Taking the transformative potential of education as its starting point, this thesis analyses Belgian attempts to use schools policy to strengthen the hegemony of the colonial state in the Congo during the interwar years. Through an empirical treatment of the development of the colonial school system, based largely on archival research, the study pursues two main contentions. The first is that the Belgian colonial authorities played a far more direct role in formulating and implementing education policy than is often believed. The second is that the state authorities’ interest in education was defined both by the economic imperative of colonial exploitation, which compelled them to train skilled workers, and the fear that access to education would fuel potential sedition. Six thematic chapters demonstrate that this paradox of necessity and fear shaped Belgian education policy in the Congo, looking at the reasons behind the fear of potential unrest, and at its ramifications. This thesis argues that these pressures caused the Belgian colonial authorities to try to mould Congolese society using education as a tool, by using specific streams of instruction to inculcate certain groups of Congolese, such as auxiliaries, healthcare workers, and women, with the principles of colonial rule. The thesis also considers how these policies were put into practice, focusing on relations between the colonial authorities and the Catholic and Protestant mission societies, and evaluates their efficacy. Moreover, this thesis attempts to establish, where possible, the reactions of colonized Congolese to European educational provision. Having analysed these issues, this thesis concludes that the colonial education system in the Congo during the interwar years failed to fulfil its main purpose and perpetuate Belgian colonial rule.

Le contrat et la police sont deux notions a priori incompatibles. Le contrat est un accord de volontés faisant naître des obligations juridiques. La police administrative est une prérogative de puissance publique et une des missions de souveraineté les plus fondamentales de l’État. Dès 1932, le juge administratif pose un principe général d’interdiction de délégation contractuelle des missions de police administrative. Puis, en 2011, le juge constitutionnel érige au niveau constitutionnel un principe d’interdiction de déléguer les compétences de police administrative générale inhérentes à l’exercice de la force publique. Parallèlement, l’utilisation du contrat comme mode de gestion de la police administrative se développe. Ainsi, l’interdiction de contracter en matière de police connaît-elle aujourd’hui une profonde remise en question. La perspective de l’admission du procédé contractuel bouleverse le schéma classique et implique donc une modernisation des concepts juridiques. / Contract and police may be incompatible. The contract is an accord of volition which creates legal commitment. Policy is one of the most important public authorities. From 1932, the administrative judge asserted a general principle of prohibition of using contract to delegate policy missions. In 2011, the constitutional judge asserted a principle which bans delegation of policy missions. At the same time, there is a development of contract as a new method of management. So, the principle of prohibition is underquestioned. The classical schedule is upset and a modernization of legal concepts is necessary.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:28:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Morina Vaz.pdf: 887921 bytes, checksum: 98a949726a13045cdd9c5e55851490d6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective was to examine the normative, jurisprudencial and doctrinal treatment that is seen in Brazil in regards to the administrative act named authorization of administrative policy. The study departed from the Federal Constitution and went through legal texts, doctrinal jurisprudence and works. It was pointed out that in essence it is an administrative act of ampliative content, with the ability to, in the concrete case, convert into authorized an individual behavior that was forbidden until then. Its normative forecast makes the behavior generically forbidden, being able to be authorized individually, after the previous control of the Public Administration; and bases itself on the protection of the public interest, given the harmful consequences that the behavior presents if practiced without respecting certain requirements. The most reputable doctrinal treatment are the German and the Italian doctrines. In Brazil the doctrinal and jurisprudence works on this theme require further development. In general, the domestic doctrine considers the policy authorization as a discretionary and precarious act, in contrast of a license act, that is considered as a tied act. Such positioning does not describe the totality of the current normative texts. It was registered that the act of authorization of administrative policy is tied or discretionary depending on the rules of valid production, and it is the administrative act produced in exercise of previous control over the practice of determined activity or the production of a legal act / O desígnio foi de examinar o tratamento normativo, jurisprudencial e doutrinário adotado no Brasil em relação ao ato administrativo denominado autorização de polícia administrativa. O estudo partiu da Constituição Federal e passou por textos legais, jurisprudência e trabalhos doutrinários. Aponta-se, que a autorização de polícia é em sua essência um ato administrativo de conteúdo ampliativo, com efeito de tornar facultada no caso concreto conduta individual até então vedada. Sua previsão normativa torna a conduta vedada genericamente em conduta facultada individualmente, após o prévio controle da Administração Pública. Fundamenta-se na proteção do interesse público, em virtude da potencialidade danosa que esta conduta apresentaria se fosse praticada sem a observância de determinadas exigências. O tratamento doutrinário de maior expressão fica a cargo das doutrinas alemã e italiana. Observa-se que no Brasil trabalhos doutrinários e jurisprudenciais sobre o tema carecem de maior desenvolvimento. Em geral, a autorização de polícia é conceituada pela doutrina nacional como ato discricionário e precário, contrapondo-se ao ato de licença, que é conceituado como ato vinculado. Tal posicionamento não descreve a totalidade dos textos normativos atuais. Registra-se que o ato de autorização de polícia administrativa conceitua-se como ato administrativo produzido em exercício de controle prévio sobre a prática de determinada atividade ou a produção de ato jurídico, podendo ser vinculado ou discricionário, dependendo das suas regras de válida produção

Tentant d’accommoder protection de l’environnement et artificialisation de la nature, les mesures de compensation consistent techniquement à rééquilibrer un dommage écologique par un gain écologique. Imposées juridiquement dans les années 1970, la place de ces dispositifs interroge toujours. Mesures de police administrative par nature, elles s’assimilent à un mode de réparation en dehors de tout régime de responsabilité par leur finalité : remédier en nature aux atteintes causées aux milieux naturels. Échappant à toute définition en dépit de la variété des régimes juridiques actuels, les compensations à visée écologique demeurent inabouties sur le plan juridique. De cette hétérogénéité des régimes juridiques, peut-il émerger un concept unique propre à garantir sa nature curative ? Leur vocation commune est desservie par les indéterminations juridiques dont souffrent ces compensations et qui résident tant dans la pluralité juridique des compensations que dans les défaillances pratiques lors de leur mise en œuvre. Se créé alors un hiatus entre les décisions prises fondées sur une compensation idéalisée, à savoir un instrument de lutte contre la perte de biodiversité, et la réalité des mesures le plus souvent sans équivalence écologique, précaires voire inexistantes. C’est pourquoi il convient de mettre fin à cet amalgame grâce à une caractérisation juridique de ce que devrait être la compensation écologique. Cette tentative de définition s’accompagne d’une exploration des perspectives d’avenir de la compensation écologique notamment sous l’angle d’une mutualisation des sites de compensation. / The aim of ecological offsets is to combine environmental protection with the social and economic opportunities of implementing new projects on natural spaces. Technically, these measures involve restoring balance between ecological damages and ecological benefits to be provided for by the ecological offset. Ecological offsets measures became mandatory in the seventies, yet their adequacy is still questioned today. They are administrative policy measures, distinct from liability. Although several different ecological offsets exist, no law explicitly defines them. It appears then very important to know whether it’s possible to draw one global legal definition of ecological offset, in order to assure the achievement of the ecological goals of all this measures: providing effective reparation of the damages caused to the ecosystems. All the more as the lack of legal offset criteria is adding to already existing practical difficulties which may in term bring about the downfall of ecological offset.Actually, though it is widely presented as a legal instrument to reverse the loss of biodiversity; reality shows that this purpose may not be attained, especially because of a lack of unanimous ecological measurement model. That’s why ecological offset deeply needs a legal characterization of what it should be. After this attempt at a definition, the thesis proposes to explore the future of the ecological offset, including the opportunities offered by shared sites of natural remediation.

L’eau en tant que ressource naturelle en mouvement permanent est difficilement saisissable par le droit. La pénurie de cette ressource demeure un problème majeur dans certaines régions du sud de l’Europe et plus particulièrement en Espagne, en France et en Italie. Devant ce défi, une protection juridique renforcée s'impose par nécessité .Le droit est-il en mesure d’assurer à cette ressource une telle protection à travers un statut spécifique qui tienne compte de son caractère vital et rare? Ce travail s’inscrit principalement dans une perspective de droit comparé entre les systèmes juridiques français, italien et espagnol, étudiés à la lumière du droit de l’Union européenne ayant favorisé une standardisation de la protection de l’eau, même si elle demeure insuffisante. La domanialisation et la patrimonialisation de l’eau, ainsi que la reconnaissance progressive d’un droit à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement sont les solutions proposées par les droits publics étudiés. La question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité de la protection publique de l’eau est au cœur de l’étude et invite à s’interroger sur les acteurs de la mise en œuvre de la protection de la ressource en eau ainsi que sur un partage des compétences souvent complexe. Dans cette perspective, le rôle du juge administratif et des juges des eaux publiques en matière d’application effective des normes protectrices de la ressource en eau est fondamental. Ainsi, la question de l’effectivité de la protection s’est imposée, car elle découle tant de son caractère préventif que du caractère répressif des sanctions appliquées en cas de dommages causés à la ressource en eau. / Water as a natural resource in constant motion is difficult to grasp by the law. The shortage of this resource remains a major problem in parts of southern Europe, particularly in Spain, France and Italy. Faced with this challenge, enhanced legal protection is necessary with force. Is the law able to guarantee this resource protection through a special status that respects its vital and rare character? The purpose of this piece of work is mainly to set a comparative law perspective between the French, Italian and Spanish legal systems, studied in the light of the law of the European Union which promoted a standardization of water protection, even if it remains insufficient. The public domain, the concept of heritage, and the gradual recognition of the right to drink water and sanitation are the solutions proposed by the legal systems studied. The question of the effectiveness and efficiency of public water protection is at the heart of the study. It raises questions about the actors in the implementation of the protection of water, as well as an often complex sharing of skills. In this perspective, the role of the administrative judge and judges of public waters in terms of effective enforcement of protective standards for water is fundamental. So the question of the effectiveness of protection raises central, because it follows both the preventive character and the repressive nature of the sanctions imposed in the case of damaging the water resources.

In classical “triple bottom line” sustainability reporting, there have not been any clear guidelines on how companies should report on their environmental footprint. Consequently, the transparency in the environmental reporting has been low, which has resulted in greenwashing. To create reliable reporting and increase the proportion of green loans and green investments, the EU introduced the classification system EU Taxonomy in 2021. The new framework has stricter requirements on companies as they are now obligated to report on specific guidelines. These guidelines will also allow stakeholders to determine how sustainable a company is. Since the EU Taxonomy was recently launched, there has been a knowledge gap in how companies experience the framework. Also, what measures should be considered in the design of the EU Taxonomy for the implementation to be as successful as possible, based on the premise that companies should make their business model as sustainable as possible. This semi-structured interview study examines how Swedish companies experience the EU Taxonomy. The researchers interviewed eight Swedish stakeholders with great insights into the area, from the manufacturing industry (1), the Real Estate Industry (2), the Swedish Corporate Business Organizations (1), the Real Estate Industry Organizations (2), and Auditing Firms (2). The researchers could conclude that being classified as sustainable in the EU Taxonomy does not necessarily mean a company is sustainable from a scientific point of view. Nevertheless, it can be an answer to political interests. The interviewees also felt it was challenging to interpret and understand the framework and that there were necessary clarifications. Further, the EU will have to account for several activities from each industry so that companies can report on their total ecological footprint. Finally, changes in the delegated acts are mandatory for the EU taxonomy to be a successful policy instrument. / I klassisk “triple bottom line” rapportering har det inte funnits några tydliga riktlinjer för hur företag ska rapportera om sitt ekologiska avtryck. Som en följd av detta, har transparensen i hållbarhetsredovisningen varit låg, vilket har resulterat i greenwashing. I syfte att skapa mer tillförlitlig rapportering och öka andelen gröna lån och investeringar, infördes 2021 klassificeringssystemet EU Taxonomin. Det nya ramverket har skapat nya krav på företag då de nu är skyldiga att rapportera på specifika miljöbelastande aktiviteter. Dessa riktlinjer ska dessutom kunna utgöra hur hållbara de rapporterande bolagen är. Eftersom EU Taxonomin nyligen har lanserats, fanns det en kunskapslucka för hur företag upplever ramverket. Även vilka åtgärder som bör övervägas i utformningen av EU-taxonomin för att implementeringen ska bli så framgångsrik som möjligt, utifrån utgångspunkten att företag ska göra sin affärsmodell så hållbar som möjligt. Med detta i åtanke utvecklades denna semistrukturerade intervjustudie som ämnar att undersöka hur svenska företag ser på EU Taxonomin. Forskarna har intervjuat åtta aktörer från svenska: tillverkningsindustrin (1), fastighetsbranschen (2), näringslivet (1), medlemsorganisationer inom fastighetsbranschen (2) och revisionsbyråer (2). Det forskarna kunde konstatera är att det som klassas som hållbart i EU Taxonomin, inte nödvändigtvis ur ett teknikneutral och vetenskapligt perspektiv är hållbart, utan är ett svar på ett politiskt intresse. Aktörerna upplever dessutom att ramverket är svårt att förstå och att det därför är nödvändigt med förtydningar. Till sist kommer även EU behöva ta fler aktiviteter från de respektive branscherna i åtanke i de delegerade akterna, för att företag ska kunna redovisa för sitt totala ekologiska fotavtryck. Slutligen är ändringar i de delegerade akterna obligatoriska för att EU Taxonomin ska kunna bli ett framgångsrikt policyinstrument.

The researcher used the integration of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The respondents were drawn from three district, one regional, one academic and two private hospitals. Data was collected by means of questionnaires. The open-ended questions in the questionnaire allowed the respondents to respond in their own words (“etic” description). This enhanced the organisation and reduction of the relevant data for analysis as well as the validity and trustworthiness of the study. The study revealed that even though most of the South African government health policies were very advanced and among the best in the world, some crucial policies appeared to have encountered problems with implementation, from conflicting ideologies and opinions from hospital management, different unions, professional associations, the provincial government, the South African Nursing Council (SANC) and patients. Too many groups appeared to have discussed nurses‟ issues with government and made decisions for nurses, leaving nurses disillusioned. The majority of the respondents attributed this to poor representation at government level. Furthermore, some decisions, resolutions and strategies agreed upon between the unions and bargaining councils appeared to have worked against nurses, further dividing RNs and failing to accomplish the intended purpose. Although most of the respondents had hoped that the Occupational Specific Dispensation (OSD) for nurses would address chronic low salaries for all nurses in the PHS, it favoured certain specialty qualifications (which were based on the description of post-basic courses in R212 and R48, which were not clearly delineated). In addition, RNs were not informed about the meaning and implications of the OSD prior to implementation. The study thus found an information gap between government and RNs at the production level, which appeared not to be with the government and the nurses, but in between. Most importantly, nurses seemed to be represented more by unions to government and bargaining councils, as opposed to nurses, while most of the respondents did not favour the division of nurses between professional associations and unions. Decisions in the PHS appeared to have been dominated by leaders who had no experience with pragmatic issues of health care services (HCS), particularly at the operational level, and the dynamics of the nursing profession. The study therefore concluded that, if the right people (nurses, doctors and systems) were put in place, and nurses were represented by nurses at government level, bargaining councils and parliament, discontent among RNs in the PHS could be reduced significantly. Existing strategies were found to deal with the symptoms and not the root cause of discontent among RNs in the PHS. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The researcher used the integration of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The respondents were drawn from three district, one regional, one academic and two private hospitals. Data was collected by means of questionnaires. The open-ended questions in the questionnaire allowed the respondents to respond in their own words (“etic” description). This enhanced the organisation and reduction of the relevant data for analysis as well as the validity and trustworthiness of the study. The study revealed that even though most of the South African government health policies were very advanced and among the best in the world, some crucial policies appeared to have encountered problems with implementation, from conflicting ideologies and opinions from hospital management, different unions, professional associations, the provincial government, the South African Nursing Council (SANC) and patients. Too many groups appeared to have discussed nurses‟ issues with government and made decisions for nurses, leaving nurses disillusioned. The majority of the respondents attributed this to poor representation at government level. Furthermore, some decisions, resolutions and strategies agreed upon between the unions and bargaining councils appeared to have worked against nurses, further dividing RNs and failing to accomplish the intended purpose. Although most of the respondents had hoped that the Occupational Specific Dispensation (OSD) for nurses would address chronic low salaries for all nurses in the PHS, it favoured certain specialty qualifications (which were based on the description of post-basic courses in R212 and R48, which were not clearly delineated). In addition, RNs were not informed about the meaning and implications of the OSD prior to implementation. The study thus found an information gap between government and RNs at the production level, which appeared not to be with the government and the nurses, but in between. Most importantly, nurses seemed to be represented more by unions to government and bargaining councils, as opposed to nurses, while most of the respondents did not favour the division of nurses between professional associations and unions. Decisions in the PHS appeared to have been dominated by leaders who had no experience with pragmatic issues of health care services (HCS), particularly at the operational level, and the dynamics of the nursing profession. The study therefore concluded that, if the right people (nurses, doctors and systems) were put in place, and nurses were represented by nurses at government level, bargaining councils and parliament, discontent among RNs in the PHS could be reduced significantly. Existing strategies were found to deal with the symptoms and not the root cause of discontent among RNs in the PHS. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)