[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia usada no acompanhamento do adensamento e do ressecamento de resíduos de mineração e processamento de bauxita, as lamas vermelhas. A proposta foi investigar métodos para obtenção de informações sobre efeitos do ressecamento solar no comportamento da lama, buscando identificar a transição da fase saturada para a não saturada destes materiais. A pretensão foi facilitar a incorporação destes efeitos a métodos de análise do ciclo de vida útil de reservatórios de disposição de rejeitos de mineração e processamento depositados sob forma de lama, e que em geral só consideram os recalques por peso próprio e/ou lançamento de novas camadas. Será possível, então, chegar a uma previsão mais realista de sua capacidade de armazenamento e de suas características finais, dados importantes para executar projetos mais racionais de reabilitação do depósito. Foram estudados cinco tipos de resíduos diferentes. Um, é constituído pelos rejeitos de lavagem de bauxita de uma mina localizada no estado do Pará, sendo composto somente de grãos sólidos e água. O segundo tipo é o resultado do processamento deste primeiro material, uma lama com fluido altamente básico (pH 14). Os outros dois são rejeitos de processamento de bauxitas de duas regiões diferentes do estado de Minas Gerais: um da região de Poços de Caldas, e o outro, da região de Ouro Preto, ambos com pH em torno de 14. Este último material, da região de Ouro Preto, é que foi utilizado em estudos anteriores da PUCRio. O último resíduo analisado é produto de uma neutralização feita nesta mesma lama de Ouro Preto antes de sua disposição final. Foram com estes dois últimos rejeitos que se realizou a maior quantidade de testes e análises, e eles, então, se constituíram os objetos principais da pesquisa. Foram executados ensaios de adensamento com deformação controlada, determinação de curvas características de sucção e secagem através de diferentes técnicas (papel filtro, tensiômetros etc); caracterizações especiais e ensaios de ressecamento em caixas de dimensões variadas, procurando simular o efeito da radiação solar nestes rejeitos, e ensaios de campo (medição de poropressões e coleta de amostras). Metodologias de execução e interpretação destes testes para estes materiais não usuais são propostos. O seu comportamento na transição da fase saturada para a não saturada foi acompanhado, tanto com relação à variação de volume quanto de resistência. Modelos empíricos são sugeridos, e podem ser usados para uma primeira previsão dos efeitos da exposição à secagem. / [en] This work presents the methodology used to study the consolidation and desiccation of bauxite wastes from mining and industrial processing. The aim is to understand the geotechnical behavior of these wastes launched as slurries in reservoirs and then, let do dry under solar exposure. Five types of residues are here considered. The first is an inert waste resulting from washing of bauxite in mining operations run in the North of Brazil. The other four are wastes resulting from the physicochemical treatment of the bauxite in alumina production industrial plants. Such treatment follows the worldwide known Bayer process. Three of these four wastes, which are usually named as red muds, are disposed with pH around 14. The other one is disposed after neutralization with sulfuric acid, under a pH around 8. Data of solar exposure effects on the muds behavior was obtained in order to determine parameters to be incorporated into consolidation models. Therefore, an improvement on predictions of the life cycle of the wastes reservoirs can be achieved. To study the transition between the saturated phase to the unsaturated one and to determine the geotechnical and geomechanics characteristics of the wastes, an extensive laboratory testing program was performed. This included CRD tests, monitored physical model tests and the determination of water retention curves for the wastes from fully wetted to dry conditions. Laboratory results are compared with those of field monitoring programmes and some empirical models are proposed.

Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary is a devastating pathogen in potato producing regions around the world. Populations of the organism in Canada shifted during the mid-1990’s as the US-1 strain (A1, metalaxyl-sensitive) was displaced by the highly aggressive, US-8 strain (A2, metalaxyl-insensitive). An increase in the incidence and severity of late blight has followed. Late blight is controlled by cultural practices aimed at eliminating disease sources and by the application of foliar fungicides. Tubers can become infected at harvest from contact with blighted vines leading to severe losses in storage. In many production areas, growers desiccate vines two to three weeks prior to harvest to reduce late blight tuber rot. However, in Manitoba, because of the loss of potential yield that results from vine killing prior to harvest in a late maturing cultivar such as Russet Burbank, growers are reluctant to adopt this practice. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for preharvest management practices that reduce storage losses due to late blight. Field trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effect of vine desiccation with diquat and/or a late season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide on yield, processing quality, and disease development in storage. Desiccating vines with diquat two weeks prior to harvest reduced yield and tuber size. Compared to the untreated control, the largest reductions in marketable yield were observed for the early September harvest. By the late September harvest, however, the effect of vine killing in reducing marketable yield was less apparent. Specific gravity was lower in the vine killed treatment for all harvest dates in 1997 and in the early and mid September harvests in 1998. Vine killing did not contribute to elevated levels of reducing sugars or consistently darker fry colour at harvest or during storage. Skin-set was improved when vines were desiccated for all harvest dates in 1997 and at the early September harvest date in 1998. Vine killing reduced tuber rot in storage caused by Fusarium dry rot and Pythium leak for the early and mid September harvest dates in 1997. The incidence of late blight tuber rot was reduced in storage for the early September harvest in 1998 when vines were desiccated. The late-season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide did not reduce tuber rot in storage in storage either year. Results from this study indicate that vine killing two weeks before an early to mid- September harvest is not recommended in Manitoba because of reductions in yield and specific gravity. Alternative management practices to reduce late blight tuber rot in storage should be investigated. / February 2005

Landfill facilities are required to have a barrier system that will limit escape of contaminants to groundwater and surface water for the contaminating lifespan of landfill. Heat generated by the biodegradation of waste and chemical reactions in landfills reduces the service-life of geomembranes by accelerating the ageing process of high-density polyethylene. It may also lead to the desiccation of clay components of the liners. Four considerations with respect to the evaluation of the potential effects of liner temperature on the service-life of liners and the potential control of liner temperature are examined. For the first time, the likely temperature and service-life of a secondary geomembrane in a double composite lining system is predicted. It is shown that, in some cases, the temperature is likely to be high enough to substantially reduce the service-life of the secondary geomembrane. The possible effectiveness of using tire chips as passive thermal insulation between the primary and secondary liners, as well as traditional soil materials, is then explored. For the barrier system and contaminant examined, the results show that tire chips could potentially lower the temperature of the secondary geomembrane sufficiently to significantly extend its service-life. However, the use of tire chips brings about other practical issues, which are also discussed in this study. An active alternative method of controlling the increase in the landfill liner temperature is then examined. This approach, which is inspired by geothermal heat pumps, involves an array of cooling pipes beneath the waste. Numerical modelling showed that the hypotetical introduction of the cooling pipes resulted in a reasonable decrease in liner temperature. It is suggested that the proposed technique warrants further consideration. Finally the conditions that may lead to the desiccation of geosynthetic clay liners used in composite liners due to waste generated heat are examined and recommendations regarding possible means of mitigating the effects of heat on the performance of GCLs are presented. For example, numerical modelling shows that the hydration of GCL prior to waste placement, liner temperature, overburden stress, depth to aquifer and moisture content and grain size of subsoil affect desiccation. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-07-31 07:34:33.165

A literature review of municipal solid waste landfill design was conducted to provide the knowledge base for development of an environmental decision support system (Landfill Advisor). Landfill Advisor integrates the current knowledge of barrier systems into a software program to assist in landfill design. The choices available for each liner component (e.g., drainage layer, geomembrane liner, compacted clay liner, geosynthetic clay liner) and their suitability for different situations (e.g., final cover, base liner, lagoon liner) are presented. Landfill Advisor covers both the design and related operational issues for municipal solid waste landfills, with consideration given to the interactions between components, operating conditions, and the natural environment with a view to maximization of long-term system performance. Unique to Landfill Advisor, the service life of each engineered component is estimated based on results from the latest research. Original research is also presented on the risk of geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) desiccation in low stress applications such as solar ponds. Numerical modelling was undertaken using a thermo-hydro-mechanical model with parameters that were developed and verified by comparison to previously reported laboratory data. A parametric study was performed to establish recommendations for future investigation. The water retention curve of the GCL was found to have a significant effect on the conditions that are expected to cause desiccation. The temperature coefficient of the water retention curve was also found to have a significant effect, yet this parameter is not well defined. Poisson’s ratio was found to affect the risk of desiccation in proportion to the applied stress. As reported by previous researchers, the initial degree of saturation of a GCL was found to be important to desiccation; however, the effect is diminished at low applied stress. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-28 18:52:20.106

Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary is a devastating pathogen in potato producing regions around the world. Populations of the organism in Canada shifted during the mid-1990’s as the US-1 strain (A1, metalaxyl-sensitive) was displaced by the highly aggressive, US-8 strain (A2, metalaxyl-insensitive). An increase in the incidence and severity of late blight has followed. Late blight is controlled by cultural practices aimed at eliminating disease sources and by the application of foliar fungicides. Tubers can become infected at harvest from contact with blighted vines leading to severe losses in storage. In many production areas, growers desiccate vines two to three weeks prior to harvest to reduce late blight tuber rot. However, in Manitoba, because of the loss of potential yield that results from vine killing prior to harvest in a late maturing cultivar such as Russet Burbank, growers are reluctant to adopt this practice. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for preharvest management practices that reduce storage losses due to late blight. Field trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effect of vine desiccation with diquat and/or a late season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide on yield, processing quality, and disease development in storage. Desiccating vines with diquat two weeks prior to harvest reduced yield and tuber size. Compared to the untreated control, the largest reductions in marketable yield were observed for the early September harvest. By the late September harvest, however, the effect of vine killing in reducing marketable yield was less apparent. Specific gravity was lower in the vine killed treatment for all harvest dates in 1997 and in the early and mid September harvests in 1998. Vine killing did not contribute to elevated levels of reducing sugars or consistently darker fry colour at harvest or during storage. Skin-set was improved when vines were desiccated for all harvest dates in 1997 and at the early September harvest date in 1998. Vine killing reduced tuber rot in storage caused by Fusarium dry rot and Pythium leak for the early and mid September harvest dates in 1997. The incidence of late blight tuber rot was reduced in storage for the early September harvest in 1998 when vines were desiccated. The late-season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide did not reduce tuber rot in storage in storage either year. Results from this study indicate that vine killing two weeks before an early to mid- September harvest is not recommended in Manitoba because of reductions in yield and specific gravity. Alternative management practices to reduce late blight tuber rot in storage should be investigated.

Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary is a devastating pathogen in potato producing regions around the world. Populations of the organism in Canada shifted during the mid-1990’s as the US-1 strain (A1, metalaxyl-sensitive) was displaced by the highly aggressive, US-8 strain (A2, metalaxyl-insensitive). An increase in the incidence and severity of late blight has followed. Late blight is controlled by cultural practices aimed at eliminating disease sources and by the application of foliar fungicides. Tubers can become infected at harvest from contact with blighted vines leading to severe losses in storage. In many production areas, growers desiccate vines two to three weeks prior to harvest to reduce late blight tuber rot. However, in Manitoba, because of the loss of potential yield that results from vine killing prior to harvest in a late maturing cultivar such as Russet Burbank, growers are reluctant to adopt this practice. The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for preharvest management practices that reduce storage losses due to late blight. Field trials were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to investigate the effect of vine desiccation with diquat and/or a late season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide on yield, processing quality, and disease development in storage. Desiccating vines with diquat two weeks prior to harvest reduced yield and tuber size. Compared to the untreated control, the largest reductions in marketable yield were observed for the early September harvest. By the late September harvest, however, the effect of vine killing in reducing marketable yield was less apparent. Specific gravity was lower in the vine killed treatment for all harvest dates in 1997 and in the early and mid September harvests in 1998. Vine killing did not contribute to elevated levels of reducing sugars or consistently darker fry colour at harvest or during storage. Skin-set was improved when vines were desiccated for all harvest dates in 1997 and at the early September harvest date in 1998. Vine killing reduced tuber rot in storage caused by Fusarium dry rot and Pythium leak for the early and mid September harvest dates in 1997. The incidence of late blight tuber rot was reduced in storage for the early September harvest in 1998 when vines were desiccated. The late-season application of chlorothalonil and copper hydroxide did not reduce tuber rot in storage in storage either year. Results from this study indicate that vine killing two weeks before an early to mid- September harvest is not recommended in Manitoba because of reductions in yield and specific gravity. Alternative management practices to reduce late blight tuber rot in storage should be investigated.

Orientadores: Márcia Regina Braga, Simone de Pádua Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Caccere_Rodrigo_M.pdf: 5287310 bytes, checksum: 7433584cc6dacc1485f7ed86dd51116e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Inga vera Pennington produz sementes com alta sensibilidade à dessecação, o que dificulta seu armazenamento. Diversos mecanismos estão relacionados tolerância à dessecação, dentre eles o acúmulo de reservas insolúveis e de moléculas protetoras, redução do metabolismo e dobramento da parede celular. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o comportamento de eixos embrionários e cotilédones de I. vera com respeito a seus teores e composição de açúcares solúveis, de reserva e de parede celular e quanto à ultra-estrutura durante a maturação e após a secagem. Eixos embrionários e cotilédones de I. vera durante a maturação, acumulam altos níveis de amido e armazenam também outras substâncias como compostos fenólicos. O acúmulo de massa seca e o processo de vacuolização durante todo o desenvolvimentos dos embriões desta espécie indicam alta atividade metabólica até o momento da dispersão. Além disso, as paredes celulares de eixos embrionários e cotilédones acumulam galactanos que podem lhe conferir maior rigidez. Embriões de I. vera secos até 35% de teor de água apresentaram redução da capacidade germinativa. Esta desidratação parcial provocou um estímulo metabólico, evidenciado pela mobilização de reservas e deposição de material nas paredes celulares, além de intensa atividade do retículo endoplasmático rigoso, observada nos eixos embrionários. A secagem severa (17% de teor de água) provocou rompimento das membranas resultando no aparecimento de células completamente colapsadas. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que embriões I. vera mantém o metabolismo ativo durante a desidratação até que os processos de injúria comecem a ocorrer. / Abstract: Inga vera Pennington produces recalcitrant seeds, characterized by desiccation sensibility and short post-harvest life span, no longer than one mouth. Mechanisms proposed to explain the ability of organisms to survive desiccation include accumulation of insoluble reserves and protective molecules, metabolic "switch off" and cell wall folding, among others. The aim of the present study was to analyze the behavior of I.vera embryos (axes and cotyledons) with respect to sugar content, cell wall composition and ultrastructure during different stages of development and after desiccation. Axes and cotyledons accumulate starch and phenolic compounds and also showed vacuolization all over development, suggesting high metabolic activity up to the end of the maturation period. Moreover, cell walls of axes and cotyledons cantain polysaccharides, like galactans, that can provide more rigidity to the cell wall. Mature I.vera seeds were dried 35% or 17% and seed variability was skilghtly reduced due to drying to 35% of water content, but no seeds survived to severe desiccation (17% water content). Starch mobilization, increase in the cell wall thickness in axes and cotyledons, and high degree of development of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in axes suggest that drying to 35% of water content enhanced metabolic activity. Severe desiccation resulted in membrane breaking leading to collapsed protoplasm. Therefore we can conclude that I.vera embryos keep high metabolic activity during desiccation until damage processes start. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-01T13:12:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aurélio Rubio Neto - 2013.pdf: 1496555 bytes, checksum: 804d41c40ee21eadbcf0427c50c1c358 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-12-04T14:20:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aurélio Rubio Neto - 2013.pdf: 1496555 bytes, checksum: 804d41c40ee21eadbcf0427c50c1c358 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-04T14:20:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Aurélio Rubio Neto - 2013.pdf: 1496555 bytes, checksum: 804d41c40ee21eadbcf0427c50c1c358 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of embryos of babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) and macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lood. Ex Mart.] according to the drying speed in order to optimize the already existing drying process as well as to propose a more efficient method for the in vitro establishment of macaw palm and babassu. It was observed that for both species under study, the temperature of 37±2°C promoted loss of water less than 57±2°C. However, it was more efficient because it did not inhibit the embryo during this process, ensuring high germination rates, even in seeds with 9% of water content for babassu and 19% for macaw palm. The adoption of the tetrazolium test, initially proposed for macaw palm, which uses salt at 0.5% and imbibition for 4 hours, allowed to distinguish different classes of vigor also in the babassu. Drying at 37°C favored the extraction of intact seeds and consequently the removal of embryo for in vitro culture of macaw palm. There was no difference in the in vitro germination of embryos extracted from fruit with different colors of the epicarp, which was approached as different maturity classes of macaw palm. The in vitro germination of embryos was enhanced with the addition of 30-40 g L-1sucrose in the culture medium. Thus, it is found that drying the fruit of babassu and macaw palm at 37°C ensures effectiveness in the process, since it allows better extraction of seeds or embryos which enable to achieve high in vitro germination rate within 60 days, making the time for production of seedlings much shorter. / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de embriões de macaúba [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lood. Ex Mart.] e babaçu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.) em função da velocidade de secagem, a fim de otimizar o processo de secagem já existente, bem como, propor uma metodologia mais eficiente para o estabelecimento in vitro de macaúba e babaçu. Verificou-se que para as duas espécies em estudo, a temperatura de 37±2°C promoveu perda de água inferior a de 57±2°C. Entretanto, foi mais eficiente pelo fato de não inviabilizar os embriões durante esse processo, garantindo elevadas taxas de germinação, mesmo em sementes com teor de água de 9% para o babaçu e de 19% para a macaúba. A adoção do teste de tetrazólio proposto inicialmente para macaúba, que utiliza o sal a 0,5% e embebição por 4 horas, permitiu a distinção de diferentes classes de vigor também no babaçu. A secagem a 37°C favoreceu a extração de sementes intactas e, consequentemente, remoção do embrião, para cultura in vitro de macaúba. Não se verificou diferença na germinação in vitro de embriões extraídos de frutos com diferentes cores do epicarpo, que foi abordado como diferentes classes de maturação de macaúba. A germinação in vitro dos embriões foi favorecida com o acréscimo de sacarose no meio de cultivo de 30 a 40 g L-1. Dessa forma, verifica-se que a secagem dos frutos de macaúba e babaçu a 37°C garante efetividade no processo, visto que, permite melhor extração das sementes e embriões, com isso, são alcançadas elevadas taxas de germinação in vitro em até 60 dias, encurtando muito o tempo de produção da muda.

La thèse présente un ensemble de résultats expérimentaux sur des sols fins très plastiques compactés au voisinage de l’optimum Proctor normal (OPN). Elle est réalisée dans le cadre du projet ANR TerreDurable qui traite de la conception des ouvrages en terre en sols fins. Après l’étude de l’effet de compactage sur des chemins de drainage-humidification, la fissuration induite par la dessiccation est mise en évidence et analysée. Par ailleurs, des relations entre différents paramètres mécaniques (module, IPI, Résistance à la compression) et hydriques (succion, perméabilité, ..) en fonction de l’énergie de compactage et du mode de préparation sont présentées. Le comportement mécanique des sols fins compactés est étudié sur des chemins œdométriques et triaxiaux saturés et non saturés, drainés et non drainés. Dans ce dernier cas, l’évolution des paramètres de pression interstitielle de Skempton est analysée sur des chemins isotropes et déviatoires. Ceci a nécessité la mise au point d’une cellule triaxiale équipée de psychromètres à effet Peltier, de tensiomètre et de jauges de déformations. / The thesis presents an experimental study on very high plasticity soils compacted near of the standard Proctor optimum (SPO). It is performed as part of the ANR TerreDurable project which is devoted on the design of earthworks with fine soils. After the study of the effect of compaction on drying-wetting paths, induced cracking of drying is highlighted and analyzed. Furthermore, relationships between different mechanical parameters (modulus, IPI, compressive strength) and water (suction, permeability) according to the energy of compaction and method of preparation are shown. The mechanical behavior of soils compacted fine soils is studied on saturated and unsaturated, drained and undrained oedometer and triaxial. For the unsaturated undrained triaxial, the change in Skempton parameters pore pressure is analyzed on isotropic and deviatoric paths. This required the development of a triaxial cell equipped with psychrometers, tensiometer and strain gauges.

Il est bien connu que l'évaporation d'eau joue un rôle essentiel dans l'interaction entre le sol et l'atmosphère. Pendant le processus d'évaporation, le comportement thermo-hydro-mécanique des sols change, engendrant ainsi des problèmes préoccupants. Ceci peut concerner différents domaines comme l'agronomie, l'hydrologie, la science des sols, la géotechnique, etc. Par conséquent, il est essentiel d'étudier les mécanismes d'évaporation de façon approfondie. Cette étude porte sur les mécanismes d'évaporation dans des conditions atmosphériques contrôlées. Le sable de Fontainebleau et l'argile d'Hércourt utilisée pour la construction du remblai expérimental dans le cadre du projet ANR TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008-2012) ont été étudiés à cet effet. Une chambre environnementale (900 mm de haut, 800 mm de large et 1000 mm de long) équipée de différents capteurs a d'abord été développée, permettant un suivi complet des paramètres concernant l'atmosphère et le sol au cours d'évaporation. Quatre essais expérimentaux ont été réalisés sur le sable de Fontainebleau compacté à une densité sèche de 1,70 Mg/m3, avec une nappe phréatique constante au fond de l'échantillon, et sous différentes conditions atmosphériques (différentes valeurs de l'humidité relative de l'air, de la température et du débit d'air). La pertinence du système a été mise en évidence par la bonne qualité des résultats. La température de l'air à l'intérieur de la chambre a été trouvée affectée par la température du tube de chauffage, le débit d'air et l'évaporation d'eau; la température du sol est fortement affectée par les conditions atmosphériques et l'état d'avancement de l'évaporation ; l'humidité relative dans la chambre diminue au cours du temps et son évolution peut être considérée comme un indicateur du processus d' évaporation ; la teneur en eau volumique dans la zone proche de la surface est fortement influencée par le processus d'évaporation et présente une relation linéaire avec la profondeur ; la succion du sol diminue avec la profondeur et augmente au fil du temps ; le taux d'évaporation est fortement affecté par les conditions de l'air en particulier dans la phase initiale de vitesse d'évaporation constante. Après les essais sur le sable de Fontainebleau, l'échantillon de l'argile d'Hércourt compactée à une densité sèche de 1,40 Mg/m3 a été soumis à une infiltration d'eau afin d'étudier ses propriétés hydrauliques. Pour obtenir un meilleur aperçu du mécanisme d'évaporation pour l'argile, deux essais d'évaporation sur l'argile d'Hércourt compactée avec une nappe phréatique constante au fond de l'échantillon ont été effectuées sous des conditions atmosphériques contrôlées. Les résultats permettent de comprendre les mécanismes d'évaporation en cas de fissuration due à la dessiccation. En outre, afin d'étudier les mécanismes d'évaporation potentiels, des essais avec une couche d'eau libre ont été également réalisés en faisant varier la vitesse du vent et la température de l'air. L'initiation et la propagation de fissures de dessiccation pendant le processus d'évaporation et son effet sur l'évaporation ont également été étudiés par la technique de traitement d'image. En termes de modélisation, le taux d'évaporation potentiel a été modélisé à travers l'évaluation des modèles existants et des modèles combinés. Il apparait que le modèle développé par Ta (2009) est le plus approprié. Le taux d'évaporation réelle depuis le sable a été ensuite analysé. Il semble important de considérer l'avancement du front sec pendant le processus d'évaporation pour les sols sableux. Pour l'argile d'Héricourt, une bonne prévision a été également obtenue en utilisant un modèle qui tient compte de l'effet des fissures de dessiccation / As a well-known phenomenon, soil water evaporation plays an important role in the interaction between soil and atmosphere. Water evaporates during this process resulting in changes of soil thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior and in turn causing problems in different domains such as agronomy, hydrology, soil science, geotechnical engineering, etc. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the soil water evaporation mechanisms in depth.This study deals with the soil water evaporation mechanisms under controlled atmospheric conditions. The Fontainebleau sand and the Hércourt clay used for the construction of the experimental embankment with the ANR project TerDOUEST (Terrassements Durables - Ouvrages en Sols Traités, 2008 - 2012) were used in this investigation. A large-scale environmental chamber system (900 mm high, 800 mm large and 1000 mm long) equipped with various sensors was firstly developed, allowing a full monitoring of both atmospheric and soil parameters during the evaporation process. Four experimental tests were carried out on the Fontainebleau sand compacted at 1.70 Mg/m3 dry density with a steady water table at soil bottom under different atmospheric conditions (different values of air relative humidity, temperature and air flow rate). The performance of the environmental chamber system in investigating soil water evaporation was evidenced by the quality and the relevance of results. The air temperature inside the chamber was found to be affected by the heating tube temperature, the air flow rate and the soil water evaporation process; the soil temperature was strongly affected by the air conditions and the evaporation progress; the relative humidity in the chamber was decreasing during the evaporation progress and its evolution could be considered as an indicator of the evaporation progress; the volumetric water content in the near-surface zone was strongly affected by the evaporation process and exhibited a linear relationship with depth; the soil suction was decreasing over depth and increasing over time; the evaporation rate was strongly affected by the air conditions especially at the initial constant evaporation rate stage. After the tests on the Fontainebleau sand, the Hércourt clay sample compacted at 1.40 Mg/m3 dry density was subjected to an infiltration experiment for investigating its hydraulic properties. To get a better insight into the water evaporation mechanism for clay, two compacted Hércourt clay evaporation tests with a steady water table at bottom were carried out under controlled atmospheric conditions. The results allow understanding the evaporation mechanisms in case of desiccation cracks. Furthermore, in order to investigate the potential evaporation mechanisms, tests with a free water layer was also conducted with varying wind speed and air temperature. The initiation and propagation of desiccation cracking during the evaporation process and its effect on water evaporation were also investigated by the digital image processing technique. In terms of modeling, the potential evaporation rate was first modeled through evaluation of the existing models and the combined models. It reveals that the model developed by Ta (2009) is the most appropriate one. The actual evaporation rate for sand was then analyzed. It appears important to consider the progress of the dry front during the evaporation process for sandy soils. For the Héricourt clay, good simulation was also obtained using a model that accounts for the effect of desiccations cracks