O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a culpabilidade e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as construções teóricas que pretendem responder ainda que criticamente aos problemas existentes na mencionada relação, desenvolvendo (ou rejeitando) um conceito de culpabilidade (ou equivalente) da pessoa jurídica, bem como identificar meios de limitação desse modelo de responsabilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho ressalta o debate havido, na admissão da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica, entre política criminal e dogmática, enfatizando a necessidade de estratégias que transcendam o individualismo, fazendo uma breve descrição da culpabilidade individual e destacando os modelos de responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas, bem como a relação entre ação e culpabilidade. Por fim, será essencial compreender o conceito de programas de compliance e os efeitos de sua adoção nos mais variados sistemas legais existentes, para, com isso, definir critérios mínimos para uma racional aplicação dessa responsabilidade. / The presente work discusses the relation between culpability and criminal responsability of corporations. The research has as its main goal to analyze the theorical constructions that intend to give answers even criticals to the problems existent in the mentioned relation, developing (or denying) a concept of corporations culpability (or equivalent), and identify limits to this model of responsibility. In order to do so, the work brings out the debate between criminal policy and dogmatic that exists in the admission of corporations criminal responsibility, emphasizing the need for strategies that transcend individualism, doing a brief description of individual culpability and pointing out the models of corporation responsibility, as well the relation between action and culpability. Finally, it will be paramount to understand the concept of compliance programs and the effects of its adoption in legal systems throughout the world, to define minimum requiriments for a rational application of this responsibility.

O presente trabalho aborda a relação entre a culpabilidade e a responsabilidade penal das pessoas jurídicas. A pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar as construções teóricas que pretendem responder ainda que criticamente aos problemas existentes na mencionada relação, desenvolvendo (ou rejeitando) um conceito de culpabilidade (ou equivalente) da pessoa jurídica, bem como identificar meios de limitação desse modelo de responsabilidade. Para tanto, o trabalho ressalta o debate havido, na admissão da responsabilidade penal da pessoa jurídica, entre política criminal e dogmática, enfatizando a necessidade de estratégias que transcendam o individualismo, fazendo uma breve descrição da culpabilidade individual e destacando os modelos de responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas, bem como a relação entre ação e culpabilidade. Por fim, será essencial compreender o conceito de programas de compliance e os efeitos de sua adoção nos mais variados sistemas legais existentes, para, com isso, definir critérios mínimos para uma racional aplicação dessa responsabilidade. / The presente work discusses the relation between culpability and criminal responsability of corporations. The research has as its main goal to analyze the theorical constructions that intend to give answers even criticals to the problems existent in the mentioned relation, developing (or denying) a concept of corporations culpability (or equivalent), and identify limits to this model of responsibility. In order to do so, the work brings out the debate between criminal policy and dogmatic that exists in the admission of corporations criminal responsibility, emphasizing the need for strategies that transcend individualism, doing a brief description of individual culpability and pointing out the models of corporation responsibility, as well the relation between action and culpability. Finally, it will be paramount to understand the concept of compliance programs and the effects of its adoption in legal systems throughout the world, to define minimum requiriments for a rational application of this responsibility.

Bien qu’ayant adopté des textes au plan national et ratifié plusieurs Conventions internationales relatives à la protection des enfants, le Bénin continue d’enregistrer diverses formes de maltraitance à l’égard des enfants. De même, le Bénin souffre d’un dysfonctionnement réel et d’une carence des systèmes judiciaire et pénitentiaire à l’égard de la protection des mineurs en conflit avec la loi. Par ailleurs, on se demande aujourd’hui quelles réponses pénales apporter à ces enfants en situation difficile si les nombreuses mesures appliquées ont montré leur limite parce que se résumant pour la plupart soit à des mesures de garde ou de rééducation, soit une condamnation pénale. Cette situation globale et souvent latente qui constitue l’une des aberrations des temps modernes ne peut laisser quiconque indifférent bien qu’il soit délicat de connaître l’étendue de ses manifestations. D’où l’évidence de ‘repenser la politique criminelle du mineur au Bénin’.Mais, malheureusement la politique criminelle de l’enfant loin de se contextualiser reflète encore certaines dispositions du passé qui inévitablement portent atteinte au traitement éhonté réservé aux enfants béninois. C’est pourquoi face à une politique criminelle des mineurs à état des lieux alarmant, il est nécessaire d’inventer une nouvelle politique criminelle. / Although having adopted texts with the national plan and having ratified several International conventions relating to the protection of the children, Benin continues to record various forms of ill-treatment with regard to the children. In the same way, Benin suffers from a real dysfunction and a deficiency of the systems legal and penitentiary with regard to theprotection of the minors in conflict with the law. In addition, one asks for today which penal answers give to these children in difficult situation if many measurements applied showed heir limit because summarizing itself for the majority either with measurements of guard or rehabilitation, or a penal judgment. This total and often latent situation which constitutes oneof the aberrations of modern times cannot leave whoever indifferent although it is delicate to know the extent of its demonstrations. From where obviousness “to reconsider the criminal policy of the minor in Benin”. But, unfortunately the criminal policy of the child far from contextualizing itself reflects still certain provisions of the past which inevitably undermine the booked shameless treatment to the Beninese children. This is why vis-a-vis a criminal policy of the minors in alarminginventory of fixtures, it is necessary to invent a new criminal policy.

Development and structure of crime in the Czech Republic Abstract The intended goal of the presented work is to present an overview of fundamental theoretical one sand practical knowledge of crime in the Czech Republic with the help of available sources (literature, professional articles, legislation and case law). In six parts, the work focuses mainly on the criminological and criminal interpretation of crime and its development in terms of publicly available data of statistical systems in the Czech Republic for the years 2016-2019. The first chapter deals with the concept of crime in the sociological and legal context, in addition to which other selected terms are defined. In the part of scientific disciplines, the chapter deals with the definition of the phenomenon of crime in criminology and criminal policy. The resources necessary for the investigation of crime can be found in the second chapter, the content of which is not only a set of resources, but also the method of their processing, evaluation and evaluation of the degree of objectivity. At the same time, knowledge about foreign sources is not left out. The knowledge of the state of crime is illuminated by the third chapter, which in its first part describes the basic qualitative and quantitative indicators that are used to know the already...

The period 2015-2020 has remained limitless in terms of missing data on crime and immigration in the Nordic countries, starting from the number of irregular and undocumented migrants and asylum seekers, continuing with the underrepresented immigrant statistics in crime. This paper consists of a complex understanding of immigration processes across the Nordic region, establishing narrow themes associated with crime and immigration. The findings of this paper presented five essential links to the criminality among the immigrant population in the Nordic countries during 2015-2020, that were compiled from the majority of the current available studies in this research field. At this point, the paper represents official data from the Nordic countries and a narrow literature review of recent studies, which depicted immigrants as more often suspected of crimes compared to the ethnic populations, assuming that it could have established a false social identity of an individual with foreign background. The reason of that supposition is explained by the findings on migrants to be overrepresented in crime, biased “immigrant beliefs” and yet evident immigrant labelling.

Den 1 juli 2023 träder en ny lag i kraft som innebär att kommuner i Sverige åläggs ett ansvar gällande lokalt brottsförebyggande arbete. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur kommuner i Skåne tolkar lagen, om det finns skillnader i dessa tolkningar samt vilken effekt lagen har på det preventiva arbetet. Det samlade resultatet visade att kommunerna är positivt inställda till lagen och det råder en förhoppning om att den kan höja statusen på det brottsförebyggande arbetet. Kommunerna upplever dock att trots att lagen erbjuder möjligheten att anpassa det preventiva arbetet till en lokal kontext framstår det som oklart hur arbetet ska bedrivas på bästa sätt. Eftersom lagen inte ger några direktiv väljer de flesta kommunerna i studien att fortsätta sitt arbete som tidigare. Tolkningarna av lagen skiljer sig inte märkbart åt mellan kommunerna men det återstår att se om det uppstår skiljaktigheter när lagen väl träder i kraft. Resultatet av studien kan användas som stöd i att identifiera fokusområden för lagens planerade utvärdering samt vara en vägledning för framtida brottsförebyggande lagstiftning. / On July 1st 2023 a new law takes effect wherein Swedish municipalities are imposed to take responsibility for local crime prevention work. The purpose of the study was to examine how municipalities in Skåne interpret the law, if there are differences in the interpretations and what effect the law might have. The aggregated results showed that the municipalities have a positive attitude towards the law and there is hope that the law will improve the status of crime prevention work as a whole. Although the law offers the opportunity to adjust the preventative work to a local context there is uncertainty about how the work is carried out in the best way. Since the law does not give clear directives, most of the municipalities in the study choose to continue working as they did before the law. The interpretations of the law do not differ too much between the municipalities but it remains to be seen if differences arise when the law takes effect. The result of the study can be used as support for the planned evaluation of the law to identify focus areas, as well as guidance for future legislation on crime prevention.

This study examines how the discourse on gang crime can be observed regarding the rhetoric of the Swedish prime minister, Ulf Kristersson, Research in the subject indicates that gang crime is most often explained by family situations and that gang violence can be partly explained by social learning theories. The research also indicates that the criminal policy in Sweden has clearly changed recently, and that crime is described as a result of immigration. By using the discourse analysis method, the purpose of the study has been to understand Kristersson’s explanation of gang crime based on parts of various speeches and interviews in which he has participated. Furthermore, I’ve studied how Kristersson’s discourse places itself on an analytical level made by criminological theories. The results of the study show thatKristersson’s discourse, for the most part, places itself at the meso- and macro-level as an explanatory factor for gang crime and that the dominant theories in his discourse consist of social ecological theory, the theory of subculture and strain theory.

In October 2022 the Swedish governing parties and the Sweden Democrats signed an agreement called Tidöavtalet. The aim of this thesis is to explore what the problem regarding criminality is represented to be in that political agreement. To answer the research question the analysis have been based on Carol Bacchi´s methodological and theoretical approach “What´s the problem represented to be?” (WPR) to through the suggested solutions understand the underlying representations of the problem. Additionally, theories of punishment have been used to better understand the material. Following four main problems have been identified: Insufficient laws and punishments, insufficient methods to solve crimes, gang violence and immigration. The method also targets what is left unproblematic and since drug policy and zero tolerance historically have been the salient topic of criminal policy in Sweden, the absence of a discussion regarding drugs in Tidöavtalet was surprising. Furthermore, the rehabilitative process of convicted criminals is also left unproblematic, and the deleterious consequences of incapacitation are not addressed. / <p>2023-06-09</p>

A prostituição ainda é uma atividade inserida em um contexto de significativo desconhecimento e indiferença. As razões, necessidades, aspirações, crenças, motivações e histórias de mulheres que se dedicam a essa atividade ficam imersas em meio a preconceitos, invisíveis aos olhos da sociedade brasileira e ausentes na formulação de política criminal e pública. Por meio da análise da relação que o Estado, principalmente o direito penal, possui com a atividade de prostituição feminina e sua deficiência em garantir direitos a estas pessoas, esperamos elaborar um arsenal teórico capaz de fornecer informações elementares à criação e execução de políticas públicas e de legislação adequadas a esta parcela da população, a fim de reduzir a desigualdade social produzida pela interferência de um ordenamento jurídico cego e indiferente aos contextos em que se dá a atividade de prostituição feminina. Como forma de apresentar a complexidade em que está inserida a prática no Brasil, serão utilizados os resultados de pesquisas empíricas feitas no país por pesquisadores de diversas áreas do conhecimento. / Prostitution is still an activity inserted in a significant context of ignorance and indifference. The reasons, needs, aspirations, beliefs, motivations and stories of women who are engaged in this activity are immersed amid prejudices, invisible to the eyes of Brazilian society and absent in the criminal and public policy formulation. Considering the relationship the state has had with female prostitution activity and its incapacity to properly secure rights to this specific group, we hope to develop a theoretical knowledge capable of providing basic information to the creation and implementation of public policies and also define parameters as a guideline for lawmakers and policy makers when adopting legislation or policies targeting this population, with the porpuse of reductioning social inequality produced by the interference of a blind legal system, indifferent to the contexts in which are the activity of female prostitution. In order to present the complexity in this practice in Brazil, it will be used the results of empirical research conducted in the country by researchers from different areas of knowledge.

A Constituição de 1988 é dirigente, isto é, traça os objetivos ideológicos da ação política do Estado brasileiro, inclusive por meio de imperativos à atividade legislativa. A República Federativa do Brasil autodefine-se como um Estado Democrático de Direito (artigo 1º), que tem como dois de seus fundamentos a dignidade da pessoa humana e a cidadania. Além disso, consta do artigo 3º da Constituição a chamada cláusula transformadora, que estabelece como objetivos fundamentais a serem alcançados pela República: a construção de uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária; a garantia do desenvolvimento nacional; a erradicação da pobreza e a redução das desigualdades sociais. Para alcançar tais objetivos, a própria Constituição estabelece, em seu artigo 170, que a ordem econômica deve submeter-se aos ditames da justiça social. A política criminal é parte das estratégias de intervenção da política social para consecução dos objetivos dirigentes traçados na Constituição. Para tanto, utiliza-se de dados empíricos, que lhe são fornecidos pela criminologia, sobre o atual estágio de desenvolvimento da sociedade contemporânea, a atividade econômica globalizada e a criminalidade econômica, com sua vitimização massiva e sua afetação de bens jurídicos supraindividuais e sociais. O presente trabalho visa a discutir as propostas político-criminais defendidas por Winfried Hassemer e Jesús-María Silva Sánchez para a criminalidade econômica na sociedade contemporânea, contrapondo-as à proposta de responsabilizar penalmente as pessoas jurídicas. / The Constitution of 1988 is a mandatory guideline, which means, it traces the ideological objectives of the political actions of the Brazilian State, including by demanding to legislative activity. The Federative Republic of Brazil defines itself as a Democratic State of Law (article 1), which has as two of its basis the dignity of the human being and the citizenship. Beyond that, the article 3 refers to a clause known as the transformer clause, which states as the main objectives to be achieved by the Republic are: to build a free, just and solidary society; to assure the national development; to eradicate the poverty and to reduce the social unequalities. To succeed in these purposes the own Constitution states in the article 170 that the economical order must be submitted to the social justice commands. The criminal policy is part of the intervention strategies of social policy to achieve the objectives guided by the Constitution. To do so, there are used empirical data, which are provided by the criminology, about the actual stage of development of contemporary society, the globalized economical activity and the economical criminality, with its massive victimization and or that affects social and supra-individual goods. The present essay aims to discuss the proposition of criminal policies made by Winfried Hassemer and Jesús-María Silva Sánchez to face the economical criminality in the contemporary society, in opposition to the suggestion that defends the criminal liability of the companies.