This thesis studies the interaction between language, people and culture in England in the century either side of 1300 by analysing the use of French in three Middle English texts: Laȝamon's Brut, Kyng Alisaunder, and Handlyng Synne. I explore the ways in which these texts exploit the sociocultural implications of French elements to negotiate the expression of collective identity, and consider what that suggests about the texts' audiences. This exploration also provides insights into the sociolinguistic relation between English and French. Specifically, I add to recent work on multilingualism within texts by providing a more systematic approach than has been adopted hitherto. Since this period saw the largest influx of French-derived vocabulary in English, evaluating the use of French elements requires consideration of the extent to which that vocabulary had become integrated in English. This aspect has not so far been included in studies of multilingualism in texts, and in approaching it this thesis brings together previous work on loanwords to offer a systematic methodology. Chapters 2 to 4 treat the lexis of the individual texts. Study of the broader context of the French elements in chapter 5 shows that they are distributed evenly across the texts and the majority are introduced independently of the source texts. Those that were carried over from the source texts were not adopted into Middle English more generally. Appeal to a specific register better explains the appearance of clusters. Chapter 6 concludes that the implications of the French elements in these texts centre on the negotiation of social and cultural identity. No clear support was found for the use or avoidance of French elements to express ethnic or religious identity in these texts. The style of both versions of Laȝamon's Brut was confirmed to be the result of redactors' choices and not the state of the language as a whole, since most French-derived words in either version were apparently well integrated by 1300. On a larger scale, the amount of well-integrated lexis of French origin in Handlyng Synne demonstrates the extent to which French-derived vocabulary had become accessible as early as 1300. Lastly, the atypical, specialised French elements in Kyng Alisaunder are best explained by supposing its initial audience included those with extensive knowledge of French. This supports the hypothesis of continuity of audience between French and Middle English literary culture.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de práticas de descompactação em propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, textura argilosa, após dezesseis anos em sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos, aplicados em maio de 2009, consistiram de: plantio direto (PD), plantio direto com escarificação mecânica feita por subsolagem a 0,25 m (PD-E) e plantio direto com escarificação biológica por meio da cultura do nabo forrageiro (PD-B). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, perfazendo 12 unidades experimentais. Dezoito meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos, foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de solo em cada unidade experimental, em cinco profundidades: 0,0-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,30; 0,30-0,40 e 0,40-0,50 m. Foram avaliados as propriedades físicas porosidade, densidade do solo (Ds), permeabilidade ao ar (Ka) e índices de continuidade de poros.. A Ka foi medida através de um permeâmetro de carga constante de ar em nove potenciais mátricos (m): -0,5; -1; -2; -3; -5; -7; -10; -50 e -100 kPa. Os resultados indicaram que as propriedades físicas do solo avaliadas não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos de descompactação do solo. Por outro lado, houve diferenças entre camadas de solo, principalmente entre 0,0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. Na camada de 0,10-0,20 m, a Ds foi maior e a porosidade total e Ka (m = -5 kPa) foram menores do que na camada de 0,0-0,10 m. No tratamento PD-E verificou-se que a macroporosidade foi maior na camada de 0-0,10 m comparado com os outros tratamentos. Os índices de continuidade de poros K1 e N não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. Os resultados sugerem que, no solo estudado, o efeito da escarificação é de limitada persistência. / This study aimed to evaluate the effects of decompaction practices on physical properties of Typic Hapludox, clayey texture, after 16 years under no-tillage. The treatments, applied in May 2009, consisted of the following: no-tillage (PD), no-tillage mechanically chiseled at 0.25 m depth (PD-E), and no-tillage biologically loosened with radish crop (PD-B). The experiment was randomized block design, with four replicates, totaling 12 experimental units. Eighteen months after the treatment application, undisturbed soil samples were collected from each experimental unit at five depths: 0.0-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30; 0.30-0.40; and 0.40-0.50 m. We assessed the following soil physical properties: porosity, bulk density (Bd), air permeability (Ka) and pore continuity indices. Ka was measured using a constant head air permeameter in nine soil matric potentials (m): -0.5, -1, -2, -3, -5, -7, -10, -50, and -100 kPa. The results indicated that the soil physical properties measured were unaltered by the soil decompaction treatments. In contrast, there were differences between soil layers, especially between 0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m. At the 0.10-0.20 m depth layer, Bd was higher, whereas total porosity and Ka (m = -5 kPa) were lower than the 0.0-0.10 m depth layer. In the treatment PD-E, macroporosity was higher in the 0-0.10 m layer depth compared with the other treatments. The pore continuity indices were not influenced by the treatments. These results suggest that, in the soil studied, the effect of chiseling is limited.

<p>In this thesis, pre-school teachers’ perceived control, is examined in relation to problem behaviours of children and the actions of teachers in the classroom. In addition, other factors that are thought to relate to teachers’ perceived control were studied.</p><p>The results of <i>Study I </i>indicate that pre-school teachers’ high perceived control was related to high intentions to act in the event of child behaviour problems. Teachers’ high satisfaction with their work was also related to high perceived control. <i>Study II </i>showed that low perceived control was associated with having a high proportion of children with a high level of externalising behaviours and of boys in the classroom. <i>Study III </i>shows that children who had a high level of externalising behaviours at the beginning and throughout the school year had teachers with low perceived control. Teachers’ perceived control was not related to their perception of internalising behaviours in the same way as to externalising behaviours and it was unrelated to a change in any direction of problem behaviours. Concerning changes in problem behaviours, no other factor was found, except a low child to adult ratio for a positive change of internalising behaviours. In <i>Study IV</i>, the aim was to examine naturally occurring child–teacher interactions. Teachers’ responding with commands to children was associated with teachers’ low perceived control, whereas restrictive teacher responses were not related to teachers’ perceived control.</p><p>The present study indicates that teachers’ perceptions of children are important for their perceived control. It provides evidence that teachers’ low perceived control is associated with their difficulties in handling externalising behaviours and the behaviour of the boys in the classroom. Responding to problem behaviours can be explained by teachers’ perceived control, and their perception of a child’s sex and externalising behaviours.</p>

La croissance démographique des vingt prochaines années au pays est orientée vers les villes intermédiaires. Ceci est une possibilité substantielle pour un développement plus équitable à condition que ces villes agissent en articulation, constituant ainsi un réseau territorial des villes intermédiaires. Étant une alternative réticulaire dans un cadre doccupation urbaine très centralisé comme le Pérou. La préoccupation centrale se place sur le mode doccupation spatiale en réseau. La spatialité du réseau territorial est composée par la relation entre les centres, les liens et fondamentalement les surfaces. Ce dernier composant constat daccumulation local dans le territoire, observable dans le propre paysage, et configure le réseau dans lespace. L´étude de cas prend la vallée basse du Jequetepeque, sur la côte au nord du pays, où loccupation urbaine sest construite dans un réseau de villes intermédiaires. Ce réseau pourrait être efficient, prennent en compte des conditions spatiales et topologiques, et servir de modèle spatial pour dautres alternatives territoriales. Lapproche méthodologique se structure sur trois réseaux fondamentaux, leau, qui implique directement les surfaces et le paysage; les transports en commun, que remettent en question la relation entre les échelles et laccessibilité aux villes; et la gestion municipale, où lon trouve la dimension politique et décisionnelle. Autres approches danalyse sont, larticulation entre les échelles spatiales, les dichotomies spatiales où se placent non seulement les conflits mais les potentialités, et finalement lexistence des réseaux concernant leur efficience et possibilités. Le modèle est énoncé à partir de ses composants, les conditions spatiales et topologiques requisses pour un réseau territorial, les relations entre échelles territoriales, les variables et constants spatiales, les réseaux fondamentaux, et lorganisation spatial du réseau.

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In this thesis, pre-school teachers’ perceived control, is examined in relation to problem behaviours of children and the actions of teachers in the classroom. In addition, other factors that are thought to relate to teachers’ perceived control were studied. The results of Study I indicate that pre-school teachers’ high perceived control was related to high intentions to act in the event of child behaviour problems. Teachers’ high satisfaction with their work was also related to high perceived control. Study II showed that low perceived control was associated with having a high proportion of children with a high level of externalising behaviours and of boys in the classroom. Study III shows that children who had a high level of externalising behaviours at the beginning and throughout the school year had teachers with low perceived control. Teachers’ perceived control was not related to their perception of internalising behaviours in the same way as to externalising behaviours and it was unrelated to a change in any direction of problem behaviours. Concerning changes in problem behaviours, no other factor was found, except a low child to adult ratio for a positive change of internalising behaviours. In Study IV, the aim was to examine naturally occurring child–teacher interactions. Teachers’ responding with commands to children was associated with teachers’ low perceived control, whereas restrictive teacher responses were not related to teachers’ perceived control. The present study indicates that teachers’ perceptions of children are important for their perceived control. It provides evidence that teachers’ low perceived control is associated with their difficulties in handling externalising behaviours and the behaviour of the boys in the classroom. Responding to problem behaviours can be explained by teachers’ perceived control, and their perception of a child’s sex and externalising behaviours.

The study describes 52 patients' experiences and feelings towards theirillness and the care received in connection with it. The main purpose ofthe study is to gather knowledge on cancer patients' need of psychosocialcare and from this insight draw up a proposition for a clinically usefulmethod for psychosocial care. I have met and spoken with the patients,each suffering from a different form of cancer, on one occasion. They areall patients o'f the Department of General Surgery, Östersund Hospital.The taped conversations constitute the most important source for thisthesis, which has its crucial point in the empirical part. My theoreticalframe of reference has a psychodynamic and existential perspective.To distinguish and give as clear a picture as possible on "what it'slike to get a cancer and live with it", different phases have been drawnup showing the process of a cancer. Living with a cancer means adjustingto constant uncertainty and a fear of recurrence. That which is typicalfor the process of a cancer is that a crisis here is so different fromthe "classical" pattern of reaction and comes and goes in waves.The different phases show unsatisfactory psychosocial care and the mostobvious déficiences are to be found in connection with the first consultationwith a doctor, when receiving the diagnosis and also at the routinecheck-ups.That which, like the symbolic main thread, runs through the whole dissertationis the lack of dialogue and criticism of the inferior continuityamong the doctors.In the last chapter I have made a suggestion for the future psychosocialcare of cancer patients. / digitalisering@umu

War has for all through the years adopted various guises and been performed by various actors for a wide variety of destination. But what is really a war? Why is war fought? How is war fought? By whom is war fought? Machiavelli, Clausewitz, Kaplan, Kaldor, Creveld and Krulak are just a few among others who have made valiant attempts to explain war and its nature. What did they find? This essay maps out their studies in the hope of finding some kind of continuity that can give a clearer picture of what war really is. It is important to point out; the goal is not to try to make a definition of war, but merely an attempt to find some kind of continuity. The study finds that as society develops, bridges get built and contracts are signed, everything falls apart at some point and you can  never be sure that something as complex as a war to retain some form of continuity, if any – it would be the power it contains, but barely it.

Labraunda has a long and manifold history. The sanctuary starts out small in the Archaic period, is the most important in Karia during the Hekatomnid dynasty, reverts to a more normal position during the Hellenistic time, and is finally converted into a Christian sanctuary in the Late Roman period. This study aims to investigate the spatial pattern of what the visitor could have been perceived as religiously important at the sanctuary, in four different phases. Plans of the architecture and theory about ritual activity have formed the basis for analysing religious importance. What this study has shown is that a movement of religiously important space can be observed at Labraunda. Moving away from the origins at the Split Rock, for a long period being concentrated to the Temple Terrace, and consequently moving out to the two churches built outside the temenos.

This thesis formulates a conceptual framework to account for the rural architectural traditions. The proposal is presented by referring to &Uuml / r&uuml / nl&uuml / , a Mediterranean highland settlement in Southwestern Turkey. The thesis&#039 / basic assumption is the environmental coherence of the traditional rural culture. Environmental aesthetics provides the conceptual basis through which architectural elements of the environmental coherence are investigated. Environmental aesthetics enhances the inclusive conceptions of &quot / environment&quot / as an integral whole merging nature with culture and &quot / aesthetics&quot / as an integrated realm of perceptual engagement with environment. The integrative perspectives of environmental aesthetics unify the phenomenological approach with the concepts of &quot / tectonic syntax&quot / and &quot / pattern language,&quot / which have been raised by previous studies of the traditional built environment. This integral conceptual framework is used to derive the conceptual tools. Environmental coherence between the various scale levels of the rural settlement ranging from architectural detail to settlement pattern defines &quot / aesthetics of continuity.&quot / The conceptual tools, which are the &quot / tectonic joint,&quot / the organic interface and the environmental armature, serve as the successive scale levels on which the architectural elements of the &quot / aesthetics of continuity&quot / are analyzed. This framework is applied to &Uuml / r&uuml / nl&uuml / for identifying the spatial articulations of environment as multileveled patterns illustrating culture-specific solutions to contextual problems. Hence, the patterns are reconsidered as the aspects of architectural enculturation. The thesis&#039 / proposal for an environmental representation of the settlement concretizes the patterns of integration between the rural architectural tradition and environment and explains the aesthetics of continuity between nature and culture. The intended contribution of the case study is a new theoretical approach generally applicable to the rural settlements.