One of the greatest post-conflict problems in South Sudan, which has emerged as a threat to the nation’s security, has been the deadly clashes between tribes during cattle raids. This thesis examines why cattle raiding shifted from a relatively non-violent rite of passage to the primary manifestation of tribal conflict in South Sudan, and whether it is possible to reverse this shift. This thesis proposes a unique approach to the topic by analyzing two underlying causes: insecurity in Jonglei State and a breakdown of traditional governance structures – as well as how their combination has led to the shift. This thesis focuses on a case study of Jonglei State, as it has experienced the largest number of instances of conflict attributed to cattle raiding in South Sudan. Furthermore, current attempts to reduce conflict through increased security and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration programs have failed as they only address problems of insecurity. I will be comparing two periods of cattle raiding in Jonglei: the current conflict from 2009 until the present, and a historical review of cattle raids focusing on governance of the raids. The review will not cover any specific time period as it aims to identify what aspects of the tradition contributed to a reduced scale of violence before the shift in 2009. Insecurity has caused the increase in clashes, while disconnections to traditions have caused the increase in violence. To address these problems, traditional leadership structures and the de facto rules that structured raids must be re-established in order to produce a long-term solution.

This thesis provides an institutional explanation for the peaceful solution of the conflict between the Moldovan state and its small Gagauz minority in the period from 1988 to 1995. The central argument is that different institutional arrangements during this time had a direct effect on the Moldovan state’s capacity to bring about autonomy for the Gagauz. I show how Gagauz leaders, conditioned by the territorial-based structures of the Soviet Union, mobilized a political movement to push for the creation of an autonomous republic, and how this preference for autonomy remained the consistent demand of the Gagauz throughout the early years of post-communist transition. This finding supports the contention that Gagauz preferences cannot be used to explain the rich variation in political outcomes during this period. I assert that the critical changes were essentially institutional: new electoral laws; revised parliamentary rules and procedures; and a complete rewriting of Moldova’s constitution. These innovations were crucial in enabling the inclusive-minded majority in the Moldovan parliament to overcome the power of nationalist veto players by increasing the majority’s control of the legislative agenda. The importance of these institutional factors is examined by careful analysis of the different stages of the Moldovan parliament’s accommodation of the Gagauz: from separatism and stalemate to compromise. Furthermore, I reassert the central role of institutional arrangements by discounting the external influence of Turkey as a patron state on the successful negotiations between Moldova and the Gagauz. Using previously unresearched archival material, unstructured interviews with many of the key actors, and local media reporting, this thesis challenges existing accounts of the Gagauz conflict in Moldova. These accounts assert that either the Gagauz reaction to titular nationalism or the shifting preferences of strategic-thinking elites was the key causal factor of the political outcomes observed during this period. In contrast, this thesis shows that institutional design played a decisive role in the resolution of this conflict. The findings of this research offer useful lessons for other ethnically-divided states with mobilized minorities.

Service integration is central to current government strategy for promoting positive outcomes for young people with educational and additional needs, yet evidence to support the efficacy of this strategy remains elusive. A review of the literature finds that many of the facilitators of successful multi-agency working are at the intra-group level. These barriers and facilitating factors are organised into an Eco-systemic Model of Multi-Agency Working (EMMA) which addresses leadership processes, group-level interactions and problem-solving processes. The first stage of the study generates data for intervention materials to be used in the second stage. This is achieved by comparing the purposes and practices of each group at different systemic levels. This stage of the study also provides baseline questionnaire data for the second stage of the study. Consideration is given to the sources of conflict within each group, the strategies used to resolve these conflicts and the levels of hierarchical and systemic thinking within the participating multi-agency groups. The resulting analysis is found to fit well within the EMMA model and the distinctiveness of each of the systemic levels as well as their interdependence is discussed. Suggestions are made for improved multi-agency practices and new directions for the educational psychologist in facilitating improved practice are explored. Paper II Abstract In the first phase of this two-stage study, self-organised learning principles were proposed as a useful knowledge base upon which to draw when facilitating change in multi-agency groups. In this second phase, this hypothesis is put to the test. Data from the first phase is used in combination with wider research findings to design feedback materials for participating groups. Evidence gathered from ensuing meeting transcripts, interviews and questionnaire data is compared with baseline data gathered in the first phase to assess the impact of this intervention on group functioning. Evidence is presented of improved clarity of purpose, improved group functioning and early signs of improved outcomes, though results are highly variable between groups. Different levels of group functioning were found to be inter-dependent, lending support to an eco-systemic model of multi-agency working. Trait-based models of leadership and conflict resolution are challenged. It is argued that improving outcomes for young people is dependent upon the healthy functioning of multi-agency groups and that investing resources in reflective learning in multi-agency groups is a worthwhile step towards securing better outcomes for young people.

Modern conflict transformation emerged after World War II as a discipline and a field of academic research. Since the early 1990s it has increasingly concerned itself with psycho-social issues (e.g. trauma treatment or reconciliation) in the aftermath of violent protracted social conflicts. Within this psycho-social space there has been a growing interest in the use of music in conflict transformation to improve relationships between in and out-groups. However, the field of music and conflict transformation is still nascent, with little in-depth research available. The majority of studies have been undertaken by interested parties or relies on anecdotal evidence from organisers and musicians with little concern for the context of the music use. Participants, whose attitudes and relationships to out-groups are the focus of conflict transformation interventions, are largely overlooked and their views are rarely discussed. Furthermore, there are few detailed studies on exactly how music affects conflict transformation outcomes. Instead allusions are often made to terms such as “the power of music” which act as a black box intended to explain how music “works”, but patently fail to do so. This thesis attempts to fill these two gaps in the literature by focusing on the participants’ experiences in two different conflict transformation contexts, a multi- cultural music project for school children in Noway and the casual music use in a settlement of internally displaced persons in Sudan. Through qualitative research methods, rich descriptive data from different parties is gathered. The data is analysed using grounded theory. As a result a very different and more complex picture emerges that enriches the current understanding of how music is used and perceived in conflict transformation contexts. In particular, how participants view these activities and how power relationships, though rarely mentioned, affect the music use is explored in detail. Some tentative suggestions indicate that music works best when used in longitudinal bottom-up activities and that music can augment conflict transformation activities rather than replace them. Additionally, it is proposed that music may work as a form of benign interruption in conflict transformation activities and that musical events provide a liminal space where the real work lies in the process of bringing any changes in attitudes from the liminal space into everyday life.

La gestion des flux de trafic aérien (ATFM) cherche à structurer le trafic de manière à réduire la congestion dans l'espace aérien. La congestion étant causée par les avions volant dans les mêmes portions de l'espace aérien en même temps, l'ATFM organise le trafic dans les dimensions spatiales (ex. le réseau de routes) et dans la dimension temporelle (ex. séquencement et fusion de flux d'avions atterrissant ou décollant aux aéroports). L'objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthodologie qui permet au trafic aérien de s'auto-structurer dans les dimensions spatiales et temporelle quand la demande est élevée. Cette structuration disparait quand la demande diminue. Pour remplir cet objectif, un système multi-agents a été développé, dans lequel les avions coopèrent pour structurer le trafic. Les systèmes multi-agents possèdent plusieurs avantages, incluant une bonne résilience aux perturbations, la résilience étant la capacité du système à modifier ses décisions de manière à retrouver un état stable après l'occurrence d'une perturbation dans son environnement. Dans ce système, trois algorithmes sont implémentés, visant à réduire la com- plexité du trafic de trois manières différentes. Le premier algorithme permet aux agents avions volant sur un réseau de route de réguler leur vitesse de manière à ré- duire le nombre de conflits, un conflit se produisant quand deux avions ne respectent pas les normes de séparation. Le deuxième algorithme permet aux avions de résoudre les conflits quand le trafic n'est pas structuré par un réseau de routes. Le troisième algorithme crée des réseaux de routes locaux temporaires pour structurer le trafic. Les trois algorithmes implémentés dans ce système multi-agents permet de réduire la complexité globale du trafic, qui devient plus simple à gérer pour les contrôleurs aériens. Ces algorithmes sont appliqués à des exemples réalistes et sont capables de structurer le trafic de manière résiliente. / Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) aims at structuring traffic in order to reduce congestion in airspace. Congestion being linked to aircraft located at the same position at the same time, ATFM organizes traffic in the spatial dimension (e.g. route network) and in the time dimension (e.g. sequencing and merging of aircraft flows taking off or landing at airports). The objective of this thesis is to develop a methodology that allows the traffic to self-organize in the time and space dimensions when demand is high. This structure disappears when the demand diminishes. In order to reach this goal, a multi-agent system has been developed, in which aircraft cooperate to structure traffic. Multi-agent systems have several advantages, including a good resilience when confronted with disruptive events, resilience being the ability of the system to adapt its decisions in order to get back to a stable state when confronted to a disruption in its environment. In this system, three algorithms have been implemented, aiming at reducing traffic complexity in three different ways. The first algorithm allows aircraft agents flying on a route network to regulate speed in order to reduce the number of conflicts, a conflict occurring when two aircraft do not respect separation norms. The second algorithm allows aircraft to solve conflicts when the traffic is not structured by a route network. The third algorithm creates temporary local route networks allowing to structure traffic. The three algorithms implemented in this multi-agent system allow to decrease overall traffic complexity, which becomes easier to manage by air traffic controllers. This algorithm was applied on realistic examples and was able to structure traffic in a resilient way.

Syftet med det här utvecklingsarbetet är att lära elever olika strategier för att hantera konflikter och på det sättet minska konfliktförekomster. Tillvägagångssättet för utvecklingsarbetet var att genomföra en aktionsforskning där Söderströms aktionsforskningsmodell med åtta olika delar användes. Inriktningen för utvecklingsarbetet är konflikter på fotbollsplanen vilket är ett värdegrundsarbete. Tidigare forskning som berör värdegrundsarbete har granskats för att användas som vetenskaplig grund för vårt utvecklingsarbete. I arbetet genomfördes en nulägesanalys och därefter utfördes en praktisk aktion genom att upprätta en fotbollsskola. Fotbollsskolan bedrevs under fyra veckor med två aktivitetstillfällen varje vecka på ett fritidshem i södra Sverige där deltagandet var frivilligt. De elever som deltog återfanns i årskurserna 1–5. Efter genomförandet utfördes en innehållsanalys där resultatet analyserades utifrån arbetets frågeställningar och teoretiska ramverk vilket var den sociala inlärningsteorin. Metoderna som användes för generering av data vid nulägesanalysen och resultatet var strukturerade intervjuer och strukturerade observationer. Vi använde även utvärderingsleken fyra hörn och dagboksanteckningar för att generera data i resultatet. Indikationer på att utvecklingsarbetet har gett positiva resultat gällande förekomsten av konflikter kunde iakttas vid resultatet.

Reconciliação é o processo de prover uma visão consistente de dados provenientes de várias fontes de dados. Embora existam na literatura trabalhos voltados à proposta de soluções de reconciliação baseadas em colaboração assíncrona, o desafio de reconciliar dados quando vários usuários colaborativos trabalham de forma assíncrona sobre as mesmas cópias locais de dados, compartilhando somente eventualmente as suas decisões de integração particulares, tem recebido menos atenção. Nesta tese de doutorado investiga-se esse desafio, por meio da proposta do modelo AcCORD (Asynchronous COllaborative data ReconcIliation moDel). AcCORD é um modelo colaborativo assíncrono para reconciliação de dados no qual as atualizações dos usuários são mantidas em um repositório de operações na forma de dados de procedência. Cada usuário tem o seu próprio repositório para armazenar a procedência e a sua própria cópia das fontes. Ou seja, quando inconsistências entre fontes importadas são detectadas, o usuário pode tomar decisões de integração para resolvê-las de maneira autônoma, e as atualizações que são executadas localmente são registradas em seu próprio repositório. As atualizações são compartilhadas entre colaboradores quando um usuário importa as operações dos repositórios dos demais usuários. Desde que diferentes usuários podem ter diferentes pontos de vista para resolver o mesmo conflito, seus repositórios podem estar inconsistentes. Assim, o modelo AcCORD também inclui a proposta de diferentes políticas de reconciliação multiusuário para resolver conflitos entre repositórios. Políticas distintas podem ser aplicadas por diferentes usuários para reconciliar as suas atualizações. Dependendo da política aplicada, a visão final das fontes importadas pode ser a mesma para todos os usuários, ou seja, um única visão global integrada, ou resultar em distintas visões locais para cada um deles. Adicionalmente, o modelo AcCORD também incorpora um método de propagação de decisões de integração, o qual tem como objetivo evitar que um usuário tome decisões inconsistentes a respeito de um mesmo conflito de dado presente em diferentes fontes, garantindo um processo de reconciliação multiusuário mais efetivo. O modelo AcCORD foi validado por meio de testes de desempenho que avaliaram as políticas propostas, e por entrevistas a usuários que avaliaram não somente as políticas propostas mas também a qualidade da reconciliação multiusuário. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a eficiência e a eficácia do modelo proposto, além de sua flexibilidade para gerar uma visão integrada ou distintas visões locais. As entrevistas realizadas demonstraram diferentes percepções dos usuários quanto à qualidade do resultado provido pelo modelo AcCORD, incluindo aspectos relacionados à consistência, aceitabilidade, corretude, economia de tempo e satisfação. / Reconciliation is the process of providing a consistent view of the data imported from different sources. Despite some efforts reported in the literature for providing data reconciliation solutions with asynchronous collaboration, the challenge of reconciling data when multiple users work asynchronously over local copies of the same imported data has received less attention. In this thesis we investigate this challenge. We propose AcCORD, an asynchronous collaborative data reconciliation model. It stores users integration decision in logs, called repositories. Repositories keep data provenance, that is, the operations applied to the data sources that led to the current state of the data. Each user has her own repository for storing the provenance. That is, whenever inconsistencies among imported sources are detected, the user may autonomously take decisions to solve them, and integration decisions that are locally executed are registered in her repository. Integration decisions are shared among collaborators by importing each others repositories. Since users may have different points of view, repositories may also be inconsistent. Therefore, AcCORD also introduces several policies that can be applied by different users in order to solve conflicts among repositories and reconcile their integration decisions. Depending on the applied policy, the final view of the imported sources may either be the same for all users, that is, a single integrated view, or result in distinct local views for each of them. Furthermore, AcCORD encompasses a decision integration propagation method, which is aimed to avoid that a user take inconsistent decisions over the same data conflict present in different sources, thus guaranteeing a more effective reconciliation process. AcCORD was validated through performance tests that investigated the proposed policies and through users interviews that investigated not only the proposed policies but also the quality of the multiuser reconciliation. The results demonstrated the efficiency and efficacy of AcCORD, and highlighted its flexibility to generate a single integrated view or different local views. The interviews demonstrated different perceptions of the users with regard to the quality of the result provided by AcCORD, including aspects related to consistency, acceptability, correctness, time-saving and satisfaction.

O presente trabalho apresenta um esforço de investigação sobre uma modalidade de alternativa penal que tem ganhado força mundialmente: a Justiça Restaurativa (JR). O objetivo principal deste projeto foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os efeitos que a JR é capaz de provocar, a partir de uma investigação focada no Centro de Direitos Humanos e Educação Popular do Campo Limpo (CDHEP), na formação de facilitadores que o CDHEP promove, e nos facilitadores de práticas restaurativas que atuam junto a esta instituição. A pesquisa utilizou-se de dois métodos principais, a etnografia, utilizada para conhecer o campo de estudo e observar algumas das atividades realizadas no CDHEP, e a entrevista semiestruturada, utilizada para investigar as significações e reflexões que os facilitadores desenvolvem sobre a JR. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a formação de facilitadores do CDHEP tem como diferencial a sua inspiração na Escola de Perdão e Reconciliação e o seu foco na autorreflexão como fundamento para a prática do facilitador. Além disso, o CDHEP construiu, ao longo dos anos, um entendimento muito particular sobre a JR, o que confere ao trabalho lá realizado uma base sólida de atuação alicerçada em um entendimento compartilhado sobre o tema. As entrevistas com facilitadores demonstram que cada um deles construiu uma relação muito particular com a JR, bastante marcada pelas experiências pessoais desde a formação até a sua aplicação prática. O contato com a JR deflagra um processo de autoconhecimento que ressignifica a posição da pessoa no mundo, modificando a forma de encarar a si mesmo, o outro, as relações e a comunicação. Apesar disso, há diferenças na reflexão crítica sobre a própria atividade e sobre a JR como um campo do conhecimento. Todos os entrevistados afirmaram acreditar que a JR funciona, mas as hipóteses explicativas apresentadas diferiram. Os facilitadores entrevistados disseram acreditar que a JR provoca mudanças nas pessoas que passam pela formação ou pelo processo restaurativo, e dizem que foram pessoalmente muito impactados por ela; também acreditam que transformações na sociedade são possíveis, embora não saibam dizer exatamente como. Concluímos que a JR provoca mudanças profundas nos facilitadores que trabalham com o tema, que afetam a maneira como entendem a sua posição no mundo e suas possibilidades de ação sobre ele. Apesar disso, não consideramos que o curso de capacitação de facilitadores permita uma formação individual, no sentido utilizado por Adorno, pois embora desenvolva a autoconsciência, é preciso ainda desenvolver outros elementos de crítica social que não são totalmente contemplados pela estrutura atual. Por outro lado, a prática do CDHEP tem como foco o próprio processo da JR ao invés de outros resultados, como os acordos, o que permite um uso não-instrumental das técnicas e que podem ter efeitos libertadores. Ainda é preciso entender melhor outros aspectos da aplicação da JR por parte do CDHEP, como os efeitos produzidos na relação da população atendida com o Judiciário. Apesar disso, concluímos que a atuação do CDHEP tem provocado transformações importantes nas pessoas e nas relações, uma vez que os facilitadores ali formados apresentam mudanças pessoais significativas atribuídas a esse contato / This work presents an investigation on an alternative to criminal penalties that has been gathering force worldwide: Restorative Justice (RJ). The main objective of this project is to broaden the knowledge of the effects of RJ by investigating the Center for Human Rights and Popular Education of Campo Limpo (Centro de Direitos Humanos e Educação Popular do Campo Limpo CDHEP) and by looking into the facilitator formation course promoted by CDHEP and the facilitators of restorative practices that work in this institution. This research has made use of two methods. The approach to the field of study and the observation activities was done using the ethnographic method and the facilitators were interviewed about how they understand and think about RJ. The results indicate that the formation course examined differs from others because it is based on the School of Forgiveness and Reconciliation (Escola de Perdão e Reconciliação) and grounds the facilitating practice on self-reflection. Over the years, CDHEP has built a very particular understanding about RJ, giving their work solid foundations built upon a shared understanding on this subject. The interviews with the facilitators show that they have a very personal relation with RJ, marred by their own experiences with training and practice. RJ deflagrates a self-knowledge process that modify the way the facilitators understand their place in the world, changing the way they view themselves, other people, relations and communication. Nonetheless, there are differences on how each of the participants reflects upon their practice and RJ as a field of knowledge. All interviewees consider that RJ works, but each one presents a different explanation for this fact. They also believe that RJ changes those that go through the formation course or through a restorative process and that they were personally affected by their own experiences with RJ. Likewise, they believe RJ can transform society, but are not entirely sure how. We conclude that RJ deeply changes the facilitators that work with it. Nevertheless, it cannot be concluded that the formation course allows an individual formation as Adorno would understand it. Even though self-awareness is improved, the course itself does not fully develop the ability of social analysis necessary for erudition. On the other hand, the practices of CDHEP focus on the process itself instead of emphasizing final results like agreements. This allows for a non-instrumental use of the techniques which can have liberating effects. It is still necessary to better understand certain aspects of the way CDHEP practices RJ, for example, how it affects the way the people helped relate to the judicial system as a whole. Still, we conclude that CDHEP has been significantly changing people and relations, as the facilitators that studied there report that they have changed and attribute these changes to RJ

O presente estudo enfoca o direito constitucional de acesso à Justiça e a utilização, pelos órgãos públicos, dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos como instrumentos de ampliação do acesso à Justiça nas relações de trabalho e na atividade da Justiça Trabalhista. Para tanto, é feita análise quanto à atividade jurisdicional e do uso dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos para a ampliação do acesso à Justiça, focando aspectos relevantes, como o protagonismo do Judiciário, a visão de gerenciamento do processo pelo magistrado, a perspectiva metodológica do processo e a necessidade de uma tutela de interesses metaindividuais. Apresenta-se um estudo mais específicos dos métodos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos, partindo do conceito de conflito, bem como do uso desses instrumentais nas relações laborais e também pela Justiça do Trabalho. Os principais órgãos públicos que se utilizam dos mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos são abordados, buscando-se compreender as adequações e os limites do uso desses mecanismos por cada instituição pública. Questiona-se, ainda, quanto aos reflexos da recente edição da Resolução 125/2010, do Conselho Nacional de Justiça - Res. 125/CNJ, que prescreve a todos os tribunais e juízos a criação de órgãos que utilizem os mecanismos não adversariais de resolução de conflitos paralelamente à atividade jurisdicional, nas relações de trabalho e na Justiça do Trabalho. / This study highlights the constitutional right of access to Justice and the use, by public bodies, of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms as instruments of amplification of the access to Justice, regarding the labor relationship and the Labor Court activity. To this extent, the present paper analyses the jurisdiction and the use of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms to broaden the access to Justice, focusing on substantial issues, such as the Judiciarys leading role, the management approach of the process by the judge, the methodological perspective of the process and the urge of protection of the transindividual rights. Furthermore, a more detailed study of the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms is carried out, starting from the definition of conflict, as well as the use of these mechanisms on the labor relationships and on the Labor Courts. The most important public bodies which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms are addressed, in an effort to understand the singularities and the limits of their use by each public body. The study also addresses the recent Resolution 125/2010, enacted by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, which determines all courts to create departments which use the non-adversarial conflict resolution mechanisms along with the traditional jurisdiction, on the labor relationships and on the Labor Court.

Selon un bilan établi en 1998 par le Secrétaire général de l’O.N.U., l’Afrique est le continent le plus touché par les conflits. Aussi bien les Organisations Internationales que les Etats contribuent à apaiser les situations soit par la voie pacifique soit par le recours à la force armée. Le premier Président ivoirien avait fait du dialogue sa priorité en matière de résolution des conflits tant internes qu’internationaux. Plusieurs médiations avaient été menées par les autorités ivoiriennes à l’occasion de crises auxquelles étaient confrontés certains pays africains. La Côte d’Ivoire s’était attelée à trouver, par le dialogue, des solutions. Mais elle a également participé à des opérations de maintien de la paix. Le déclenchement de la crise ivoirienne a inversé les rôles. La Côte d’Ivoire a été l’objet de médiations ; des troupes étrangères ont été déployées dans le cadre d’une mission de maintien de la paix. Le dialogue utilisé à l’occasion des autres conflits africains a mis du temps à trouver une application effective. En tout état de cause, c’est par le dialogue que les acteurs politiques ivoiriens ont pu trouver des solutions aux problèmes de la Côte d’Ivoire. / According to an established assessment by the General Secretary of the UN in 1998, Africa is the most affected continent by conflicts. International organisations as well as States play a great part in alleviating conflict situations, either by the peaceful way or the recourse to the armed force. The former Ivorian president has made dialogue his priority, as far as, both internal and international conflicts ‘resolutions are concerned. Several mediations were led by Ivorian authorities at the time of crises with which some African countries were confronted. Côte d’Ivoire set out to find, through dialogue, solutions. But it also took part in peacekeeping operations. The Ivorian crisis outbreak reversed the roles. Côte d’Ivoire has been object of mediations. Some international armed forces have been deployed as part of peacekeeping mission. The dialogue used at the time of other African conflicts took time over finding an effective application. At all events, it is through dialogue that the Ivorian political actors were able to find solutions to the problems of Côte d’Ivoire.