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Tutela antecipada em processos coletivos: a racionalidade de sua concessão / Preliminary injunction in class actions: the rationality of its decreeLeonardo Augusto dos Santos Lusvarghi 20 April 2012 (has links)
O presente trabalho trata das tutelas antecipadas em processos coletivos a partir do tratamento legal diferenciado dado pelo legislador e das considerações jurídicas não-legais próprias do seu objeto. Por meio de estudo comparado, o trabalho pretende enfrentar as dificuldades inerentes à complexidade das relações envolvidas, dando especial atenção à função do desenho da tutela antecipada, ao conceito de irreparabilidade e irreversibilidade, e à aplicação dos requisitos balance of hardships e interesse público. A análise passa pelas teorias da decisão judicial a fim de dar perspectiva à necessidade de um procedimento deliberativo mais complexo e minucioso para fins de responsividade das decisões judiciais. Ademais, explorase a adjudicaçãoo pragmática elaborada por Richard Posner e pretende-se sua aplicação aos processos coletivos por meio da introdução da análise de custo-benefício como procedimento decisório welfarista moralmente relevante, mas não moralmente decisivo. / This thesis focuses on the preliminary injunctions in class actions, having as the starting point the different legal treatment given by the legislator and the non-legal jurídical considerations that flows from its nature. By means of a comparative study, the work intends to face the inherent difficuties of the complex relationships entailed, paying extra attention to the function of the preliminary injunction structure, to the concept of irreparability and irreversibility, and to the way the requirements of balance of hardships and public interest apply. The analysis passes through the theories of the judicial decision-making process in order to give perspective to the need of more complex deliberative proceedings which must be done in full details to reach accountability. Furthermore, the work explores the pragmatic adjudication elaborated by Richard Posner and intends its application to class actions by means of the introduction of cost-benefit analysis as a welfarist decision-making procedure that is morally relevant, but not morally decisive.
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Estudo da análise de custo-efetividade no planejamento de políticas público-privadas de longo prazo integrada à análise de custo-benefício / Study of cost-effectiveness in planning public-private integrated long-term policies to cost-benefitMiyabukuro, Sandra Bittencourt January 2014 (has links)
Celebra-se no Brasil um momento de crescimento econômico e reconhecimento mundial. Entretanto, tal crescimento pode ser bastante ruim para um país que há muitos anos não investe em infraestrutura, e, consequentemente, passou a apresentar gargalos neste setor. Caracterizada como um estilo de administração burocrático e ineficiente, a gestão pública brasileira apresenta qualidade de serviços bastante inferiores se comparada ao setor privado. A tomada de decisão pautada em análises e avaliações econômicas ainda é tratada de forma bastante primária, notadamente no meio público. A inserção deste tipo de avaliação na formulação de políticas públicas encontra-se pouco difundida nesse meio em função do baixo grau de sofisticação técnica dos instrumentos aplicados no país, notadamente no que tange à distribuição de verbas. A análise econômica, tema deste trabalho, atua na esfera prática da formulação e análise de projetos público-privados concernentes à infraestrutura de transportes através da escolha do método de custo-efetividade (ACE) como complementar à tradicional análise de custo-benefício (ACB). De posse das informações necessárias, é sugerida uma metodologia que permita a avaliação econômica de projetos do referido setor a partir do cálculo dos indicadores de viabilidade tradicionais (VPL, TIR e B/C). Por fim, é realizado um estudo piloto da concessão da BR-163, no Estado do Mato Grosso, elaborado com o intuito de avaliar a adequação da metodologia bem como o formato dos resultados. A proposta envolve a possibilidade de eleger prioridades a partir de uma simplificada aplicação da análise de custo-efetividade (ACE), a partir da relação de intervenções possíveis ao longo da concessão com a possibilidade da redução no número de acidentes em pontos específicos da rodovia, vislumbrando o máximo benefício à sociedade. Os resultados obtidos a partir dos procedimentos descritos demonstram que a metodologia sugerida pode servir como ferramenta de apoio à tomada de decisão, notadamente, do governo e do ente privado. / Brazil is celebrated in a time of economic growth and global recognition . However , such growth can be quite bad for a country that for many years does not invest in infrastructure, and consequently began to show bottlenecks in this sector. Characterized as a style of bureaucratic and inefficient administration, the Brazilian public management presents quality services is much lower compared to the private sector . Decision making guided by analysis and economic evaluations is still treated so very incipient , particularly in the public medium . The insertion of this type of evaluation in the formulation of public policies lies not widespread in this environment due to the low degree of technical sophistication of the instruments used in the country , notably in terms of the distribution of funds . The economic analysis , subject of this work , acts in the sphere of practical design and analysis concerning public- private projects to transport infrastructure through the choice of the method of costeffectiveness as a complement to traditional cost-benefit analysis. Of the necessary information , it is suggested a methodology that allows the economic evaluation of projects of that sector from the traditional calculation of viability indicators . Finally , a pilot grant from the BR-163 study in the state of Mato Grosso , developed with the aim to assess the appropriateness of the methodology and the format of the results is performed . The proposal involves the possibility of choosing priorities from a simplified application of costeffectiveness from the list of possible interventions along with granting the possibility of reducing the number of accidents at specific points of the highway , glimpsing the maximum benefit to society. The results obtained from the procedures described demonstrate that the suggested methodology can serve as a support for decision-making, notably , the government and the private entity tool.
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Estudo comparativo da relacao custo beneficio dos metodos de producao de sup(99)Mo: Fissao de sup(235)U e reacao de captura neutronica no sup(98)MoTAKAHASHI, SERGIO Y. 09 October 2014 (has links)
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Analise economica da adoção de medidas mitigadoras de impactos agro-ambientais : estudo de caso na microbacia hidrografica do Corrego Oriçanguinha / Economic analysis of agro-environmental impacts mitigation : case study in Oriçanguinha Watershed.Sarcinelli, Oscar, 1979- 06 March 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho analisa a viabilidade econômica de um projeto privado de mitigação de impactos agro-ambientais diagnosticados na microbacia do córrego Oriçanguinha. Avaliou-se que 59% das APP's de vegetação ripária encontram-se ocupadas por atividades agropecuárias e que o custo de oportunidade da terra apresenta-se como principal custo inibidor da adoção de medidas para adequação destas áreas. A adoção de práticas que visam a conservação do solo nas áreas de cultivo têm grande potencial de redução da perda de solo, contudo o custo de manutenção destas práticas desestimula sua ampla adoção na microbacia. Os resultados da análise econômica de custos e benefícios apontam para a viabilidade da adoção de medidas mitigadoras de impactos agro-ambientais em todos os sistemas agrícolas estudados (relação B/C sempre maior que 1), mas a redução observada no VPL dos sistemas aponta para a necessidade da elaboração de políticas e de incentivos econômicos que compensem as perdas que incorrem sobre os agricultores / Abstract: This work analyzes the economic viability of a private mitigation project for agroenvironmental impacts in the Oriçanguinha watershed. Approximately 59% of riparian zones are occupied by agricultural activities and the opportunity cost of land is primarily responsible for inhibiting the environmental adjustment of these areas. The adoption of conservation soil practices on agricultural land has the potential to reduce erosion, however the maintenance cost of these practices does not stimulate their adoption in the watershed. Cost-benefit analyses point to the economic viability of agro-environmental mitigation practices in alI agricultural systems studied (B/C relation larger thanl) but the observed reduction of Net Present Value in the systems suggests the need for polices and economic incentives that compensate farmer's economic loses / Mestrado / Economia do Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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Avaliação do custo-benefício das atividades de prevenção da raiva humana e das atividades de controle da raiva canina no Município de Mogi Guaçu, no período de 2000 a 2004 / Cost benefit analysis of the activities for human rabies prevention and the activities for canine rabies control in Mogi-Guaçu Municipality, from 2000 to 2004Haroldo de Barros Ferreira Pinto 15 August 2007 (has links)
No presente estudo foi avaliado os custos dos tratamentos anti-rábicos pósexposição e das atividades do controle da raiva canina realizada no Mogi Guaçu, no período de 2000 a 2004. Para as análises foram utilizadas as informações disponíveis no banco de dados do Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) e dos dados pertinentes ao Programa de Controle da Raiva, fornecidos pelo Centro de Controle de Zoonoses. Com o auxilio das planilhas do programa Excel, os dados foram tabulados e os valores em reais, obtidos ano a ano (valores nominais), foram atualizados para valores do ano de 2006, tendo como deflator o Índice de Preço do Consumidor Ampliado (IPCA). No período estudado, ocorreram 4.279 notificações de pacientes agredidos por diferentes espécies de mamíferos. O tipo de lesão mais freqüente foi a mordedura, com 90,9% do total, tendo sido o cão a principal espécie agressora, com 84,1% do total dos agravos. Os pacientes do sexo masculino apresentaram o maior risco exposição (48,2%), o mesmo ocorrendo com os pacientes de faixa etária entre zero e 14 anos (35,2%). O esquema de tratamento pós-exposição, com três doses de vacina e a observação do cão agressor, foi preconizado para 18,3% das pessoas agredidas o que representou um gasto estimado de R$ 43.829,97. O esquema de vacinação (cinco doses) e soro-vacinação foi indicado para 6,2% dos pacientes, com um custo final estimado em R$ 34.731,83. Na composição do custo das ações de controle da raiva canina, o insumo de maior peso foi o combustível. Os custos médios por animal, relativos às ações direcionadas ao controle da raiva animal, foram 9,2 a 20,2 vezes inferiores aos valores estimados para o tratamento anti-rábico humano pós-exposição. As informações oficiais, disponíveis nos bancos de dados, foram suficientes para os cálculos dos custos x benefício propostos. A avaliação do custo x benefício das atividades de prevenção e /ou controle da raiva urbana é importante para a implantação de uma política de conscientização de proprietários e deve estar associada a programas educativos. / In this work, costs with post exposure anti-rabies treatments and activities for canine rabies control in Mogi-Guaçu were evaluated from 2000 to 2004. For the analyses, information available in the National System of Injury Notification database (SINAN) were used, as well as data from Rabies Control Program, supplied by the Center for Zoonoses Control. Data were compiled using Excel software spreadsheets and values in Reais (Brazilian currency), obtained annually (nominal values), were updated for values in 2006. The deflation index used was the Expanded Consumer Price Index (IPCA). In the period studied there were 4, 279 notifications of patients attacked by different kinds of mammals. Bites were the most frequent injury, with 90.9% of the total, having dogs as the main aggressor specie with 84.1% of total cases. Male patients presented the highest exposure risk (48.2%), as well as patients in the age range 0 ? 14 years old (35.2%). Post exposure rabies prophylaxis, including 3 vaccine doses and the observation of the aggressor dog, was adopted for 18.3% of attacked people, representing an estimated expense of R$43.829,97 (approximately US$ 20,198.14). Five-dose vaccination scheme and vaccine and equine rabies immunoglobulin were prescribed for 6.2% of patients, with an estimated final cost of R$34.731,83 (approximately US$16,005.45). In the cost composition for canine rabies control actions, fuel was the most representative item. Average cost per animal considering actions focused on animal rabies control, was 9.2 to 20.2 times lower than estimated values for post exposure human anti-rabies treatment. Official information available in database were enough to calculate the costs and benefits proposed. Cost benefit analysis of the activities for urban rabies prevention and/or control is important for the implementation of an awareness policy for dog owners and must be associated.
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Cost Justifying Usability a case-study at Ericsson / Cost Justifying Usability a case-study at EricssonYousefi, Parisa, Yousefi, Pegah January 2011 (has links)
In this study we investigate the level of usability and usability issues and the gaps concerning usability activities and the potential users, in a part of charging system products in Ericsson.Also we try identifying the cost-benefit factors, usability brings to this project, in order to attempt 'justifying the cost of usability for this particular product'.
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Thermoregulatory behavior and high thermal preference buffer impact of climate change in a Namib Desert lizardKirchhof, Sebastian, Hetem, Robyn S., Lease, Hilary M., Miles, Donald B., Mitchell, Duncan, Müller, Johannes, Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Sinervo, Barry, Wassenaar, Theo, Murray, Ian W. 12 1900 (has links)
Knowledge of the thermal ecology of a species can improve model predictions for temperature-induced population collapse, which in light of climate change is increasingly important for species with limited distributions. Here, we use a multi-faceted approach to quantify and integrate the thermal ecology, properties of the thermal habitat, and past and present distribution of the diurnal, xeric-adapted, and active-foraging Namibian lizard Pedioplanis husabensis (Sauria: Lacertidae) to model its local extinction risk under future climate change scenarios. We asked whether climatic conditions in various regions of its range are already so extreme that local extirpations of P. husabensis have already occurred, or whether this micro-endemic species is adapted to these extreme conditions and uses behavior to mitigate the environmental challenges. To address this, we collected thermoregulation and climate data at a micro-scale level and combined it with micro-and macroclimate data across the species' range to model extinction risk. We found that P. husabensis inhabits a thermally harsh environment, but also has high thermal preference. In cooler parts of its range, individuals are capable of leaving thermally favorable conditions-based on the species' thermal preference-unused during the day, probably to maintain low metabolic rates. Furthermore, during the summer, we observed that individuals regulate at body temperatures below the species' high thermal preference to avoid body temperatures approaching the critical thermal maximum. We find that populations of this species are currently persisting even at the hottest localities within the species' geographic distribution. We found no evidence of range shifts since the 1960s despite a documented increase in air temperatures. Nevertheless, P. husabensis only has a small safety margin between the upper limit of its thermal preference and the critical thermal maximum and might undergo range reductions in the near future under even the most moderate climate change scenarios.
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Design and Implementation of a Tool for Automating Cluster Configuration : For a Software Defined Storage SystemMarakani, Sindhusha January 2015 (has links)
Context Traditional storage systems are proving to be inefficient to handle the growing storage need of a modern IT organization. The need for a cost effective and scalable storage framework has led to the development of a Software Defined Storage (SDS) solution. SDS can be defined as an enterprise class distributed storage solution that uses standard hardware, with all the important storage and management functions performed by an intelligent software. Configuring and maintenance of these storage clusters require converting an SDS from any unknown state to a predefined, known state. This configuration of the SDS is best done with minimal human intervention, to ensure minimal errors and save the man hours spent in the configuration process. Objectives A tool for automatic configuration of a SDS storage cluster has been designed and implemented. The tool has later been used to study the man hours saved in the configuration of the SDS cluster. The study also involves a cost-benefit analysis to estimate the break-even point for such a tool to motivate the automation of a SDS cluster configuration process. Methodology In this study, experts from the field of Software Defined Storage have been interviewed to identify interesting and most common states of a SDS cluster. Later a tool was build such that it communicates with the underlying SDS storage cluster to configure it into one of the identified final states. This tool built was later used to conduct experiments wherein the amount of man hours saved by automating the process of cluster configuration was calculated. Results The tool built was validated through results obtained from the experiments which show that the work time involved in the process of cluster configuration is reduced by 90% - 96% (based on the complexity of the cluster configuration). Also, the lead times of the configuration process are similar when configuring simple states but is greatly reduced by automation when performing complex configurations. Conclusions Similar to any other software automation, the process of automating the configuration of a distributed storage cluster has proven to be beneficial. Automating the process of cluster configuration saves time, reduces human errors induced in the configuration process and improves repeatability of the configuration process. Through the cost-benefit analysis of the complete process, the use of the tool beyond 20 days is deemed profitable for the organization.
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Biogas production potential and cost-benefit analysis of harvesting wetland plants (Phragmites australis and Glyceria maxima).Gilson, Eoin January 2017 (has links)
Biogas production from energy crops grown on arable land often competes with food and feed production. Wetland plants offer an alternative source of biomass as well as offering a number of environmental benefits such as nutrient removal from wastewaters, carbon sequestration and reducing the use of mineral fertilizer. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of harvest time on biogas production of Phragmites australis and Glyceria maxima and to perform a cost-benefit analysis of using these wetland plants as a substrate for biogas production. The results of the batch experiment show that the overall biogas production and specific methane yields of biomass harvested in June was higher than biomass harvested in September due the increased lignocellulosic nature of the more mature September plant. The cost-benefit showed that in Sweden it is not currently profitable to solely use wetland plants for biogas production. For both species the highest costs were seen in the June harvested biomass, this was due to the much higher fresh weight and increased transportation costs. For both species the highest revenues generated were the June harvested biomass, this was due to the higher specific methane yields. It was found that the harvest time that was closest to profitability from both species was the June harvest for Phragmites australis. Although the costs were higher for harvesting in June, this was outweighed by the higher amount of electricity produced for this scenario. If transportation distance was to be increased it could result in September being the favourable harvest time. Therefore, individual circumstances of the farmers could decide which is the optimal harvest time. Although solely using wetland plants for biogas production is not currently profitable, co-digestion and pre-treatment are options to investigate that could change this. Also if a greater financial value is put on the socioeconomic benefits such as increased biodiversity, aesthetic value and global warming mitigation it may be financially viable in the future.
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Caractérisation et évaluation économique de la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles aux inondations / Characterization and economic evaluation of farm vulnerability to floodingBremond, Pauline 12 December 2011 (has links)
L'échec des politiques structurelles de gestion des inondations à réduire les dommages a orienté les décideurs publics vers la restauration de zones de rétention et la réduction de la vulnérabilité. L'évaluation économique de ces politiques requiert une évaluation fine des dommages agricoles car ils contribuent fortement à déterminer leur efficacité. Or, les méthodes existantes n'intègrent que les pertes de récolte. Considérant que la vulnérabilité des exploitations agricoles dépend de la sensibilité et de la capacité à se remettre en route, entraînant respectivement des dommages directs et induits sur l'activité, nous proposons un modèle conceptuel de vulnérabilité permettant l'évaluation de l'ensemble de ces dommages. Trois profils d'exploitants sont définis selon la possibilité de mobiliser des ressources externes (main d'œuvre et matériel) pour la remise en route. Le profil Interne ne dispose d'aucune ressource externe contrairement aux profils Prestation et Solidarité. Après implémentation, le modèle a permis d'évaluer les dommages de trois exploitations types sur le Rhône aval avec une valorisation financière puis économique. Les dommages supportés par les exploitants de profil Interne sont plus élevés que ceux des deux autres profils. Les dommages évités par la mise en place de mesures de réduction de la vulnérabilité sur ces trois exploitations sont ensuite évalués. Nous montrons que les mesures sont plus efficaces et peuvent être mises en œuvre avec un ratio bénéfice-coût supérieur à un, pour les exploitations fréquemment inondées. Elles sont également plus efficaces pour les profils Interne, la mise en œuvre de la solidarité se dégageant comme une mesure intéressante pour toutes les exploitations. / The failure of structural flood control to mitigate economic losses has lead to a shift towards new policies: floodplain restoration and vulnerability reduction. The economic appraisal of these policies requires an in-depth evaluation of agricultural damage as they are key indicators to determine the efficiency of these policies. However, existing methods only consider harvest loss. We consider that farm vulnerability depends on sensitivity and ability to recover leading respectively to direct damage and induced damage on activity. Based on this, we propose a vulnerability model which allows evaluating the whole of these damages. Three farmer's profiles are defined depending on their ability to access to external resources (workforce and equipment) to recover after flooding. The “Internal” profile has no external resource as opposed to the “Service” and “Solidarity” profiles which can respectively rely on service providing and solidarity. The model is applied to evaluate damages on three farm types of the Rhône River downstream area with a financial and economic valuation. This reveals that damages endured by the profile “Internal” are much higher than those of the two other profiles. Then, avoided damages resulting from the implementation of mitigation measures to reduce vulnerability are evaluated. We prove that these measures are more efficient and can be implemented with Benefit-Cost ratio higher than one, only for the frequently flooded farms. Mitigation measures are also more efficient for the profile “Internal”. To organize solidarity between farms emerges as one of the most interesting measure for all farm types.
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