High and medium-voltage digital substations play an essential role in the energy transition since they are part of the equipment required to deploy smart grids. With the gradual increase of smart grids, energy systems are becoming more flexible with the growing penetration of renewable energies and distributed energy generation. Simultaneously, the energy system’s efficiency increases, with load supply precisely where required and reduced losses. Medium voltage stations have not been upgraded gradually like high voltage stations; therefore, most of Stockholm’s medium voltage stations are considered old and do not include digital remote monitoring or remote-control features. These conventional stations must be retrofitted with digital technology or replaced with new digitized stations. Previous studies show the technical potential of updating non-digitized stations to reduce interruption times. Still, a systematic assessment of these types of projects’ profitability is missing. This project aims to perform a techno-economic assessment for retrofitting conventional urban medium voltage substations with digital technology, modeling different configurations of digitalization (levels 1 and 2) to suggest the most convenient set-up, balancing the technical and economic facets. Furthermore, it investigates the prospect and profitability of reducing interruption times by 50% with the digitization of substations. The methodology proposed used a reference test system based on the most representative type of network for an urban medium voltage network in Stockholm: A Double cable – open loop structure consisting of 5 single cable secondary substations. A calculation method was performed to obtain the expected results evaluating all the possible combinations of digitalized stations in the feeder line. Results suggest that the best outcome is formed by the last station retrofitted with remote control (level 2) and the other four stations with monitoring (level 1). This setup could reduce SAIDI by 71% and the total customer costs by 26.3%. To make this outcome profitable, a reduction in Omexom Labor Costs of 13.6% is required if a discount rate of 7% is used, but if this value is below 4.65%, a reduction in Labor Costs is unnecessary. Furthermore, results show that a set-up of 5 monitoring digitized stations can reduce SAIDI by 56.8%. Thus, it aligns with Ellevio’s objective to reduce by half their interruption times. A reduction of 12.9% in Labor Costs would be required to achieve this as a profitable setup; on the other hand, if the discount rate is below 4.65%, it is unnecessary. / Digitala hög- och medelspänningsstationer spelar en avgörande roll i energiomställningen eftersom de är en del av den utrustning som krävs för att implementera smarta elnät. Med den gradvisa ökningen av smarta elnät blir energisystemen mer flexibla med den ökande penetrationen av förnybar energi och distribuerad energiproduktion. Samtidigt ökar energisystemets effektivitet, med lastförsörjning precis där det behövs och minskade förluster. Medelspänningsstationerna har inte uppgraderats gradvis som högspänningsstationerna; därför anses de flesta av Stockholms medelspänningsstationer vara gamla och inkluderar inte digital fjärrövervakning eller fjärrstyrningsfunktioner. Dessa konventionella stationer måste antingen uppgraderas med digital teknik eller ersättas med nya digitaliserade stationer. Tidigare studier visar den tekniska potentialen att uppdatera icke-digitaliserade stationer för att minska avbrottstiderna, men en systematisk bedömning av lönsamheten för sådana projekt saknas. Detta projekt syftar till att utföra en teknisk-ekonomisk utvärdering för att uppgradera konventionella urbana medelspänningsstationer med digital teknik, genom att modellera olika konfigurationer av digitalisering (nivå 1 och 2) för att föreslå den mest lämpliga uppställningen, där tekniska och ekonomiska aspekter balanseras. Dessutom ska möjligheterna och lönsamheten för att minska avbrottstiderna med 50% genom digitalisering av stationer undersökas. Den föreslagna metoden använder ett referenstestsystem baserat på den mest representativa typen av nätverk för ett urbant medelspänningsnät i Stockholm: en dubbelkabel - öppen slingstruktur bestående av 5 enskilda kabelunderstationer. En beräkningsmetod användes för att få de förväntade resultaten genom att utvärdera alla möjliga kombinationer av digitaliserade stationer i matarledningen. Resultaten antyder att det bästa resultatet uppnås genom att den sista stationen uppgraderas med fjärrstyrning (nivå 2) och de andra fyra stationerna med övervakning (nivå 1). Denna uppställning kan minska SAIDI med 71% och totala kundkostnader med 26.3%. För att göra detta resultat lönsamt krävs en minskning av Omexom arbetskostnader med 13.6% om en diskonteringsränta på 7% används, men om detta värde är under 4.65% behövs ingen minskning av arbetskraftskostnader. Dessutom visar resultaten att en uppställning med 5 övervakningsdigitaliserade stationer kan minska SAIDI med 56.8%. Detta stämmer överens med Ellevios mål att halvera sina avbrottstider. En minskning av arbetskraftskostnader med 12.9% skulle krävas för att uppnå detta som en lönsam uppställning. Å andra sidan, om diskonteringsräntan är under 4.65%, finns det ingen anledning att minska arbetskraftskostnader.

The purpose of this essay is to explore the connection between the novel adaptation of Five Nights at Freddy’s and its video game source. As well as questioning how the two sources have developed a unique transmedial symbiosis. This relationship will be explored through the lens of modern adaptation, transmedial storytelling, worldbuilding, and world linking methods. By exploring the games unnatural narrative the transmedial tools and ideas the franchise has been based on can be defined. Through interaction and puzzle-like narrative which invites the player to participate by discussing and theorizing. Which then evolved and expanded further through the creation of the novel trilogy. The novel trilogy creates a transmedial narrative using world linking transmedial methodology to achieve interconnection between the works.

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In an optimal visiting problem, we want to control a trajectory that has to pass as close as possible to a collection of target points or regions. We introduce a hybrid control-based approach for the classic problem where the trajectory can switch between a group of discrete states related to the targets of the problem. The model is subsequently adapted to a mean-field game framework, that is when a huge population of agents plays the optimal visiting problem with a controlled dynamics and with costs also depending on the distribution of the population. In particular, we investigate a single continuity equation with possible sinks and sources and the field possibly depending on the mass of the agents. The same problem is also studied on a network framework. More precisely, we study a mean-field game model by proving the existence of a suitable definition of an approximated mean-field equilibrium and then we address the passage to the limit.

The need for transition of care for adult survivors of chronic conditions of childhood onset is an area that has received increasing attention in the healthcare literature; however, gaps in understanding and implementation persist. The complexity of transitioning from pediatric to adult care environments present numerous challenges for patients, their families, and health care providers. Ineffectual transitions can result in increased morbidity, a decline in quality of life, and unnecessary health care spending. The fundamental challenges in transitions of care for this population originates from a lack of institutional support to develop structured transition protocols. Healthcare institutions lack impetus to develop transition programs as their utility has not been sufficiently demonstrated because of inadequate research upon which to base clinical decisions. Therefore, patients transitioning from pediatric to adult care often confront difficulties ranging from fragmented care coordination to extended lapses continuous care, which can exacerbate the progression of their chronic conditions. The primary aim of this study is to examine the current literature regarding the ability of pediatric to adult transition programs for survivors of chronic disease to determine whether they are effective in delaying disease progression. The secondary aim is to examine whether evidence exists to demonstrate cost effectiveness of such interventions. Subsequently we explore potential barriers to adoption for healthcare institutions to adopt pediatric to adult transition care programs on a broad scale. This systematic review employs methodology to extract, analyze and synthesize data from relevant peer-reviewed articles, observational studies, and clinical trials. Preliminary findings indicate that improving transition protocols can indeed enhance patient outcomes, potentially reduce hospital readmissions, and may thereby be cost-effective for health care organizations. We posit that providing optimized transitions of care during this vulnerable life stage could enhance patient outcomes for managing various chronic conditions of childhood onset supporting the argument that better transitions of care are not only desirable but also achievable and worthwhile goals for health care systems to adopt. By examining the intricacies of transitioning care for adult survivors of chronic conditions of childhood onset, we aim to open a critical dialog and make recommendations for future research and clinical practice that may significantly impact health care practices, models, and policies thereby potentially and significantly impacting health for adult survivors. / Urban Bioethics

SAMMANFATTNING  Bakgrund: Kontinuitet genom graviditet, förlossning och nyföddhetsperiod har god evidens när de kommer till att främja okomplicerade förlossningar. Relationsbaserad vård är associerad med minskad morbiditet. Trots detta är vårdformen fortsatt ovanlig i Sverige.  Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka barnmorskors motivation att arbeta relationsbaserat och deras upplevelser och erfarenheter att följa kvinnan under graviditet, förlossning och nyföddhetsperiod.  Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ ansats där fem barnmorskor intervjuades varav alla hade erfarenheter av att jobba relationsbaserat. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Två teman kunde utläsas av resultatet: “Vårdens organisation” och “Relationernas betydelse”. Barnmorskorna upplevde att beredskapen var slitsam men att arbetet i sig var givande. Flera barnmorskor nämnde den medikaliserade och hierarkiska vården som anledningar till att de sökt sig från förlossningsvården på sjukhus till den relationsbaserade vården. Relationerna som byggdes tack vare kontinuiteten ledde till en ökad upplevelse av trygghet för den födande samt dess partner.  Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att barnmorskor som tidigare har, eller för närvarande, arbetar inom en kontinuitetsmodell upplevt ett flertal positiva aspekter i sitt arbete. Förutom att arbetet får dem att må bra och ger dem en känsla av tillfredsställelse, byggs även starka band till den födande, vilket verkar främja fysiologiska födslar. Relationen som byggs upp över tid ledde till en ökad trygghet för kvinnan och även hennes partner. Barnmorskans anledningar att jobba relationsbaserat berodde delvis på en upplevelse att förlossningsvården blivit medikaliserad och läkarstyrd samt att man inte hade möjlighet att utöva sitt barnmorskeri. / ABSTRACT  Background: Continuity throughout pregnancy, childbirth and the neonatal period has good evidence when it comes to promoting uncomplicated births. Relationship-based care is associated with reduced morbidity. Despite this, this form of care is still unusual in Sweden.  Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate midwives' reasons to work relationship-based and their experiences of following the woman during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period.  Method: The study has a qualitative approach where five midwives were interviewed, all of whom had experience of working relationship-based. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis.  Results: Two themes could be deduced from the results: "The organization of health care" and "The importance of relationships". The midwives felt that the on-call work was tiring but that the work itself was rewarding. Several midwives mentioned the medicalized and hierarchical care as reasons why they have moved from maternity wards in hospitals to relationship-based care. The relationships that were built thanks to the continuity led to an increased sense of security for the person giving birth and their partner.  Conclusion: The results of the study show that midwives who previously have, or currently, work within a continuity model experienced a number of positive aspects in their work. In addition to making them feel good and giving them a sense of satisfaction, the work also builds strong bonds with the birthing person, which seems to promote physiological births. The relationship that is built up over time led to an increased sense of security for the woman and also her partner. The midwife's reasons for working relationship-based were partly due to a perception that maternity care had become medicalized and controlled by doctors, and that they could not practice their midwifery.

SpaceX as aerospace manufacturer and space transport service technology company work along to make reusable rockets, their long term plan is to make spaceflight affordable routine. Elon Musk, as CEO, is involved in every step of decision making as he has mentioned in interviews. The rocket's engine has undergone a number of improvements, and to increase its efficiency and power, a number of parts has been reduced. The redesigning process involves several decisions, such as in-house or out-source production. This research provides a practical framework for contractors, suppliers, and manufacturers to build a more reliable, affordable, and low cost supply chain. As a result, the objective of my dissertation is to explore how managers can extend the useful life of their assets and reduce their total cost of ownership. The main research focus for this dissertation is lifecycle affordability (LCA) for capital intensive products when post production costs are significantly higher than production costs. Lifecycle cost is often not considered by firms in a product, service or asset when making acquisition decisions. Firm's acquisition are mainly based on the initial cost of the product. Decision making without considering the entire lifecycle cost of a product impacts the firm's profitability, revenue, pricing strategies, and competitiveness. Evaluating the trade-offs between all the costs involved in the product lifecycle can help firms to have an estimation of costs before making any acquisition decisions. To address these challenges, lifecycle affordability (LCA) considerations can enable firms to focus their decisions on their long-term investment process rather than trying to save on initial cost of purchasing a product. This dissertation presents the following research question: how has lifecycle affordability been represented in supply chain research to date? And what are constructs of lifecycle affordability? To address this research question, the dissertation is comprised of three separate essays. The first essay conducts literature review method to provide a framework for lifecycle affordability that reduces the total lifecycle cost while maintaining the reliability and efficiency of the capital equipment, and identify existing research gaps and future LCA research ideas. The second essay is constructed on a survey-based method and investigations how homeowners' lack of understanding lifecycle cost, and long-term affordability affects their dissatisfaction with the home purchase. A regression model is developed to study the factors that explain Homebuyers' lack of understanding cost, and affordability considerations. The third essay developed an agent-based model (ABM) to study small medium businesses (SMB) when the business organization and the community is hit by a disaster. The objective of the study is to investigate the resiliency and lifecycle affordability management of the community and the small medium businesses.

In an increasingly interconnected, and electricity-reliant world, households are asked to build up their resilience to crises. Local, distributed electricity production within a microgrid with capability to operate disconnected from the larger grid has been shown to be an effective tool for increasing power system resilience in the past. The energy production of local renewable sources is, however, not sufficient in meeting normal household energy demand. This thesis explores whether the forming of communities can be utilised to reduce energy demand and as a result, increase the resiliency of both the community and urban environments. The analysis of household energy use and the subsequently developed toolbox provide insights into energy use both under normal societal function and during a crisis. Through living and cooking together as a community, significant energy-efficiency gains were possible, exceeding those reasonably achieved within each individual household. Community was further determined to be important in the planning and development of more resilient combinations of renewable energy, going beyond solar power. When implemented in theoretical scenarios, energy communities at a building and block level could provide sufficient energy for the households’ most immediate needs without major sacrifices of wellness. The scheme proposed is argued to require not only monetary investments, but also larger societal shifts. Producing sufficient quantities of electricity within urban environments will mean a large change in how cities are experienced. Public understanding and acceptance for such a change is likely to be necessary. Through the implementation, the role of the municipality would go from action-taking to mostly laying the groundwork for the formation of communities, as well as advising these as they achieve higher household resilience. Most critically, however, there is a need for the broader population to embrace working together in communities.

Up to this date there are several scientific disciplines that deal with religion´s underlying mechanisms and certain functions of our consciousness, but there isn´t anyone who takes into account the entire aspect of consciousness. The aim of the present work is to bring the entire aspect of our consciousness into the scientific discussion of religion. To help in doing this, the philosophical concept of qualia is used. First the concept is problematized, then an examination whether the concept has explanatory value in the science of religion and in the understanding of religious experience is done.  The concept of qualia has in this manner been applied to several scientific theories of religion and place-related entity continuity has been used as an example of religious experience. The present work is developed as a literature study and uses literature and theories from de scientific disciplines of philosophy of mind, cognitive neuroscience, neurotheology, cognitive science of religion and psychology of religion. As an underlying method the epistemological theory of holistic coherentism is used because it enables such an interdisciplinary study as this work is.   What this work shows is that qualia have a high explanatory value in the science of religion and in the understanding of religious experience and how we form religious concepts. However, the concept of qualia is problematic and great care must be exercised when inferences are made.

Abstract : The Mi’gmaq colonial experience is not unique among North American Native peoples, but being among the earliest in Canada to be colonized by Europeans, who arrived largely from the East, our people have had to contend with over 500 years of colonization and assimilation. The goal of this research is to explore the cultural practices of continuity and cultural memory as applied in selected examples of Mi’gmaq stories/literature, past and present. As a Mi’gmaq woman, having spent most of my life in the First Nations community of Listuguj in Quebec, I felt the need to focus my research on Mi’gmaq culture and stories. I believe our culture is rich and interesting in its history, language, and literature; I wish to showcase this in my thesis. By providing an overview of the still emergent literature of the Mi’gmaq Nation in its various forms (storytelling, novel, memoir, autobiography, poetry), I intend to illustrate that the Mi’gmaq people as well as their culture and language have been and still are continuously evolving. The stories presented in this thesis assure cultural continuity by creating and keeping a collective memory in the form of narratives that can be read, expressed, and interpreted many times over. My own understanding of cultural continuity stems from the Mi’gmaq sense of culture which is made up of three aspects: traditions, consciousness or identity, and language. I identify “continuity” as the forward-motion study of culture and the consistent existence of Mi’gmaq values, knowledge, and stories and how they have continuously evolved. Mi’gmaq culture is in a constant state of renewal while it still upholds a sense of influence from our collective past. Jan Assmann’s theorization of the concept of cultural memory is a way society ensures cultural continuity by transmitting its collective knowledge through generations. In accordance with Assmann’s notion of cultural memories as stores of knowledge from which members of a community construct their collective and individual identities, my idea of “cultural memory” is deeply related to narrative memory in the sense that story (in its many forms) inevitably preserves, defines, and transmits memories as well as teachings of Mi’gmaq culture and beliefs. Through the (re)interpretation of past stories and the formation of new ones, Mi’gmaq literature constitutes a means of defining our cultural identity for ourselves and for others. The forward motion of cultural continuity in my study does not idealise a pre-colonial past nor does it encourage leaving our shared history behind, but rather I wish to demonstrate that Mi’gmaq literature re-members and shapes our cultural past as it relates to our ever-evolving present to assist us on our journey towards the future. The goal of my thesis is to show that examples of Mi’gmaq traditional and modern literature and stories depict a Mi’gmaq culture and identity that is not stunted in the past, but rather syncretises cultural memories and visions for the future. The four chapters in this paper reflect the past, present, and future of Mi’gmaq stories, though not in a strictly linear manner. By means of applied reading of selected texts and exploring the significance of the past in the present and its relationship towards the future, I intend to represent a mixture of linear and cyclical concepts of time. Chapter One will begin in the past with a discussion of the cultural practice and functions of traditional Mi’gmaq storytelling and pre-colonial worldview. This chapter illustrates how Mi’gmaq history and traditional stories are interrelated as stores of cultural memory and knowledge. Chapters Two and Three explore differing patterns present in contemporary Mi’gmaq literary representations. Chapter Two explores the issues of Native cultural authenticity as well as the myths of the “Imaginary Indian” (Daniel Francis) and the “timeless condition” (Anne-Christine Hornborg), which posit Native culture and peoples as relics of the past with no future. Namely by analyzing two historical novels with Mi’gmaq characters that are written by non-Mi’gmaq authors, The Deserter (2010) by Paul Almond and Cibou (2008) by Susan Young de Biagi, this chapter presents the importance of questioning and analyzing what we as Mi’gmaq people read about our own culture. Chapter Three depicts Mi’gmaq self-representation in the form of non-fiction residential school Survivor narratives, specifically Out of the Depths by Isabelle Knockwood and Song of Rita Joe by Rita Joe. Both authors write about the past in order to encourage individual and collective healing, following residential school experience, with a hopeful vision for the future. Having both survived the assimilatory and abusive system of the Shubenacadie Residential School in Nova Scotia, Knockwood and Joe depict personal, and sometimes contrasting, views of the residential school legacy. Deena Rymhs’ parallel analysis of residential schools as prisons, how residential schooling caused a significant rupture in cultural continuity by enacting spatial and ideological diaspora as defined by Neal McLeod, as well as Aboriginal resilience and healing are key theorizations in this chapter. Finally, Chapter Four looks at the discourse of the past in the present in examples of Mi’gmaq contemporary literature. The notions of belonging and identity construction are significant in Mi’gmaq literature. In the colonial past (and to an extent still today), Native peoples have not been in control of their own cultural identities. In order to contextualize the current issues surrounding Mi’gmaq/Native identity that are reflected within the narratives in this chapter, Indian Status as a legal identity conferred on Native peoples and its implications on personal and cultural identity as well as community belonging are explored. Keeping in mind the negotiations of both ascribed and self-ascribed cultural identities, Stones and Switches by Lorne Simon, My Mi’kmaq Mother by Julie Pellissier-Lush, two books for children by Michael James Isaac, as well as selected poetry by Shirley Kiju Kawi, will be analysed with a view to recognizing a modern hybrid Mi’gmaq identity. On the whole, Mi’gmaq people (and those who wish to learn more about Native and Mi’gmaq people) can always find useful and relevant information in our collective past. Mi’gmaq storytelling and literature, in their multitude of forms, represent viable stores of cultural memories that link both past and present traditions, values, and realities as our culture moves into the future. / Résumé : Ce travail de recherche vise à explorer les pratiques de continuité et de mémoires culturels en utilisant une variété d'exemples provenant de la littérature Mi'gmaq du passée et du temps présent. L'expérience colonial du peuple des Premières Nations Mi'gmaq n'est pas unique en ce qui concerne les Autochtones d'Amérique du nord mais ils ont cependant été parmi les premières Nations autochtones à être colonisés au Canada par les Européens, qui sont arrivés de l’est, et ont donc eu à vivre avec les effets de plus de 500 ans de colonisation et d'assimilation. En tant que jeune femme Mi’gmaq, ayant vécue la majeure partie de ma vie dans la communauté des Premières Nations de Listuguj, Québec, j’ai senti le besoin de centrer mes recherches sur la culture et les histoires Mi’gmaq. Dans ce mémoire, je souhaite mettre en valeur la richesse de l’histoire, la langue et la littérature de mon peuple. En donnant un aperçu de la littérature encore émergente de la Nation Mi’gmaq sous ses différentes formes (les contes, les romans, les mémoires et biographies, la poésie, etc.), ce projet a pour but d’illustrer que la culture et le peuple Mi’gmaq sont en évolution constante. Les histoires présentées au cours des chapitres suivants s’inscrivent dans une tradition de continuité culturelle car elles créent et entretiennent une mémoire collective sous la forme de récits qui peuvent être lus, exprimés et interprétés à de nombreuses reprises. Nous définissons le terme "continuité" comme étant l'étude de la culture et de l'existence persistante des valeurs, des connaissances et des histoires Mi'gmaq ainsi que la façon dont ces éléments ont évolués au cours de leur existence. Deux aspects importants de la continuité culturelle sont la littérature et la langue. Dans ma conception de continuité, je m’informe de la définition Mi’gmaq du concept de la culture qui comprend trois aspects : les traditions, l’identité et la conscience, et la langue. J’identifie la notion de continuité comme étant un mouvement vers l’avant dans l’étude de la culture et de la survie des valeurs, de la connaissance et des histoires Mi’gmaq en relation avec leur évolution dans le temps. Effectivement, la culture Mi’gmaq est en constant état de renouvellement. Sa littérature reflète cette réalité en contribuant à préserver et à rétablir les traditions et les valeurs du passé tout en détenant une vision directrice et encourageante pour l’avenir de notre culture, de notre identité collective. Les exemples de littérature traditionnelle et moderne Mi’gmaq tracent alors une ligne de continuité dans le temps qui avance vers le futur avec l’information culturelle du passé. La culture Mi’gmaq est en état de renouvellement continuel tout en conservant ses racines dans notre passé collectif. La théorisation du concept de mémoire culturelle par Jan Assmann est une façon pour la société d'assurer une continuité culturelle en transmettant son savoir collectif à travers les générations. Conformément à la notion de mémoires culturelles d'Assmann en tant que réserves de connaissances à partir desquels les membres d'une communauté construisent leurs identités collectives et individuelles, notre interprétation du terme "mémoire culturelle" est profondément liée à la mémoire narrative, parce qu'une histoire dans toutes ses formes va préserver, définir et transmettre inévitablement les souvenirs, l'histoire, les croyances et les enseignements de la culture Mi'gmaq. Par la réinterprétation des textes traditionnels du passé et la création de nouvelles histoires contemporaines, la littérature Mi’gmaq constitue un moyen de définir notre identité culturelle autant pour nous-mêmes que pour les autres. La proposition d’un mouvement vers l’avant, vers l’avenir au cœur de notre recherche n'a pas comme but d'idéaliser le passé précolonial ni d'encourager l'abandon de notre histoire partagée, mais de démontrer que la littérature Mi'gmaq commémore et forge notre passé par sa relation avec notre présent en constante évolution pour nous assister dans notre voyage à travers le temps, vers un futur. L’objectif de ce projet est de démontrer que des exemples de littérature Mi’gmaq (traditionnel et contemporain) mettent en valeur une culture et une identité Mi’gmaq qui n’est pas éclipsé par les ombres de son passé, mais au contraire, s’informe et s’inspire des mémoires culturelles de son passé afin de mieux s’épanouir de manière créative au temps présent et d’assurer sa continuité dans le futur. Les personnes Mi'gmaq, leur culture et leur langue ont été et sont encore en évolution continuelle. Ces quatre chapitres reflètent le passé, le présent et le futur des histoires Mi'gmaq mais pas nécessairement de façon strictement linéaire. En faisant lecture critique d'une sélection de textes et en explorant la signification du passé pour le présent et sa relation envers le futur, nous avons l'intention de représenter une combinaison d'éléments relatifs aux concepts du temps, d'un point de vue à la fois cyclique et linéaire. Chapitre Un débute dans le passé en étudiant la fonction des histoires traditionnelles Mi'gmaq et la vision précoloniale de celles-ci. Le premier chapitre illustre comment les rapports historiques et les contes traditionnels sont étroitement liés en ce qui concerne leur valeur en mémoire et en connaissance culturelle. Certains aspects de la mythologie/cosmologie traditionnelle Mi’gmaq y ont expliqué à travers deux exemples de contes précoloniaux. De plus, la perspective Mi’gmaq dans certains rapports historiques coloniaux sont explorer. Ensuite, dans les Chapitres Deux et Trois, les diverses représentations littéraires actuelles des histoires Mi'gmaq sont explorées. Le deuxième chapitre examine les grandes questions de l’authenticité culturelle ainsi que les mythes de l’Indien rêvé (Imaginary Indian de Daniel Francis) et de la condition intemporelle (« timeless condition » de Anne-Christine Hornborg) qui positionnent les cultures et les peuples amérindiens comme des vestiges du passé sans avenir. Notamment avec l’analyse de deux romans historiques à propos de personnages Mi’gmaq au 17e siècle écrits par des auteurs non-Mi’gmaq : The Deserter (2010) de Paul Almond (traduit en français en 2013 sous le titre Le déserteur) et Cibou (2008) de Susan Young de Biagi, ce chapitre présente l’importance de questionner et analyser ce que nous lisons à propos de notre propre culture. Les deux romans sont le fruit d'une recherche historique détaillé sur l'histoire Mi’gmaq à l'époque de (ou un peu avant) la colonisation. Cependant, la représentation des personnages Mi’gmaq ne va pas au delà du champ d'application limité du passé colonial et perpétue les exemples de stéréotypes qui se retrouvent souvent dans la littérature populaire et romantique à propos de la culture amérindienne d'aujourd'hui. Le troisième chapitre reflète l’autoreprésentation littéraire Mi’gmaq sous la forme de récit documentaire de survivants de pensionnats indiens, particulièrement Out of the Depths de Isabelle Knockwood et Song of Rita Joe de Rita Joe. Ayant survécues au système d’assimilation et d’abus du pensionnat indien de Shubenacadie au Nouvelle-Écosse (le seul pensionnat pour enfants autochtones de ce genre à être établi dans les provinces maritimes du Canada), Knockwood et Joe écrivent leur passé (et donnent voix à plusieurs autres survivants et survivantes) dans leurs récits afin de favoriser le processus de guérison et de réconciliation au niveau individuel et collectif en encourageant la voie à un avenir plus prometteur. Par la lecture de ces récits de vie, ce chapitre découvre les blessures physiques et psychologiques infligées aux cultures amérindiennes par le système des pensionnats. L'analyse parallèle de Deena Rymhs sur les pensionnats autochtones en tant que prisons, comment la vie dans les pensionnats autochtones a causé une rupture significative dans la continuité culturelle en promulguant une diaspora idéologique et spatiale comme définie par Neal McLeod ainsi que la résilience et la guérison autochtone sont des éléments clés de la théorisation de ce chapitre. Finalement, dans le quatrième chapitre, nous explorons les thèmes du passé reliés au présent par des exemples de la littérature Mi'gmaq contemporaine. Les notions d'appartenance et de construction d'identité sont significatives dans la littérature Mi’gmaq. Durant la période colonial (et dans une certaine mesure, encore aujourd'hui), les Autochtones n'ont pas été en contrôle de leur identité culturelle. Afin de mettre en contexte les problèmes actuels affectant les Mi’gmaq/Autochtones et qui se reflètent dans les histoires qui se retrouvent dans ce chapitre, le statut d'indien en tant qu'identité légale accordée aux Amérindiens et ses implications sur l'identité personnelle et culturelle ainsi que l'appartenance à la communauté amérindienne sont explorées. En gardant à l'esprit les négociations entre l'identité culturelle accordée et l'identité culturelle choisie, le roman Stones and Switches de Lorne Simon, la mémoire My Mi’kmaq Mother de Julie Pellissier-Lush, les deux livres pour enfants écrits par Michael James Isaac ainsi que des sélections de la poésie par Shirley Kiju Kawi seront analysée dans le but d'y reconnaitre l'hybridité de la nouvelle identité Mi'gmaq moderne. Dans l'ensemble, les Mi’gmaq, et les gens voulant apprendre à connaitre davantage les Autochtones et les Mi’gmaq, peuvent trouver de l'information pertinente dans notre passé collectif. Les histoires et la littérature Mi'gmaq, dans ses multiples formes, représentent des réserves de connaissances viables qui relient les traditions, les valeurs et les réalités du passé et du présent au fur et à mesure que notre culture progresse vers l'avenir.