[pt] Órgãos reguladores internacionais dos setores bancário e securitário têm incentivado a adoção de modelos internos, em apoio ao gerenciamento de riscos, para a determinação de capital mí­nimo regulatório. A maioria dos modelos pode ser decomposta em sub-modelos de determinação de capital para cada tipo de risco que a companhia está exposta. O capital requerido total será a agregação desses capitais individuais. Os riscos de uma companhia podem ter uma interdependância, em geral, não linear, impossibilitando a soma direta desses capitais. Um dos grandes desafios da modelagem é identificar, mensurar e incorporar essas dependências. A teoria de cópulas tem se mostrado uma ferramenta eficaz para agregação dos capitais uma vez que incorpora as estruturas de dependência dos riscos modelados na estimação do capital mínimo. Esta dissertação apresenta uma discussão geral sobre metodologias de mensuração de dependência entre riscos. Estes conceitos são utilizados, no final da dissertação, para a estimação do capital econômico de uma companhia de seguros. Como a cópula nos permite separar os efeitos das estruturas de dependência das caracterí­sticas peculiares às distribuições marginais, é possí­vel explorar o impacto das dependências dos riscos no capital requerido total. A sensibilidade do capital econômico diante do ajuste das cópulas é investigada. As medidas de risco utilizadas para determinar o capital foram o Value at Risk e o Condicional Value at Risk. / [en] Financial regulatory agencies have been encouraging the adoption, in risk management practices, of internal models in order to determinate the regulatory minimum capital. Most of the models can be decomposed in minor capital models, each associated to a particular risk source to which that the company is exposed. The regulatory capital will be the aggregation of these individual capitals. The companies´ risks may have non-linear dependencies which prevent the sum of the individual capitals. One of the greatest challenges of this modeling process is to identify, measure and incorporate the dependencies amongst the several risk sources. The relatively recent copula theory has been shown to offer an effective tool for the aggregation of capitals, by duly capturing and incorporating the dependence of the several risks sources when estimating the minimum capital. This dissertation presents a general discussion about a dependence measurement methodology between risks. This is then applied, at the end of dissertation, to the estimation of the economic capital of an insurance company. Since copulas allow us to separate the effects of the structure dependence to the peculiar characteristics of the marginal distribution, it is possible to explore the impact of dependencies of risks on the total economic capital. The sensitivities of the economic capital are investigated. The risks measures used to determinate the capital were the Value at Risk and Conditional Value at Risk.

<p>Avsikten med denna uppsats är att få en förstålelse för varför barn utvecklar för psykisk ohälsa. Fokus kommer att ligga på familjens situation, socialt och ekonomiskt. En annan fråga som kommer att diskuteras är huruvida barns sociala relationer utanför hemmet påverkar den psykiska hälsan. Genom relevanta sociologiska och psyklogiska teorier har jag försökt att analysera, problematisera och förstå vad det är som bidrar till att psykisk ohälsa drabbar barn. För att få en tillförlitlig undersökning använder jag mig av kvantitativa metoder, där jag tagit del av en levnadsnivåundersökning Barn 2000, där 692 barn har fått besvara frågeformulär som visar hur deras psykiska hälsa ser ut. Jag har kompletterat undersökningen med mejl som barn har skrivit in till Bris (Barnens Rätt I Samhället) där barnen med egna ord förklarar varför de mår dåligt. Under studiens gång framkom det att det finns en rad olika anledningar till att barn mår psykiskt dåligt, den främsta anledningen är familjeförhållanden, det vill säga hur anknytningen till föräldrarna ser ut och hur bra barnet kommer överens med båda föräldrarna. Det har även framkommit att negativa relationer kan förvärra ohälsan men att det inte är anledningen till ohälsan. Om barn har bekymmer kan det leda till psykisk ohälsa, men när det sker i samband med familjeförhållanden och sociala relationer. Det vill säga ”negativa” sociala relationer, svåra livssituationer, där barn utsätts för olika former av misshandel i hemmet och/eller utanför hemmet, eller något annat som är psykiskt påfrestande för barn.</p> / <p>The intention with this study is to get greater understanding of why children develop mental illnesses. The focus will be on the situation of the family, both socially and financially. Another issue that will be discussed is wheteher or not children's social relations outside the home, affect their mental illness. I have, through relevant sociological and psychological theories, tried to analyze, question and understand what it is that contributes to the psychic disorder that children are faced with. To get a thrustworthy research, I used quantitative measures. I have taken part of a research of livingstandards (Barn LNU 2000) in which 692 children have answered questionsheets that show how their mental healths are. I have also used e-mails from children who have written to BRIS (Barnens rätt i samhället). They have explained in their own words why they are feeling unhappy. During the study, I discovered a few differerent reasons to why children feel psycologically bad and the number one reason is domestic issues as in the family, that is how their relationship to their parents are and how well the children get along with both their parents. It shows that negative relationships can enhance mental illness but that it is not the reason for it. If children have worries it can lead to menal illness. but only when there is both family issues and socialissues involved. With social issues I mean negative ones such as difficulties in life, both domestic and other kinds of abuse or anyhting else that is psycologically tiring.</p>

<p>Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken eller vilka faktorer som påverkar alkoholförsäljningens fördelning mellan olika alkoholvarugrupper och vilken av faktorerna som är mest betydelsefull, samt om det skett någon förändring av dessa faktorers påverkan mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Detta har skett genom regressionsanalyser där vi har använt oss av statistik om Sveriges kommuner och använt dessa som analysenheter. Vi har valt att analysera resultaten med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp ekonomiskt och kulturellt kapital, samt Anthony Giddens teori om globaliseringen och världsstäder. Vi har använt oss av medianinkomst som indikator på ekonomiskt kapital. För kulturellt kapital har vi använt utbildningsnivå som indikator och för världsstäderna som globaliseringens nav, har vi undersökt närheten till världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn. Vår undersökning visar att andelen sålt vin ökar och andelen såld sprit minskar, ju högre utbildningsnivån i kommunen är. Vi fann även att sambandet mellan andelen sålt vin och sprit i förhållande till utbildningsnivån minskade mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Vidare kunde vi även finna att kommuner som ligger nära världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn, har högre andel vinkonsumtion. Detta visar att på att globaliseringen påverkar dryckesmönstren och även denna faktor hade större betydelse 1998 än 2007. Vi fann också att kommunernas medianinkomst påverkar vilken alkoholtyp som det säljs mest av i kommunen, men när vi jämförde den med andra faktorer förlorade den sin betydelse.Nyckelord: Sociologi, dryckesmönster, alkoholförsäljning, kulturellt kapital, ekonomiskt kapital, globalisering</p> / <p>The aim of this study is to examine which variable or variables that affect the division of alcoholic beverage selling in different types of alcoholic beverage, which variable that is the most important and if there have been any changes during the time between 1998 and 2007. We used regression analysis of statistics and used the Swedish municipalities as units. Furthermore we used Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts economic capital and cultural capital to analyse our data. We also used Anthony Gidden’s theory about the globalization and global cities. We used median income as an indicator for economic capital and level of education as an indicator for cultural capital. We also viewed how close the municipalities are located to Stockholm and Copenhagen as indicators for the importance of global cities. Our study shows that the proportion of sold wine increases and the proportion of sold spirits decreases the higher the mean education level in the municipalities is. The connection between the alcoholic beverage types and education level were stronger 1998 than 2007. We can also see a connection between how close to the global cites Stockholm and Copenhagen the municipalities are located. The wine selling is higher in the municipalities that are located close to the global cities than other municipalities. This shows the importance of the globalization as a factor that affects the alcoholic beverage selling. We also discovered a connection between median income and which alcoholic beverage type that is the most popular in a municipality. The importance of median income disappeared when we compared it to other variables.Keywords: Sociology, drinking pattern, alcoholic beverage selling, cultural capital, economic capital, globalization</p> / VG

Avsikten med denna uppsats är att få en förstålelse för varför barn utvecklar för psykisk ohälsa. Fokus kommer att ligga på familjens situation, socialt och ekonomiskt. En annan fråga som kommer att diskuteras är huruvida barns sociala relationer utanför hemmet påverkar den psykiska hälsan. Genom relevanta sociologiska och psyklogiska teorier har jag försökt att analysera, problematisera och förstå vad det är som bidrar till att psykisk ohälsa drabbar barn. För att få en tillförlitlig undersökning använder jag mig av kvantitativa metoder, där jag tagit del av en levnadsnivåundersökning Barn 2000, där 692 barn har fått besvara frågeformulär som visar hur deras psykiska hälsa ser ut. Jag har kompletterat undersökningen med mejl som barn har skrivit in till Bris (Barnens Rätt I Samhället) där barnen med egna ord förklarar varför de mår dåligt. Under studiens gång framkom det att det finns en rad olika anledningar till att barn mår psykiskt dåligt, den främsta anledningen är familjeförhållanden, det vill säga hur anknytningen till föräldrarna ser ut och hur bra barnet kommer överens med båda föräldrarna. Det har även framkommit att negativa relationer kan förvärra ohälsan men att det inte är anledningen till ohälsan. Om barn har bekymmer kan det leda till psykisk ohälsa, men när det sker i samband med familjeförhållanden och sociala relationer. Det vill säga ”negativa” sociala relationer, svåra livssituationer, där barn utsätts för olika former av misshandel i hemmet och/eller utanför hemmet, eller något annat som är psykiskt påfrestande för barn. / The intention with this study is to get greater understanding of why children develop mental illnesses. The focus will be on the situation of the family, both socially and financially. Another issue that will be discussed is wheteher or not children's social relations outside the home, affect their mental illness. I have, through relevant sociological and psychological theories, tried to analyze, question and understand what it is that contributes to the psychic disorder that children are faced with. To get a thrustworthy research, I used quantitative measures. I have taken part of a research of livingstandards (Barn LNU 2000) in which 692 children have answered questionsheets that show how their mental healths are. I have also used e-mails from children who have written to BRIS (Barnens rätt i samhället). They have explained in their own words why they are feeling unhappy. During the study, I discovered a few differerent reasons to why children feel psycologically bad and the number one reason is domestic issues as in the family, that is how their relationship to their parents are and how well the children get along with both their parents. It shows that negative relationships can enhance mental illness but that it is not the reason for it. If children have worries it can lead to menal illness. but only when there is both family issues and socialissues involved. With social issues I mean negative ones such as difficulties in life, both domestic and other kinds of abuse or anyhting else that is psycologically tiring.

This study explores of how university students understand the relationship between a liberal arts undergraduate degree and becoming employment-ready. The study employs a phenomenological approach. Surveys and interviews of students were conducted on the Faculty of Arts and Science students at the St. George Campus of the University of Toronto. Supplementary data were obtained from National Survey of Student Engagement. By employing Bourdieu‟s theory of practice (especially with regard to capital, habitus and field), the study reveals how students went about preparing for the labour market differed by their social class, immigration status and race. Students‟ abilities to secure skill-enhancing extracurricular activities and maintaining high GPA scores appeared related to their cultural capital. Most racialized first generation students experienced levels of difficulties in securing skill-enhancing extracurricular skill activities and maintaining high GPAs, which affected their employment readiness, clarity about occupational direction and their entry to graduate studies. New immigrant students were least aware of the extracurricular activities needed to prepare for employment. The study concludes that most liberal arts undergraduate students are not ready for employment at the completion of their studies and that social class and race may be related to their ability to make themselves employment-ready

Biosphere reserves are regions that are internationally recognized for their ecological significance and work towards ecosystem management. The concept of community capacity, as developed in the resource management and health promotion literatures, was applied to two such regions that were designated in 2000: Clayoquot Sound and Redberry Lake. The purpose of this comparative research was to better understand what constitutes the collective ability, or community capacity, these places have for fulfilling their functions as biosphere reserves. Community capacity is the collective mobilization of resources (ecological, economic/built, human and social capitals) for a specified goal. A mixed methods approach was taken. Self-assessments, both qualitative and quantitative, were used to determine community capacity in focus groups with biosphere reserve management, residents, and youth (grades 9-12). The results were compared to a statistics-based assessment of socioeconomic well-being. Semi-structured interviews for a related research project provided further insight. This comparative research made theoretical advancements by identifying key constituents of community capacity, including dimensions of the capitals and mobilizers, or factors that motivate people to work for communal benefit. Mobilizers were found to be key drivers of the process of using and building community capacity. Four mobilizer categories were identified: the existence of, and changes to capital resources; individual traits; community consciousness; and, commitment. The practical implications of applying both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods were examined. It was found that there are several ways to conduct the socioeconomic assessment, and that adaptive methodological application is advised in research that attempts to be truly community-basednot just about, but for and with communities. It was found that, while it does not ensure a biosphere reserves success, economic capital plays a key role in activating other resources beyond a time frame of three years, where social capital can be the primary driver for activity. Despite substantial differences politically, socially, and economically, both regions experienced similar challenges that can be largely attributed to a general lack of understanding of the biosphere reserve concept, and a lack of consistent, core funding.

This study explores of how university students understand the relationship between a liberal arts undergraduate degree and becoming employment-ready. The study employs a phenomenological approach. Surveys and interviews of students were conducted on the Faculty of Arts and Science students at the St. George Campus of the University of Toronto. Supplementary data were obtained from National Survey of Student Engagement. By employing Bourdieu‟s theory of practice (especially with regard to capital, habitus and field), the study reveals how students went about preparing for the labour market differed by their social class, immigration status and race. Students‟ abilities to secure skill-enhancing extracurricular activities and maintaining high GPA scores appeared related to their cultural capital. Most racialized first generation students experienced levels of difficulties in securing skill-enhancing extracurricular skill activities and maintaining high GPAs, which affected their employment readiness, clarity about occupational direction and their entry to graduate studies. New immigrant students were least aware of the extracurricular activities needed to prepare for employment. The study concludes that most liberal arts undergraduate students are not ready for employment at the completion of their studies and that social class and race may be related to their ability to make themselves employment-ready

Biosphere reserves are regions that are internationally recognized for their ecological significance and work towards ecosystem management. The concept of community capacity, as developed in the resource management and health promotion literatures, was applied to two such regions that were designated in 2000: Clayoquot Sound and Redberry Lake. The purpose of this comparative research was to better understand what constitutes the collective ability, or community capacity, these places have for fulfilling their functions as biosphere reserves. Community capacity is the collective mobilization of resources (ecological, economic/built, human and social capitals) for a specified goal. A mixed methods approach was taken. Self-assessments, both qualitative and quantitative, were used to determine community capacity in focus groups with biosphere reserve management, residents, and youth (grades 9-12). The results were compared to a statistics-based assessment of socioeconomic well-being. Semi-structured interviews for a related research project provided further insight. This comparative research made theoretical advancements by identifying key constituents of community capacity, including dimensions of the capitals and mobilizers, or factors that motivate people to work for communal benefit. Mobilizers were found to be key drivers of the process of using and building community capacity. Four mobilizer categories were identified: the existence of, and changes to capital resources; individual traits; community consciousness; and, commitment. The practical implications of applying both qualitative and quantitative assessment methods were examined. It was found that there are several ways to conduct the socioeconomic assessment, and that adaptive methodological application is advised in research that attempts to be truly community-basednot just about, but for and with communities. It was found that, while it does not ensure a biosphere reserves success, economic capital plays a key role in activating other resources beyond a time frame of three years, where social capital can be the primary driver for activity. Despite substantial differences politically, socially, and economically, both regions experienced similar challenges that can be largely attributed to a general lack of understanding of the biosphere reserve concept, and a lack of consistent, core funding.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka vilken eller vilka faktorer som påverkar alkoholförsäljningens fördelning mellan olika alkoholvarugrupper och vilken av faktorerna som är mest betydelsefull, samt om det skett någon förändring av dessa faktorers påverkan mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Detta har skett genom regressionsanalyser där vi har använt oss av statistik om Sveriges kommuner och använt dessa som analysenheter. Vi har valt att analysera resultaten med hjälp av Pierre Bourdieus begrepp ekonomiskt och kulturellt kapital, samt Anthony Giddens teori om globaliseringen och världsstäder. Vi har använt oss av medianinkomst som indikator på ekonomiskt kapital. För kulturellt kapital har vi använt utbildningsnivå som indikator och för världsstäderna som globaliseringens nav, har vi undersökt närheten till världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn. Vår undersökning visar att andelen sålt vin ökar och andelen såld sprit minskar, ju högre utbildningsnivån i kommunen är. Vi fann även att sambandet mellan andelen sålt vin och sprit i förhållande till utbildningsnivån minskade mellan åren 1998 och 2007. Vidare kunde vi även finna att kommuner som ligger nära världsstäderna Stockholm och Köpenhamn, har högre andel vinkonsumtion. Detta visar att på att globaliseringen påverkar dryckesmönstren och även denna faktor hade större betydelse 1998 än 2007. Vi fann också att kommunernas medianinkomst påverkar vilken alkoholtyp som det säljs mest av i kommunen, men när vi jämförde den med andra faktorer förlorade den sin betydelse.Nyckelord: Sociologi, dryckesmönster, alkoholförsäljning, kulturellt kapital, ekonomiskt kapital, globalisering / The aim of this study is to examine which variable or variables that affect the division of alcoholic beverage selling in different types of alcoholic beverage, which variable that is the most important and if there have been any changes during the time between 1998 and 2007. We used regression analysis of statistics and used the Swedish municipalities as units. Furthermore we used Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts economic capital and cultural capital to analyse our data. We also used Anthony Gidden’s theory about the globalization and global cities. We used median income as an indicator for economic capital and level of education as an indicator for cultural capital. We also viewed how close the municipalities are located to Stockholm and Copenhagen as indicators for the importance of global cities. Our study shows that the proportion of sold wine increases and the proportion of sold spirits decreases the higher the mean education level in the municipalities is. The connection between the alcoholic beverage types and education level were stronger 1998 than 2007. We can also see a connection between how close to the global cites Stockholm and Copenhagen the municipalities are located. The wine selling is higher in the municipalities that are located close to the global cities than other municipalities. This shows the importance of the globalization as a factor that affects the alcoholic beverage selling. We also discovered a connection between median income and which alcoholic beverage type that is the most popular in a municipality. The importance of median income disappeared when we compared it to other variables.Keywords: Sociology, drinking pattern, alcoholic beverage selling, cultural capital, economic capital, globalization / VG

O campo das políticas culturais do município do Rio Grande era bastante incipiente até recentemente, existindo basicamente em função de eventos, porém durante a década de 10 novas políticas surgiram no campo, impulsionando novas ações e práticas. Em parte, as novas ações são influenciadas pelas políticas culturais federais, que a partir da posse do presidente Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, e à ascensão do Partido dos Trabalhadores ao governo federal, sofreu profundas mudanças na forma como são entendidas, desenvolvidas e implementadas, com a intenção de atender a diversidade existente no país e democratizar a gestão das políticas públicas. Além das políticas governamentais, as políticas culturais também são orientadas por grupos e organizações que não pertencem ao poder público, e que muitas vezes vão de encontro com as políticas definidas por este. Estudos que analisem como e quais são as políticas culturais que estão sendo materializadas nos municípios, também problematizando como se deu a implementação dos novos programas federais nesses, são necessários. Esse estudo busca compreender qual foi a dinâmica do campo das políticas culturais no município do Rio Grande entre os anos de 2000 e 2010. Para a realização do estudo foi utilizado os conceitos teórico-metodológicos de Pierre Bourdieu. A partir dos conceitos de campo, capital, habitus e estratégia, identificaram-se no campo os agentes envolvidos com as políticas culturais no município, suas relações, disputas e estratégias. O estudo é de cunho qualitativo e os elementos para análise foram obtidos através de pesquisa documental, observação direta, diário de campo e entrevistas feitas com diferentes agentes do campo e das instituições que o compõe. Foram identificados três períodos principais no campo: década de 90 e início do anos 2000, como um período de esfriamento e quase estagnação no campo; 2004 a 2008, período de retomada de políticas no campo, com a criação de um ponto de cultura e adesão ao Sistema Nacional de Cultura e; 2010, ano que configura novas ações no campo e indica a situação atual das políticas culturais no município. Foi possível perceber a influência das políticas culturais nacionais no campo do município, por detrás da retomada de políticas no segundo período destacado, o que levou a novas disputas no campo, impulsionando a presença de alguns agentes. Mesmo com uma maior abertura no período final do estudo, as práticas elitistas do campo das políticas culturais do município do Rio Grande configuram o habitus legitimado do campo. A posse e o volume dos capitais econômico, social e cultural comandam a distribuição dos agentes e instituições pelo campo. A principal forma de perceber o poder dos capitais presentes está na capacidade do agente/instituição incentivar ou ser o propulsor de ações e políticas culturais. / The field of cultural policies of the city of Rio Grande was incipient until recently, existing primarily as a result of events. However during the decade of the 10 new policies emerged in the field, driving new initiatives and practices. Partially, the new actions are influenced by federal cultural policies which, since the election of President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva, and the rise of the Partido dos Trabalhadores to the federal government, has undergone profound changes in how they are understood, developed and implemented, with the intention to meet the diversity of the country and to democratize the management of public policies. In addition to government policies, cultural policies are also oriented by groups and organizations that do not belong to the government, and often run counter with the policies established by this. Studies that examine how and which are the cultural policies being materialized in the cities, also questioning how the implementation of these new federal programs was performed, are required. This study seeks to understand what was the dynamic of the cultural policies field in the city of Rio Grande between the years 2000 and 2010. For the study it was used the theoretical and methodological concepts of Pierre Bourdieu. The concepts of field, capital, habitus and strategy, made possible to identify the agents involved with the cultural policies field of the city, their relationships, disputes and strategies. The study is of qualitative nature and the elements for analysis were obtained through documentary research, direct observation, field diary and interviews with different agents and institutions that compose the field. It was identified three main periods in the field: the 90s and early 2000s as a period of cooling and near stagnation in the field; from 2004 to 2008, a period of renewal of policies in the field, the creation of a point of culture and adherence to Sistema Nacional de Cultura; 2010, the year that sets new actions in the field and indicates the current situation of cultural policies in the city. It was possible to see the influence of national cultural policies in the field of the city, behind the return of policies in the second period highlighted, which led to new disputes in the field, boosting the presence of some agents. Despite a greater openness in the final period of the study, the elitist practices of the cultural policies field of the city, shapes the legitimized habitus of the field. The possession and the volume of the economic, social and cultural capitals commands the distribution of agents and institutions in the field. The main way to realize the power of capital present in the field is the ability of the agent/institution to encourage or be the driver of cultural policy actions.