine has also justified the adoption of these measures on the basis of social contract and sovereign exceptionalism theories. However, the adoption of migratory and asylum measures to combat terrorism is part of a process of criminalization of migratory law also known as crimmigration. The migratory and asylum measures undertaken to combat terrorism have not been effective in eradicating terrorism, despite their continuous presence during migration control and treatment of asylum‐seekers, though they are valuable instruments for action against illegal migration and preserving cultural "stability". In fact, they are part of a surveillance system of alien people. The construction of this system implies the creation of an "Enemy" migratory and asylum law that considers the alien as a risk to security and consequently gives the alien an exceptional treatment which results in the loss of its legal personality. This "Enemy" migratory and asylum law enables the State to symbolically achieve its goals and obtain a new source of legitimacy.

En France, en prison, les enfants de femmes incarcérées peuvent séjourner auprès d'elles durant leurs dix-huit premiers mois. L'enfant n'est pas détenu mais il évolue au sein du milieu fermé. Pourtant, son statut et son régime juridique n'ont jamais été conceptualisés. Seuls cinq articles dans la partie réglementaire du Code de procédure pénale et une circulaire d'application de la Direction de l'administration pénitentiaire déterminent les conditions de son séjour en détention. Par opposition, en Angleterre et au pays de Galles, la protection juridique de cet enfant se révèle considérablement développée Les modèles anglais et français se rejoignent cependant sur un point : l'appréhension pénitentiaire de l'enfant en prison. Comment le droit pénitentiaire dont l'objectif est de réguler le comportement des personnes incarcérées, peut-il appréhender une personne non-juridiquement détenue? Le droit peut-il définir la non-détention? En marge des règles pénitentiaires, la conceptualisation d'un cadre juridique pour l'enfant en prison nécessite de confronter les règles de droit écrites aux pratiques émergentes en prison. Dans les deux systèmes, les pratiques constituent des sources normatives fondamentales en matière pénitentiaire, en particulier s'agissant de l'élaboration d'un droit idoine pour l'enfant en détention. Les pratiques émergentes en prison peuvent-elles dépasser les obstacles auxquels se heurtent les règles pénitentiaires? Est-il possible de fonder le cadre juridique de l'enfant en prison sur un autre référentiel normatif plus adapté à sa spécificité? Autant d'enjeux théoriques et pragmatiques auxquels cette thèse de droit s'efforce de répondre. / In France, children can live in prison with their detained mothers until they reach eighteen months of age. These children are not detained, yet they evolve inside prisons. Nevertheless, their status and regime have never been conceptualised. Their stay in custody is only regulated by five articles in the Code de procedure pénale and an out dated minimal prison instruction. Conversely, in Englru1d and Wales, various legal tools have developed to protect these children. In spite of those differences, there are similarities between the English and the French model as far as prison rules for children in custody are concerned. Considering that Prison Law and Penal policies aim at regulating the conduct of detainees, how may they relate to non-legally detained persons? Further, may the concept of non-detention be defined in law? The conceptualisation of a legal framework for children in custody requires a confrontation of black letter law and the set of practices that are emerging in prison. In both legal systems, practices represent fundamental norms in the prison field, and this is particularly true of the construction of a specific legal framework for children in custody. May those emerging practices manage to overcome the hurdles that prison rules usually face? Is it possible to establish a legal framework for children in custody on a different, better-equipped normative basis, which could encompass children's specificities? This PhD thesis attempts to address these issues, whose stakes are theoretical as well as pragmatic.

À la différence d'autres phénomènes juridiques, le déplacement du droit d'un lieu à l'autre s'inscrit dans une analyse beaucoup plus ample que celle de droit comparé. Les États sont mis en concurrence dans de nombreux domaines : politiques économiques et fiscales, protection sociale, systèmes éducatifs, innovation, etc. Les systèmes juridiques se retrouvent également en compétition. Avec la mondialisation les échanges entre les systèmes juridiques se sont multipliés, ouvrant la voie à un recours plus fréquent à la démarche comparative. Par conséquent, la circulation du droit est un sujet qui a intéressé à la pensée juridique depuis toujours, mais qui ne commence à être traité que récemment. Pour le comprendre il convient de se rapporter à un cas spécifique, qui étant donné son caractère paradigmatique est celui de la réception du droit, de la doctrine et du régime constitutionnel français pendant les années trente en Colombie. Son examen servira comme support empirique d'un modèle explicatif du phénomène de la diffusion, d'un État à un autre, d'un droit formalisé et systématisé. / Unlike other legal phenomena, law's moving one place to another is part of a much broader analysis than that of comparative law. States are in competition in many areas: economic and fiscal policies, social protection, education systems, innovation, etc. Legal systems are also in competition. With globalization, exchanges between legal systems have proliferated, opening the way to more frequent use of comparative approach. Therefore, the circulation of law is a subject that always interested to legal thought, but it begins to be treated recently. To understand it should relate to a specific case, which given its paradigmatic character is that of reception of the law, the doctrine and the constitutional French regime during the thirties in Colombia. This review will serve as empirical support for a model explaining the phenomenon of diffusion from one state to another, of a formalized and systematized law.

Esta dissertação enquadra-se na linha de pesquisa “Direito Ambiental, Políticas Públicas e Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico” do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito do Centro de Ciências Jurídicas da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, buscando analisar o fenômeno da silvicultura de espécies exóticas do gênero Pinus e Eucalytptus enquanto atividade econômica possivelmente causadora de impacto ambiental, que demanda intervenção e controle do Estado diante do poder-dever constitucional de proteger e garantir um meio ambiente sadio e equilibrado para as presentes e futuras gerações. Traça como objetivos a serem alcançados, a investigação científica acerca dos principais impactos ao meio ambiente provocados pela sua implantação em grande escala nos solos de países subtropicais, a pertinência da formulação de políticas públicas e normas ambientais que restrinjam ou imponham condicionantes à sua exploração, bem como se propôs à análise e comparação das normas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais existentes e em vigor no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e na República Argentina, relativas a autorização ambiental de sua realização, para que, uma vez compilada a legislação existente, munir-se de subsídios para apurar se o ordenamento jurídico dos Estados objeto deste estudo promove adequadamente o desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade. A pesquisa divide-se em três capítulos – um para tratar da silvicultura, outro para abordar os instrumentos ordinários protetivos de intervenção do Estado na atividade econômica no Brasil e na Argentina e um terceiro, que aborda a análise das legislações específicas acerca da atividade nos Estados sob enfoque, de modo comparado. Utiliza o método dedutivo de abordagem, pois parte de uma análise geral do tema para uma compreensão do caso particular, e o método analítico-descritivo e qualitativo de procedimento, fazendo reflexão teórica sobre a atividade da silvicultura, do licenciamento ambiental e do estudo de impacto ambiental enquanto instrumentos de política pública ordinários voltados a proteção ambiental no Brasil e na Argentina respectivamente, bem como destes instrumentos aplicados especificamente sobre a regulação da silvicultura. Embora a principal fonte de pesquisa tenha sido a doutrina, especialmente os livros e artigos especializados no tema, recorreu-se à legislação, às declarações internacionais de direitos e a sites eletrônicos. Ao final, conclui que a silvicultura de espécies exóticas, pincipalmente de espécies invasoras – caso do Pinus – pode causar impactos socioambientais capazes de justificar a existência do licenciamento ambiental ou de instrumento análogo de controle pelas autoridades ambientais; que tanto no Rio Grande do Sul, como na Argentina, existem legislações infraconstitucionais que exigem autorização ambiental para o exercício da atividade, sendo que no primeiro, adota-se o licenciamento ambiental e estudo de impacto ambiental como instrumentos, enquanto que na Argentina, apenas há a previsão de simples apresentação do estudo de impacto ambiental. Por fim, conclui que a legislação gaúcha, apesar de ter sido flexibilizada para tornar prescindível a observância do zoneamento ambiental da atividade, bem como por ter implementado a possibilidade do licenciamento autodeclaratório, ainda apresenta maior segurança ambiental do que o frágil sistema de proteção ambiental argentino, à serviço muito mais do incentivo da exploração econômica, do que da proteção ambiental. / This dissertation is part of the research line "Environmental Law, Public Policies and Socioeconomic Development" of the Graduate Program in Law of the Center for Juridical Sciences of the University of Caxias do Sul, aiming to analyze the phenomenon of silviculture of exotic species of the genus Pinus and Eucalyptus as an economic activity possibly causing environmental impact, which demands intervention and control of the State in the face of the constitutional power-duty to protect and ensure a healthy and balanced environment for present and future generations. It outlines the objectives to be achieved, scientific research on the main impacts on the environment caused by their large-scale implementation in the soils of subtropical countries, the pertinence of the formulation of public policies and environmental norms that restrict or impose constraints on their exploitation, and as it was proposed to analyze and compare the existing constitutional and infra-constitutional norms in force in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and in the Argentine Republic, regarding the environmental authorization of their realization, so that once existing legislation is compiled, subsidies to determine if the legal system of the States object of this study adequately promotes the sustainable development of the activity. The research is divided into three chapters - one to deal with forestry, another to address the ordinary protective instruments of state intervention in economic activity in Brazil and Argentina, and a third that addresses the analysis of specific legislation on activity in the States under focus, compared. It uses the deductive method of approach, as part of a general analysis of the theme for an understanding of the particular case, and the analytical-descriptive and qualitative method of procedure, making theoretical reflection on the activity of forestry, environmental licensing and impact study environmental instruments as ordinary public policy aimed at environmental protection in Brazil and Argentina respectively, as well as these instruments specifically applied to the regulation of forestry. Although the main source of research has been the doctrine, especially the books and articles specializing in the subject, legislation, international declarations of rights and electronic websites have been used. At the end, it concludes that the forestry of exotic species, mainly of invasive species - Pinus case – can cause socioenvironmental impacts capable of justifying the existence of environmental licensing or an analogous instrument of control by the environmental authorities; that in both Rio Grande do Sul and Argentina there are infra-constitutional legislations that require environmental authorization for the exercise of the activity, and in the first, environmental licensing and environmental impact studies are used as instruments, while in Argentina, only there is a simple presentation of the environmental impact study. Finally, it concludes that the Rio Grande do Sul legislation, despite having been made more flexible to make compliance with the environmental zoning of the activity, as well as having implemented the possibility of self-declaration licensing, still present greater environmental security than the fragile Argentine environmental protection system, at the service much more of the incentive of the economic exploitation, than of the environmental protection.