Historically, Norwegian settlement archaeology and research has depended on secondary materials, such as graves, non-contextual artefacts, and historical maps, often used in a retrogressive manner. Primary settlement materials were scarce, which to some extent justified the use of such methodologies. However, an increasing amount of rescue and commercial archaeology projects, combined with mechanical topsoil removal, has led to a vast increase in available primary material. This paper examines two sites excavated as part of E18-prosjektet Gulli-Langåker, namely Gulli and Auli, using both primary and secondary materials to illuminate its settlement structure during the late iron age.  The archaeological material suggests that the two settlements performed continuous dwelling activities within a smaller confined area, though not at a fixed point in the landscape, throughout most of the iron age. These settlements did not reside in the landscape, they were the landscape. As external pressure changed, so did the composition of the landscape at any particular point. The nature, and force, of the pressures experienced during the Migration- and early Merovingian period led to significant changes in the interactions with the surrounding landscape. The result was neo-localization and a contraction of the local social sphere, seen by the changed field of inquiry at the new dwelling sites. A need to mark the geographical extent of the social sphere, as well as an act of dedication to the group, communal gravesites were placed on top of the earlier settlements. The road into the social sphere went through the graves, largely consisting of mounds, creating a theatric and symbolic access and exit point. So, to locate more early iron age dwelling sites one must look beyond the sites from the previous period, using knowledge of contemporary challenges and the phenomenology of the landscape as a compass.

The diploma thesis is focused on creating a business plan for establishment a new restaurant that will dedicate itself to serve slovakian, hungarian and czech cuisine. Part of the thesis is to put together sales and costs prediction model in a pertinent subbranch. It also contains internal and external environment analysis, financial and business continuity plan.

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The study of integral operators on spaces of analytic functions has been considered for the past few decades. However, most of the studies in this line are based on spaces of analytic functions of the unit disc. For the analytic spaces of the upper half-plane, the literature is still scanty. Most notable is the recent work of Siskakis and Arvanitidis concerning the classical Ces`aro operator on Hardy spaces of the upper half-plane. In this dissertation, we characterize all continuous one-parameter groups of automorphisms of the upper halfplane according to the nature and location of their fixed points into three distinct classes, namely, the scaling, the translation, and the rotation groups. We then introduce the associated groups of weighted composition operators on both Hardy and weighted Bergman spaces of the half-plane. Interestingly, it turns out that these groups of composition operators form three strongly continuous groups of isometries. A detailed analysis of each of these groups of isometries is carried out. Specifically, we determine the spectral properties of the generators of every group, and using both spectral and semigroup theory of Banach spaces, we obtain concrete representations of the resolvents as integral operators on both Hardy and Bergman spaces of the half-plane. For the scaling group, the resulting resolvent operators are exactly the Ces`aro-like operators. The spectral properties of the obtained integral operators is also determined. Finally, we detail the theory of both Szeg¨o and Bergman projections of the half-plane, and use it to determine the duality properties of these spaces. Consequently, we obtain the adjoints of the resolvent operators on the reflexive Hardy and Bergman spaces of the half-plane.

Denna studie syftade till att förstå och bidra med kunskap kring hur personer inom offentliga verksamheter som samordnar, koordinerar eller stöttar den egna eller annan organisations kontinuitetsarbete, upplever vilken påverkan ledare på lägre organisationsnivåer (t.ex. enhets- och avdelningschefer) har vid implementering och upprätthållande av kontinuitetshantering. Vidare har studien även undersökt vilka ledarbeteenden som bidrar respektive hindrar framgångsrik kontinuitetshantering.Genomförande av studien skedde genom en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med semistrukturerade intervjuer och tematisk analys som metodologiskt angreppssätt. Totalt 10 personer som verkar inom kommuner, regioner och myndigheter intervjuades. Studiens resultat visade att första linjens chefer anses ha en viktig roll i kontinuitetsarbetet. Genom att de aktivt tar ansvar för att bedriva kontinuitetsarbetet, tilldelar nödvändiga resurser samt delegerar uppgifter, ges förutsättningar för ett framgångsrikt kontinuitetsarbete. Resultatet påvisar också betydelsen av både relationsrelaterade och uppgiftsrelaterade ledarbeteenden i kontinuitetsarbetet. Studien identifierar i detta sammanhang funktionella och dysfunktionella ledarbeteenden för relation och uppgift samt som bidrar eller hindrar en framgångsrik kontinuitetshantering.Sammantaget bidrar studien med både teoretisk och praktisk kunskap. Resultatet ger stöd för betydelsen av ett transformerande ledarskap för att skapa goda arbetsrelationer men påvisar också betydelsen av ledarstilar som är mer uppgiftsorienterade. Studien lyfter också de negativa effekterna av ett låt-gå och destruktivt ledarskap. Vidare ger studien en beteendeinriktad vägledning till ledare och i synnerhet första linjens chefer för att bidra till en framgångsrik kontinuitetshantering. / This study aimed to understand and contribute with knowledge about how individuals within public organizations that coordinate, manage, or support their own or another organization's continuity work, perceive the role that lower-level leaders (such as unit and department managers) have when working with continuity management. Additionally, the study also examined which leadership behaviours contribute to or hinder successful continuity management.Implementation of the study took place through a qualitative research method with semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis as a methodological approach. A total of 10 people working within municipalities, regions and agencies were interviewed. The study's results showed that first-line managers are considered to have an important role in continuity work. By actively taking responsibility for carrying out the continuity work, assigning the necessary resources and delegating tasks, the conditions for successful continuity work are created. The result also demonstrates the importance of both relationship-related and task-related leadership behaviors in continuity work. In this context, the study identifies functional and dysfunctional leadership behaviors for relationship and task and which contribute to or hinder successful continuity management.Overall, the study contributes with both theoretical and practical knowledge. The results support the importance of transformational leadership in creating good working relationships, but also demonstrate the importance of leadership styles that are more task-oriented. The study also highlights the negative effects of a let-go and destructive leadership. Furthermore, the study provides behavioral guidance to leaders and especially first-line managers to contribute to successful continuity management.

In recent years, disruptive events have tested companies supply chain resilience. These challenges have emphasized the crucial role of effective supply chain management strategies. As a result of the negative performance, companies are recognizing the importance of supply chain resilience. The purpose of this study is to understand how firms manage their supply chain in practice and will answer RQ1: How has the approach of supply chain risk mitigation changed after recent disruptive events?” and RQ2: “What are the barriers & enablers to the implementation of business continuity management within a supply chain?”. The study follows a qualitative case study which involves both primary and secondary data. The primary data is based on 10 interviews with industry experts meanwhile the secondary data is based on reports and a panel discussion. The data is analyzed through a thematic analysis. The findings of the study are a risk management model, consisting of three different dimensions: 1) Supply Chain Orientation 11) Business Relationship and Communication and 111) Risk Mitigation. These dimensions can be used by companies and organization to improve its supply chain resilience. As well as understanding the challenges of proactive implementation within their supply chain, to be more prepared for the next disruptive event in the future.

I understand the site of the former Schilleroper as a piece of the city with an unsettled history of trying, failing and trying again. Despite its difficult history of ups and downs, the Schilleroper has been a meaningful and popular place within its neighbourhood. A place of affordable, low threshold culture for the former working class residents. Even long after its life as a venue for large cultural events in the grand hall, it has been a lively public place in the area.Decades of neglect and decay later, the building is facing an uncertain future and it remains unclear, what, if anything, will be done to preserve it. The proposal suggests a (more or less) temporary use of the place as a continuous construction site of cultural making. Instead of aiming for a finalized architectural proposal, it describes a process of change and adaptation that, started by the suggested architectural interventions, could eventually develop its own self-renewing dynamics. It aims to offer a place that allows to be inhabited, appropriated and altered by its users. A place that not only accepts these notions, but actively depends on them. A place that the people of Hamburg can call their own.

Dagens samhälle präglas av globalisering och hög grad av sammankoppling mellan länder och sektorer, vilket även bidrar till sårbarheter. Komplexa risker som präglas av osäkerhet, tvetydighet och konsekvenser med potentialen att få spridningseffekter hotar samhällsviktig verksamhet och därigenom samhällets funktionalitet. Sjukhus är en typ av samhällsviktig verksamhet som behöver upprätthållas för att samhället ska kunna fungera. Skydd av samhällsviktig verksamhet kan uppnås genom en kombination av riskhantering, kontinuitetshantering och incidenthantering. Kontinuitetshantering syftar till att minimera avbrottstider i kritisk verksamhet och tillse att oacceptabla konsekvenser undviks. Internationellt sett har kontinuitetshantering visat sig vara ett effektivt verktyg om det nyttjas korrekt och med rätt kompetens. Det har hittills saknats studier som undersökt hur kontinuitetshantering används på svenska sjukhus, och hur representanter för regionala aktörer som arbetar med kontinuitetshantering ser på verktyget. Syftet med den här studien var därför ”att bidra till en ökad förståelse för implementeringen av kontinuitetshantering på svenska sjukhus, samt synliggöra faktorer som bidrar till respektive hindrar den implementeringen”.Datainsamling skedde genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem respondenter med erfarenhet av kontinuitetshantering på svenska sjukhus. Insamlade data bearbetades därefter genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys, och resulterade i två huvudkategorier med två respektive sex underkategorier. Resultatet visar att kontinuitetshantering ses som både ett förhållningssätt och ett verktyg, där målbilden är att genom kontinuitetshantering som verktyg utveckla en plan B för inom sjukhus kritisk verksamhet. Samtidigt ses kontinuitetshantering även som ett förhållningssätt, som präglar den vardagliga verksamheten och i förlängningen har förmåga att bidra till ökad resiliens på svenska sjukhus. Resultatet visar även att risken för att kontinuitetshantering inte ger önskat resultat kan bero på låg kompetens, att underliggande vägledningar upplevs svåra att följa eller att resurser prioriteras till andra arbetsuppgifter.Studiens resultat diskuteras utifrån tidigare vetenskapliga fynd, framgångsfaktorer och hinder för praktisk implementering och även i förhållande till katastrofmedicinsk beredskap, samhällssäkerhet och huruvida kontinuitetshantering kan anses bidra till ökad resiliens på svenska sjukhus. Framtida forskning bör bland annat fokusera ytterligare på det praktiska genomförandet på verksamhetsnivå och lärdomar från störningar där kontinuitetsplaner använts skarpt på svenska sjukhus. / Modern society is largely globalized and different countries as well as sectors are intertwined to a large extent, giving arise to increased vulnerabilities. Complex risk characterized by uncertainty, ambiguity, and consequences with the potential of spill-over effects threaten vital societal functions with the possibility of huge consequences for society. Hospitals are an example of these types of institutions that are critical for a society’s functionality to be upheld. The protection of vital societal functions can be achieved by risk management, business continuity management [BCM] and incident management. BCM aims to minimize disruptions in critical activities and to make sure that unacceptable consequences are avoided. In an international context BCM has been proved efficient when used properly and with the correct competencies in the organization in which it is to be applied. So far, no studies have investigated the usage of BCM in Swedish hospitals, and how the method and concept is viewed by actors on a regional level. Due to this, the aim of this study was to “contribute to knowledge regarding the implementation of business continuity management in Swedish hospitals, as well as map factors promoting and hindering that implementation.”. Data was collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews with five respondents who work with BCM on a regional level in Sweden with a focus on health care. Collected data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis and resulted in two main categories with two and six subcategories respectively. The result shows that BCM is viewed as both an approach and as a tool. As a tool with the goal of creating a plan B for critical operations within a system, as well as an approach to everyday operations within the organization. Together these two viewpoints have the ability of increasing resilience in Swedish hospitals. The result also shows that the risk of BCM not resulting in the aspired outcome might be due to low level of understanding of the concept and method, or that resources needed are prioritized to other areas.The result is discussed from a perspective of past research, as well as practical implementations based on hindering and promoting factors. It is also discussed in relation to disaster medicine, societal safety and how BCM can contribute to increased resilience in Swedish hospitals. Future research should focus on the practical implementation of BCM on an organization’s operative level and lessons learned from real incidents where business continuity plans have been used.

The distribution of electricity is a natural monopoly. The infrastructure of the electricity grid is divided into areas and the distribution system operator (DSO) has concession for the distribution of the defined area. The concession is governed by laws and regulation.The Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate (Ei) is the national regulatory authority. The continuity of supply of electricity is a part of the regulation. The incentive is given by a revenue cap regulation which may result in a reward or penalty.The performance indicators are a measure of the continuity of supply and used in the calculation of the revenue cap regulation.The Master thesis aims to specify the possible consequences for the electricity distribution system operators and their customers utilizing the electricity grid in case of a change of the current methods used to measure the continuity of supply in Sweden.With the current methods, the Ei regulation for year 2016-2019, is the continuity of supply in the local electrical grid estimated from a view where each disruption is treated equal and therefore is SAIFI and SAIDI used. In the regional electrical grid is another method used to measure the continuity of supply, estimated from a view where the loss of supplied energy is considered, therefore uses PNS and ENS. In the documentation is the term ILE used for ENS and ILEffekt for PNS.The Master thesis is constructed to analyze new performance indicators for the local and regional distribution grid. The new performance indicator is the mathematically instrument to measure the continuity of supply and is supported by analytically advantages and disadvantages.The result shows the choice of performance indicators cause a great impact in the revenue cap regulation. AIT, AIF corresponds to ENS and PNS, respectively, divided by power. The three most important results are given by:1. Mathematical and theoretical results show that ENS, PNS are not good indicators individually or in combination with SAIDI, SAIFI and CEMI4 as power consumption within each customer group varies in the local electrical grid.In the regional electrical grid, power consumption may also vary between the norm period and the supervisory period, which means that ENS, PNS can sometimes be misleading.2. The inclusion of power disruption over 12 hours generate stronger incentives in the regulation. Because it requires long term planning to avoid interruptions exceeding 12 hours. The difference is shown mainly in local electrical grid with the indicators SAIDI, SAIFI and CEMI4 and gives a slight increase in rewards in the regulation. This affects the DSO’s and their customers with a marginal difference.3. In the short term, the introduction of AIT, AIF as quality indicators means that customers who consume more power within their customer group get higher-value interruptions. An interruption of a high-consumption customer would then be prioritized compared to a customer with a lower consumption. One way to counteract this is to use CEMI4, in order to capture these customers' interruptions in the regulation.In the long term, the regulation does not become cyclically sensitive, meaning that reasonable rewards or penalties are made. This should benefit a long-term planning of the electrical grid, as the DSO’s do not have to compensate for this. / Det elektriska distributionsnätet är ett naturligt monopol. Infrastrukturen av nätet är uppdelat i områden och där nätägaren har nätkoncession för området som omfattas. Koncessionen är styrd av lagar och reglering.Energimarknadsinspektionen (Ei) är en tillsynsmyndighet som arbetar med uppdrag från regeringen. En del av tillsyn för energimarknaden, är reglering av leveranssäkerhet i det elektriska distributionsnätet. Incitamentet i regleringen ges av intäktsramens begränsning vilket kan resultera i en ökning eller minskning av intäktsramen.Kvalitetsindikatorer är ett matematiskt verktyg för att mäta leveranssäkerhet och används i regleringen av intäktsramen.Examensarbetet syftar till att synliggöra de möjliga konsekvenserna för nätföretagen respektive deras kunder av olika förändringar av de mätmetoder som används för att uppskatta leveranssäkerhet.De mätmetoder som används styrs av indikatorer. Indikatorer som mäter antal avbrott per totalt antal kunder kallas SAIFI. Indikatorer som mäter tid för dessa avbrott per totalt antal kunder kallas SAIDI. En annan metod är att de ingående indikatorerna ska mäta icke levererad energi eller effekt och då kallas de ILE respektive ILEffekt.Energimarknadsinspektionen har inför reglerperioden år 2016-2019 tillämpat SAIDI och SAIFI för kunder kopplade till lokalnät och ILE och ILEffekt för kunder och gränspunkter inom regionnätetExamensarbetet är utformat för att analysera nya typer av kvalitetsindikatorer i lokalnät och regionnät. De nya kvalitetsindikatorerna är olika matematiska verktyg för att mäta leveranssäkerheten och motiveras med analytiska för- och nackdelar.Resultatet visar att valet av indikator har stor betydelse i intäktsramens reglering. AIT, AIF motsvarar ILE respektive ILEffekt dividerat med effekt. De tre viktigaste resultaten ges av:1. Matematiska och teoretiska resultat visar att ILE, ILEffekt är inte bra indikatorer enskilt eller i kombination med SAIDI, SAIFI och CEMI4 då effektförbrukningen inom varje kundgrupp varierar för lokalnät.I regionnät så kan effektförbrukningen också variera mellan normperiod och tillsynsperiod vilket ger att ILE, ILEffekt ibland kan bli missvisande.2. Avbrott över 12 timmar genererar ett starkare incitament i regleringen. Eftersom det kräver långsiktig planering för att undvika avbrott som överstiger 12 timmar. Skillnaden visas främst i lokalnät med indikatorerna SAIDI, SAIFI och CEMI4 och ger en svag höjning av tillägg i regleringen sett på en systemnivå. Det påverkar nätföretagen och deras kunder med en marginell skillnad.3. På kort sikt innebär införandet av AIT, AIF som kvalitetsindikatorer att de kunder som förbrukar mer inom sin kundgrupp får högre värderade avbrott. Ett avbrott hos en kund med hög förbrukning skulle då prioriteras före en kund med lägre förbrukning. Ett sätt att motverka detta är att använda CEMI4 för att fånga upp dessa kunders avbrott i regleringen.På lång sikt innebär det att regleringen inte blir konjunkturkänslig, vilket innebär att rimliga tillägg eller avdrag görs. Det borde gynna en långsiktig planering av elnätet då elnätsföretagen inte behöver kompensera för detta inom regionnäten och lokalnäten.

This study investigates the influence of the gravity load resisting system on the collapse performance of Special Steel Moment Frames (SMFs). The influence was quantified using the FEMA P-695 methodology. The buildings used for this study were a 2-, 4- and 8-story SMFs taken from the ATC76-1 project where their collapse performance was already evaluated without the gravity system. The main work of this dissertation has been divided in two parts. The first part studies the influence of the gravity system when it is incorporated explicitly as part of the lateral resisting system. Aspects of the gravity frame that were investigated include the contribution of stiffness and strength of beam to column connections, and the location of splices in the gravity columns. Moreover, this research investigates the potential for the development of inelastic deformations in the gravity columns, and the effect of such deformations on structural response. The results show that gravity connections and gravity column's continuity profoundly affect the computed response and collapse probability. The inelastic behavior in gravity columns has a less important effect but should be included in the analysis. The second part of the investigation looks more in depth at the role of the gravity columns on the collapse performance of SMFs. Using the 2-, 4- and 8-story SMFs, the gravity columns are incorporated using the approach where all the gravity columns are lumped into one elastic, pinned at the base and continuous element. The approach is first validated by checking different aspects such as: strength of gravity connections to induce yielding into gravity columns, difference between the explicit and lumping column approach, and required gravity column's splices to provide continuity. The stiffness of the element representing the gravity columns was varied in order to find the influence of the gravity columns. At the end of the study it was found that they have a significant influence on the collapse performance of SMFs, especially on taller structures like the 8-story model. Moreover it was concluded that an adequate stiffness of the gravity columns could be found by performing nonlinear static pushover analysis. / Ph. D.