This thesis discusses the effect of sequential conflict resolution maneuvers of a continuous flow of agents through a finite control volume. Video analysis of real world traffic flows that exhibit self-organized capabilities is conducted to extract characteristics of those agents. A tool is created which stabilizes the input video and extracts motion from it using the background subtraction method. I discuss the tool in detail as I created it to be user friendly and easily modifiable for other uses. The aim of the video analysis I conduct is to determine characteristics of agents in self-organized traffic flow. Comparisons are made with agents under sequential conflict resolution schemes and those that exhibit these self-organized capabilities to determine if agents under sequential control can approach the behaviors of those in self-organized environment. Flow geometries are studied and generalized with the goal of determining stability characteristics of arbitrary flow geometries. Stability analysis includes analytical proof of bounds on the conflict resolution maneuvers.

Zimbabwe as a country has successively been faced with a number of challenges that others argue to be a result of either poor governance or colonial imbalances. However, despite the contestation with regards to the cause of the crisis situation, several armed struggles continued to wreck the economy. This continuous collapse of the economy resulted in the ruling government slowly becoming unpopular to the people, thus it paved way to the formation of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC); an opposition political party to the dominant Zimbabwe African National Union –Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF). The formation of the opposition party then triggered tensions, which later saw the March 2008 elections’ tension calling for a power-sharing agreement. Therefore, it is against this background that the research critically examines the role played by Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) in conflict transformation since the formation of the unity government. In addition, the study is also conducted against the background of scholarly interest to understand the relationship between CSOs and the Zimbabwean government, during the period that marked the introduction of the inclusive government 2009-2012. The study will also look at the key competencies of CSOs, which are complimentary to the process of conflict transformation and further outline the need for active participation from CSOs and other stakeholders to the process. In addition, it is worth noting that while CSOs make numerous attempts to vigorously participate in conflict transformation, factors such as restrictive government policies, lack of funding and government interference continually undermines their contribution. Autonomous and sustainable operations of CSOs in such limiting environments is virtually impossible hence, there is need for drastic measures to be employed in order to address this contradiction. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

Nepal’s history is full of civil turbulence and the socio-economic development has been slow, however the last decade the social changes have been rapid. Some of the social changes include the profession of social work and peace initiative through inter-faith. The aim of this paper is to explore the role of social workers in peace-building in order to promote wellbeing and work-life in Nepal. This paper gives an insight into the life and relationship among the community members in Nepal, and an insight of how culture, religion, and history may impact people’s everyday-life. The data collection of this study was carried out through a field visit, with semi-structured interviews with twenty-five different key informants, during the period of February to May of 2018. The interviewees include grass-root to national level faith-leaders as well as social work academics. The result of this study indicates that there is a lack of trust among the community members, between government and its people, and government and its external influences, which effect community’s socio-economical standard. The findings also conclude that Nepali society lacks adequate and effective information-sharing, which seems to impact the community’s health and work-life. his study gives social workers an insight on how social bonds and trust among groups could be established, which could increase the well-being of the people in rural area of Nepal.

In this article, the author analyzes the complexity of a common problem in many parts of the world: social conflicts, putting emphasis on socio-environmental ones. Consequently, he starts addressing the social conflict concept and its elements, to approximate to its comprehension through various conceptions of the Theory of Law.Finally, the author provides a socio-anthropological analysis of Law in order to understand the importance of the knowledge of structural and systemic causes of socio-environmental conflicts and outlines an alternative solution. / En el presente artículo, el autor destaca y aborda la complejidad de un problema no poco común en nuestro país: los conflictos sociales, poniendo especial énfasis en aquellos de tipo socio-ambientales. Para ello, parte del concepto de conflicto social y analiza cada elemento que lo compone, para luego aproximarse a su comprensión a través de diversas concepciones de la Teoría del Derecho.Finalmente, realiza un análisis socio-antropológico del derecho para comprender la importancia del conocimiento de las causas estructurales y sistemáticas de los conflictos socio-ambientales, y esboza una alternativa de solución.

Construction de l´État, Intégration regional et resolution des conflits sont des temes que ont marquee leurs presence dans les etudes et debats sur le continent africain dans ces derniers années. Donc, c´est pour participer et contribuir dans ce debat que ce travail a fait une analise de la formation de l´État Sénegalais et du conflit casamançais, en distaquant les diferents fase de cette dernière et les tentative d´integration regionales faîte atravers la Federation du Mali (1959-1960) et de la confederation de la Sénégambie (1982-1989). De cette manière on a cherché a montré que le conflit de Casamance est le fruit du processus de formation de l´État du Sénégal. Et, sa résolution doit tenir conte des facteurs économiques, culturels, historique et politique. Cependant, c´est seulement avec une integration regional construite avec la population peut ammener paix, developpement et liberté non seulement dans la region de la Casamance mais dans le monde contemporain em general. / Construção do Estado, Integração regional e resolução de conflitos são temas que marcaram presença nos estudos e nos debates sobre o continente africano nos últimos tempos. Assim para participar e contribuir neste debate esse trabalho faz uma análise da formação do Estado do Senegal e do conflito casamencês, ressaltando as diferentes fases do processo da construção do mesmo e as tentativas de integração regional através da Federação do Mali (1959-1960) e da confederação da Senegâmbia (1982-1989). Dessa maneira, procurou-se mostrar que o conflito de Casamance é resultado do processo da formação do Estado do Senegal. E, a resolução do mesmo deve levar em conta sim os fatores econômicos, culturais, históricos e políticos. No entanto, a integração regional construída com a sociedade pode ser uma das formas de trazer paz, desenvolvimento e liberdade, não somente na região de Casamance, mas no mundo contemporâneo em geral. / State-building, regional integration and conflict resolution are topics which featured in studies and discussions on the African continent in recent times. To participate and contribute in this debate, this work makes an analysis of the formation of State of Senegal and conflict casamencês, pointing out the different stages of the construction process and attempts at regional integration through the Federation of Mali (1959-1960) and the Confederation of Senegambia (1982-1989). This way, sought to show that the conflict in Casamance is the result of the process of formation of State of Senegal. And, the resolution should take into account the economic factors, cultural, historical and political. However, only with regional integration built with society can bring peace, development and freedom, not only in the region of Casamance, but in the contemporary world in general.

L’optimisation globale fiable est dédiée à la recherche d’un minimum global en présence d’erreurs d’arrondis. Les seules approches fournissant une preuve numérique d’optimalité sont des méthodes d’intervalles qui partitionnent l’espace de recherche et éliminent les sous-espaces qui ne peuvent contenir de solution optimale. Ces méthodes exhaustives, appelées branch and bound par intervalles, sont étudiées depuis les années 60 et ont récemment intégré des techniques de réfutation et de contraction, issues des communautés d’analyse par intervalles et de programmation par contraintes. Il est d’une importance cruciale de calculer i) un encadrement précis de la fonction objectif et des contraintes sur un sous-domaine ; ii) une bonne approximation (un majorant) du minimum global. Les solveurs de pointe sont généralement des méthodes intégratives : ils invoquent sur chaque sous-domaine des algorithmes d’optimisation locale afin d’obtenir une bonne approximation du minimum global. Dans ce document, nous nous intéressons à un cadre coopératif combinant des méthodes d’intervalles et des algorithmes évolutionnaires. Ces derniers sont des algorithmes stochastiques faisant évoluer une population de solutions candidates (individus) dans l’espace de recherche de manière itérative, dans l’espoir de converger vers des solutions satisfaisantes. Les algorithmes évolutionnaires, dotés de mécanismes permettant de s’échapper des minima locaux, sont particulièrement adaptés à la résolution de problèmes difficiles pour lesquels les méthodes traditionnelles peinent à converger. Au sein de notre solveur coopératif Charibde, l’algorithme évolutionnaire et l’algorithme sur intervalles exécutés en parallèle échangent bornes, solutions et espace de recherche par passage de messages. Une stratégie couplant une heuristique d’exploration géométrique et un opérateur de réduction de domaine empêche la convergence prématurée de la population vers des minima locaux et évite à l’algorithme évolutionnaire d’explorer des sous-espaces sous-optimaux ou non réalisables. Une comparaison de Charibde avec des solveurs de pointe (GlobSol, IBBA, Ibex) sur une base de problèmes difficiles montre un gain de temps d’un ordre de grandeur. De nouveaux résultats optimaux sont fournis pour cinq problèmes multimodaux pour lesquels peu de solutions, même approchées, sont connues dans la littérature. Nous proposons une application aéronautique dans laquelle la résolution de conflits est modélisée par un problème d’optimisation sous contraintes universellement quantifiées, et résolue par des techniques d’intervalles spécifiques. Enfin, nous certifions l’optimalité de la meilleure solution connue pour le cluster de Lennard-Jones à cinq atomes, un problème ouvert en dynamique moléculaire. / Reliable global optimization is dedicated to finding a global minimum in the presence of rounding errors. The only approaches for achieving a numerical proof of optimality in global optimization are interval-based methods that interleave branching of the search-space and pruning of the subdomains that cannot contain an optimal solution. The exhaustive interval branch and bound methods have been widely studied since the 1960s and have benefitted from the development of refutation methods and filtering algorithms, stemming from the interval analysis and interval constraint programming communities. It is of the utmost importance: i) to compute sharp enclosures of the objective function and the constraints on a given subdomain; ii) to find a good approximation (an upper bound) of the global minimum. State-of-the-art solvers are generally integrative methods, that is they embed local optimization algorithms to compute a good upper bound of the global minimum over each subspace. In this document, we propose a cooperative framework in which interval methods cooperate with evolutionary algorithms. The latter are stochastic algorithms in which a population of individuals (candidate solutions) iteratively evolves in the search-space to reach satisfactory solutions. Evolutionary algorithms, endowed with operators that help individuals escape from local minima, are particularly suited for difficult problems on which traditional methods struggle to converge. Within our cooperative solver Charibde, the evolutionary algorithm and the intervalbased algorithm run in parallel and exchange bounds, solutions and search-space via message passing. A strategy combining a geometric exploration heuristic and a domain reduction operator prevents premature convergence toward local minima and prevents the evolutionary algorithm from exploring suboptimal or unfeasible subspaces. A comparison of Charibde with state-of-the-art solvers based on interval analysis (GlobSol, IBBA, Ibex) on a benchmark of difficult problems shows that Charibde converges faster by an order of magnitude. New optimality results are provided for five multimodal problems, for which few solutions were available in the literature. We present an aeronautical application in which conflict solving between aircraft is modeled by an universally quantified constrained optimization problem, and solved by specific interval contractors. Finally, we certify the optimality of the putative solution to the Lennard-Jones cluster problem for five atoms, an open problem in molecular dynamics.

Com o fim da Guerra-Fria uma série de conflitos surge em diferentes pontos do globo. Em sua maioria eles são de natureza intra-estatal, marcados por alto grau de violência e com múltiplos atores envolvidos. Acompanha essa nova realidade a adoção de uma postura coercitiva por parte da Organização das Nações Unidas, doravante comum nas chamadas intervenções humanitárias. A partir deste quadro propõe-se aqui analisar os fatores constitutivos desses conflitos, representados em dois estudos de casos emblemáticos do tema em foco, Somália (1992) e Timor Leste (1999), bem como o comportamento da ONU em face desses novos desafios. O fio condutor de toda a pesquisa consistiu em demonstrar sua principal hipótese: o sucesso dos processos de resolução de conflitos chefiados pela ONU foi comprovado somente em episódios nos quais a organização internacional considerou outros recursos além do uso da força militar e enfatizou abordagens mais abrangentes, as quais consideravam atores da sociedade civil originários de diversas camadas sociais. / The end of the Cold War is followed by many internal conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts, are characterized by a high level of violence and composed by actors from different origins. This work is an analysis of coercive power in humanitarian interventions, ruled by the United Nations, concerning conflict resolution process and humanitarian interventions undertaken in East Timor (1999) and in Somalia (1992). The main goal is to discuss the reasons why United Nations used military force in humanitarian interventions, as well as to highlight the approach to conflict resolution processes developed by international organizations. This work argues that conflict resolution processes tend to be successful when they are based on a broader approach, which concerns actors form civil society, coming from different social origins.

Submitted by Sinomar Soares de Carvalho Silva (sinomaruft@uft.edu.br) on 2017-04-25T18:33:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Murilo Francisco Centeno - Disserta????o.pdf: 1183043 bytes, checksum: f70814123d0da37f1d743156d2c082e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T18:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Murilo Francisco Centeno - Disserta????o.pdf: 1183043 bytes, checksum: f70814123d0da37f1d743156d2c082e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / O presente trabalho versa sobre meios alternativos de solu????o de conflitos na Administra????o P??blica. A disserta????o teve por escopo propor diretrizes contributivas para a institui????o e o funcionamento da C??mara de Preven????o e Resolu????o Administrativa de Conflitos do Estado do Tocantins, a ser implantada em aten????o ao disposto no artigo 174 do C??digo de Processo Civil de 2015 e no artigo 32 da Lei de Media????o, considerando que o conjunto legislativo delineou os tra??os fundamentais das c??maras cong??neres, a serem criadas no ??mbito das Administra????es P??blicas, remetendo, por??m, aos entes federativos a regula????o do modo de composi????o, do funcionamento e demais especificidades. A escassez de par??metros objetivos de regulamenta????o desafiam as Administra????es P??blicas a tornarem efetivas as mencionadas c??maras. Assim, mediante pesquisa eminentemente bibliogr??fica e documental, foram investigados os fundamentos te??ricos que embasam a utiliza????o de mecanismos de consensualidade no ??mbito da Administra????o P??blica, especialmente a partir da consensualidade administrativa expressa na administra????o p??blica dial??gica ou democr??tica, qualificada pela participa????o do administrado na forma????o da vontade administrativa, assim como manifestada no incremento da atividade contratual e na gest??o por acordos, vertente na qual se incluiu os meios alternativos de solu????o de conflitos envolvendo a Administra????o P??blica. A viabilidade e possibilidade jur??dica da negocia????o na preven????o e solu????o de conflitos envolvendo ??rg??os e entidades da Administra????o P??blica foram discutidas mediante a exposi????o dos argumentos que fundamentaram obje????es ?? transa????o nas controv??rsias de tal natureza, assim como foram estudadas a principiologia e as diretrizes que orientam a legisla????o rec??m-mencionada. Foi tamb??m investigada a C??mara de Concilia????o e Arbitragem da Administra????o Federal, atrelada ?? Advocacia-Geral da Uni??o, por considerar que a experi??ncia da Uni??o na gest??o extrajudicial e consensual de seus pr??prios conflitos inspira os dispositivos legais. A partir deste percurso e da an??lise cr??tica da experi??ncia concreta da Uni??o, foram apresentadas diretrizes contributivas para a institui????o e o funcionamento da c??mara local, vinculada ?? Procuradoria-Geral do Estado. / This paper discusses the alternative means of conflict resolution in Public Administration. Therefore, the purpose of the dissertation was to propose contributory guidelines for the institution and operation of the Chamber of Prevention and Administrative Resolution of Conflicts of the State of Tocantins, to be implemented in compliance with the provisions of article 174 of the Code of Civil Procedure of 2015 and article 32 of Law of Mediation, considering that the legislative set delineated the fundamental features of the congeners chambers, to be created within the scope of the Public Administrations, referring, however, to the federative entities, the regulation of the way of composition, functioning and other specificities. The scarcity of objective parameters of regulations challenges Public Administrations to make the aforementioned chambers effective. Thus, through an eminently bibliographical and documentary research, the theoretical foundations underlying the use of consensuality mechanisms within the Public Administration were investigated, especially from the administrative consensuality expressed in the dialogical or democratic public administration, qualified by the participation of the administered in the formation of the Administrative will , as well as manifested in the increment of the contractual activity and management of agreements, which included the alternative means of conflict resolution involving the Public Administration. The viability and legal possibility of negotiation in the prevention and resolution of conflicts involving public administration entities were discussed through the explosion of the arguments that grounded the objections to the transaction in the controversies of this nature, therefore the principiology and principles guiding that oriented the Legislation mention before were also studied. The Chamber of Conciliation and Arbitration of the Federal Administration, linked to the Federal Attorney General's Office, was also investigated, considering that the Union's experience in the extrajudicial and consensual management of its own conflicts inspires legal provisions. From this path and the critical analysis of the concrete experience of the Union, it was presented contributory guidelines for the establishment and functioning of the local chamber, linked to the Attorney General's Office.

Com o fim da Guerra-Fria uma série de conflitos surge em diferentes pontos do globo. Em sua maioria eles são de natureza intra-estatal, marcados por alto grau de violência e com múltiplos atores envolvidos. Acompanha essa nova realidade a adoção de uma postura coercitiva por parte da Organização das Nações Unidas, doravante comum nas chamadas intervenções humanitárias. A partir deste quadro propõe-se aqui analisar os fatores constitutivos desses conflitos, representados em dois estudos de casos emblemáticos do tema em foco, Somália (1992) e Timor Leste (1999), bem como o comportamento da ONU em face desses novos desafios. O fio condutor de toda a pesquisa consistiu em demonstrar sua principal hipótese: o sucesso dos processos de resolução de conflitos chefiados pela ONU foi comprovado somente em episódios nos quais a organização internacional considerou outros recursos além do uso da força militar e enfatizou abordagens mais abrangentes, as quais consideravam atores da sociedade civil originários de diversas camadas sociais. / The end of the Cold War is followed by many internal conflicts around the world. Most of these conflicts, are characterized by a high level of violence and composed by actors from different origins. This work is an analysis of coercive power in humanitarian interventions, ruled by the United Nations, concerning conflict resolution process and humanitarian interventions undertaken in East Timor (1999) and in Somalia (1992). The main goal is to discuss the reasons why United Nations used military force in humanitarian interventions, as well as to highlight the approach to conflict resolution processes developed by international organizations. This work argues that conflict resolution processes tend to be successful when they are based on a broader approach, which concerns actors form civil society, coming from different social origins.

Construction de l´État, Intégration regional et resolution des conflits sont des temes que ont marquee leurs presence dans les etudes et debats sur le continent africain dans ces derniers années. Donc, c´est pour participer et contribuir dans ce debat que ce travail a fait une analise de la formation de l´État Sénegalais et du conflit casamançais, en distaquant les diferents fase de cette dernière et les tentative d´integration regionales faîte atravers la Federation du Mali (1959-1960) et de la confederation de la Sénégambie (1982-1989). De cette manière on a cherché a montré que le conflit de Casamance est le fruit du processus de formation de l´État du Sénégal. Et, sa résolution doit tenir conte des facteurs économiques, culturels, historique et politique. Cependant, c´est seulement avec une integration regional construite avec la population peut ammener paix, developpement et liberté non seulement dans la region de la Casamance mais dans le monde contemporain em general. / Construção do Estado, Integração regional e resolução de conflitos são temas que marcaram presença nos estudos e nos debates sobre o continente africano nos últimos tempos. Assim para participar e contribuir neste debate esse trabalho faz uma análise da formação do Estado do Senegal e do conflito casamencês, ressaltando as diferentes fases do processo da construção do mesmo e as tentativas de integração regional através da Federação do Mali (1959-1960) e da confederação da Senegâmbia (1982-1989). Dessa maneira, procurou-se mostrar que o conflito de Casamance é resultado do processo da formação do Estado do Senegal. E, a resolução do mesmo deve levar em conta sim os fatores econômicos, culturais, históricos e políticos. No entanto, a integração regional construída com a sociedade pode ser uma das formas de trazer paz, desenvolvimento e liberdade, não somente na região de Casamance, mas no mundo contemporâneo em geral. / State-building, regional integration and conflict resolution are topics which featured in studies and discussions on the African continent in recent times. To participate and contribute in this debate, this work makes an analysis of the formation of State of Senegal and conflict casamencês, pointing out the different stages of the construction process and attempts at regional integration through the Federation of Mali (1959-1960) and the Confederation of Senegambia (1982-1989). This way, sought to show that the conflict in Casamance is the result of the process of formation of State of Senegal. And, the resolution should take into account the economic factors, cultural, historical and political. However, only with regional integration built with society can bring peace, development and freedom, not only in the region of Casamance, but in the contemporary world in general.