Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_elizabete.pdf: 2028479 bytes, checksum: 427be7d797c76ed3574c58e78f3594e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-01 / In the context of hedonistic cult of the body and the rise of subjectivism will the top of the range of values of contemporary subjects, we detected the existence of a horizontal mode of identification with those who have the same traits of enjoyment, for example, among those that mark the body. From this perspective this study combines two elements: the body affected and the vicissitudes of identifications in times of weakness of symbolic consistent. We performed a clinical analysis from the assumptions of psychoanalysis of the speech data of four individuals who submit their bodies to tattoos and body changes. This research found three subjects for whom their bodies are the site of the passions that then fall as a way to appeal for a place and recognition of the Other, and a guy who has the peculiarity of their being anchored in your body changes and is identified with a emblem of joy / No contexto do culto hedonista do corpo e da ascensão do subjetivismo da vontade ao topo da escala de valores dos sujeitos contemporâneos, detectamos a existência de uma modalidade de identificação horizontal com aqueles que têm os mesmos traços de gozo, como por exemplo, entre aqueles que marcam o corpo. Partindo desta perspectiva este estudo articula dois elementos: o corpo marcado e as vicissitudes das identificações em tempos de fragilidade de referências simbólicas consistentes. Realizamos uma análise clínica a partir dos pressupostos da psicanálise dos dados de fala de quatro sujeitos que submetem seus corpos a tatuagens e alterações corporais. Esta pesquisa encontrou três sujeitos para quem seus corpos são palco de paixões que aí se inscrevem como forma de apelar por um lugar e pelo reconhecimento do Outro, e um sujeito que apresenta a peculiaridade de ancorar seu ser em suas modificações corporais e está identificado a uma insígnia de gozo

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Edson Flavio.pdf: 1017575 bytes, checksum: fe3defd2ec0f680bfb9e4827341393da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-15 / Humankind faces its dilemmas and conflictis over the years and history. The human being condition does not seem to have any cure. Since the self and object, as well as the being and the nature tore apart, the human being established many particular ways of survival, differently from the rest of the natural beings. This paper comes to highlight some aspects of conflicts which embody this being in language; all tensions face to others, all ideals that contribute to one of the most passionate human practices: politics. Herein, politics undesrtands the symbolic and imaginary measurement, that is one more invention which takes a format from an emptiness of real, such as the piece of the potter, and goes through a variety of acquirements of the ideal, the same ideal that, sooner or later, creates ideologies, once called from metaphors or metonymies up to reasoning, and rhetorical arguments. The politics is a pratice of verbum, effectively. Upon being verbal, politics is both subscribed and underlined onto the discourse, onto the symptoms, and onto history. This paper comes to understand language as a trinonym part from the discourse itself, and apart from topology: history and a-history coming to meaning an approach of real within a subjective transition. In order to mention the project, this paper intends to separate the rationale into three parts: the historical narratives, in others words, the historical significants; the discoursive constellations; and the social symptoms. It is also to mention that the symptom has its function as a vehicle of historical contents; starting from the discoursive injunctions, according to Lacan s theoretical resources. The methodology used in this paper concerns to a rationale that considers the real object and its immiscion, its repetition over historical objects. This paper also intends to compose a narrative that embodies the reality, just like the Poetic does. It also comes to highlight the meaning of words and their disorder int the utterance, coming to understand that real is not what it means, but what it does not mean through errors by the sense of grammar correctness. Such errors come from both subjectiveness and inconscienceness; from the fact that the object does not have its origin in reality, but from its non-meaningful significant, as well as the assintotics, e.g., the ones that denote the impossible, by the understanding of psychoanalysis. All those aspects above mentioned come to show the dimension of indisposition in culture and civilization, in other words, the civilization in indisposition that disguises, not only the syntax, but the semantics of the symptom which comes the discourse true, and therefore, it promises a well-fare for both psycho economy and political-social economy / Ao longo do tempo e da história, o homem vive os seus dilema e conflitos. A condição humana não tem cura. A apartação entre sujeito e objeto, entre o ser e a natureza, estabeleceu para a espécie humana modos muito singulares de sobrevivência, distinto dos demais seres, os seres da natureza. O que este projeto intenta é ressaltar alguns aspectos do conflito em que se engendra esse ser da linguagem, as tensões frente ao outro, os ideais que concorrem para uma de nossas práticas mais apaixonante: a política. Aqui a política tem as medidas simbólicas e imaginárias, é mais uma invenção que toma forma a partir do vazio do real, como a peça do oleiro, e se lança nas mais variadas captações dos ideais, esses que de um modo e de outro, dão versos às ideologias, chamem-nas de metáforas, metonímias, argumentos, retóricas etc.; a política é fundamentalmente uma prática do verbum. E em sendo verbal, a política está inscrita e escrita nos discursos, nos sintomas e na história. Ei-la num trinômio que é um autêntico nó borromeu, que de certo modo foi o meu esforço ao lançar-me na aventura que no plano diverso dos discursos e da topologia: história e a-história, a saber, num deslizamento a dizer de uma abordagem do real, a qual, intento algo da ordem de uma transição subjetiva. Para tal, este projeto discorre em três partes: as narrativas históricas, digo: os significantes da história; as articulações discursivas e os sintomas sociais. Aqui o sintoma tem a função de fornecer conteúdos para a história, a partir das injunções discursivas tal a elaboração de Lacan. A metodologia que sigo se assenta numa proposição teórica que aborde os objetos reais em sua imisção, e repetição, nos objetos da história, pretendendo, quiçá, uma composição narrativa que serpenteie o real, como numa poética, que enuncie um molejo, um requebro das palavras em função que dizer o real é fazê-lo não pela busca de sentido, mas pela errância que concerne essa gramática, errância que é a da subjetividade a partir do inconsciente, e que é do fato de que os objetos nesse enredo não são os da realidade, são os da quebra de sentido, a saber, são os das inserções do significante e são também os assintóticos, os intangíveis, quer seja, os que denotam o impossível, via a que nos aponta a psicanálise. Que aponta para uma dimensão do mal-estar na cultura e na civilização, digo: a civilização como mal-estar, a que se recobre, portanto, não apenas a sintaxe, mas a semântica do sintoma, isso que faz discurso e que é da lógica da diferença, no que articula o laço social, problematizado aqui na querelas ideológicas de nosso tempo e nas promessas de gozo seja na economia psíquica seja na economia política-social

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raquel_souza_gomes_silva.pdf: 921628 bytes, checksum: f9c6385603ff7c27c5d2bcede428a032 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / The body modification is increasing among women who search for plastic surgery and other aesthetic procedures in order to achieve a body that is praised by the media. Some of them modify their bodies beyond measure pulling their floating ribs out to make their waists slimmer, performing many procedures at the same time or when they exceed the amount of silicon implant in their breasts which detonates an undue behavior guideded by the disproportion. However, the current context is marked by a perverse social organization because it sets itself on the boundaries deletion and on the elation of the jouissance and moves the appearance of perverse traces independently on the clinical structure. Thus, this study aims to highlight some perverse traces in three cases of media women that compulsively change their bodies. We ve collected the depositions displayed on internet videos, focusing on those who dealt with the aesthetic procedures. For analysis, we ve selected three perverse traces: disproportion and the boundaries transgression, the partial objects fixation, the body as a fetish and the search for other people s look as way to achieve jouissance. Those women through the disproportion , deny their lacks by offering their bodies, in parts, as a fetish object to the others look. / O desejo de modificar o corpo vem crescendo consideravelmente entre as mulheres, que recorrem às cirurgias plásticas e outros procedimentos estéticos na busca do corpo ideal enaltecido pela mídia. Algumas destas modificam seus corpos desmedidamente, quando realizam vários procedimentos em uma mesma ocasião, ou quando excedem na quantidade de silicone, denotando com isso, um estilo de vida pautado na desmesura. O contexto atual é marcado por uma organização social perversa, ao se configurar a partir do apagamento dos limites e da exaltação de gozo que mobiliza o surgimento de traços perversos independente da estrutura clínica. Desta forma, este trabalho se propôs a realçar alguns traços perversos em três casos de mulheres midiáticas que modificam compulsivamente seus corpos. Coletamos os depoimentos expostos em vídeos disponíveis na internet, privilegiando aqueles que tratavam dos procedimentos estéticos. Para efeito de análise, elegemos os seguintes traços perversos: desmesura e a transgressão dos limites, fixação em objetos parciais, o corpo como objeto fetiche e a busca pelo olhar do outro como forma de gozo. Estas mulheres através da desmesura, desmentem suas faltas oferecendo seu corpo, em partes, como objeto fetiche para o outro olhar.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 julianne_gomes_correia_oliveira.pdf: 482469 bytes, checksum: a0bedf353c53ac7b380a93191fe9a19d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-13 / This dissertation is the result of an investigation about the specificities of the objects in autism s clinic. For being very frequent in autism s clinic the so called stereotypies and the fixation on personal objects, some psychoanalysts have theorized about the complexity of autistic objects in the clinic. These theories are being revisited by some contemporary psychoanalysts who oppose to the idea reached by Frances Tustin, that the autistic objects are harmful. The new hypotheses claim that autistic fixation on objects is not merely baseless stereotypies, it s a repetition related to the jouissance, on a constant attempt to stop its excess. To make a barrier is to build limits and boundaries. The use of objects is an invention of autistic to curb the jouissance, enabling an addressing to the Other, and mobilizing his encapsulated position in himself. We believe that this positioning brings a change of paradigm, because it takes the autistic out of the place of deficit to responsible for making possibilities, of subjecting . Therefore we have made an important reflection about the political and clinical context of autism in the XXI century. We articulate Lacan s premise that all human formation has, by essence, and not by chance, to curb the jouissance, to the new hypotheses that the use of objects is an invention of the autistic that aims the ordering of the excess of jouissance. We bet that this positioning implicates on an ethical clinical posture towards the life of these people who, with a lot of difficulty, try to address the Other. Besides the theoretical studies, we have made a research on an Infant-Juvenile Psychosocial Care Center (CAPSi) of Recife city, with the general objective of understanding the specificity of objects in politics, theory and clinical autism. Specifically: Understanding the role of autistic objects in psychoanalytic theory; analyze the discourse prevailing policies autism treatment; Perform a search field with the function of illustrating the uses of objects in an autistic capsi. Concerning Methodology, the analyzed data arise from the reports of children with the diagnosis from ICD F84 to F84.9 (Other Neurotic Disorders) on ICD 10, (International Classification of Diseases), aiming to identify the existence of these objects in the professionals clinical experience. These data have been analyzed under Freud-Lacanian theory, highlighting the significant. The choice of the center to make the research was not random or purposeless. We believe that the CAPSi, for being a new and intensively defying service, is a place of valuable clinic experiences, which demands from the professionals to reinvent their daily practice. In the three analyzed cases, we can comply with the purposed objectives, and understand the specificity of autistic object for each. We realize that, in the analyzed cases, the clinical management and knowledge that professionals take place on autism clinic, consist on an empty jouissance place, secretarying the subject in his inventions. / Esta dissertação é fruto de uma investigação sobre a especificidade dos objetos na clínica do autismo. Por ser bastante frequente na clínica do autismo as chamadas estereotipias e fixações em objetos próprios, alguns psicanalistas teorizaram sobre a complexidade dos objetos autisticos na clínica. Essas teorias estão sendo revisitadas por alguns psicanalistas contemporâneos que se contrapõem à proposta de Frances Tustin, de que os objetos autísticos são nocivos. As novas hipóteses afirmam que a fixação do autista nos objetos não se reduz a estereotipias sem fundamento; é uma repetição da ordem do gozo, numa constante tentativa de barrar seu excesso. Fazer barreira é constituir limites e fronteiras. O manejo dos objetos, é uma invenção do autista, visa refrear o gozo, dar lugar a um endereçamento ao Outro e mobilizar sua posição encapsulada em si mesmo. Acreditamos que este posicionamento traz uma mudança de paradigma, pois retira o autista do lugar de deficitário para o de responsável em inventar possibilidades de assujeitar-se . Portanto, fizemos uma importante reflexão sobre o contexto político e clínico do autismo no século XXI. Articulamos a premissa de Lacan, de que toda formação humana tem por essência, e não por acaso, refrear o gozo, às novas hipóteses de que o uso dos objetos é uma invenção do autista que busca o ordenamento do excesso de gozo. Apostamos que este posicionamento implica em uma postura clinica ética com a vida dessas pessoas que, com muita dificuldade, tentam se endereçar ao Outro. Em paralelo aos estudos teóricos, realizamos uma pesquisa em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil (CAPSi) da cidade do Recife, com o objetivo geral de compreender a especificidade dos objetos na política, teoria e clinica do autismo. Especificamente: Compreender a função dos objetos autísticos na teoria da clínica psicanalítica; Analisar o discurso vigente nas políticas de tratamento do autismo;Realizar uma pesquisa de campo com a função de ilustrar os usos dos objetos autisticos em um capsi. No tocante à metodologia, os dados analisados são oriundos da revisão de literatura e dos prontuários de crianças com diagnósticos de CID F84 a F84. 9 (Transtornos Globais do Desenvolvimento) no CID 10, (Classificação Internacional de Doenças), objetivando identificar a existência destes objetos na experiência clínica dos profissionais. Esses dados foram analisados à luz da teoria psicanalítica freudlacaniana, dando-se destaque ao significante. A escolha do serviço para realização da pesquisa não foi aleatória ou sem propósito. Acreditamos que o CAPSi, por ser um serviço novo e intensamente desafiador, constitui-se num local de valiosas experiências clinicas, que exige dos profissionais reinventarem cotidianamente suas práticas. Nos três casos analisados podemos atender aos objetivos propostos, e compreender a especificidade dos objetos autisticos para cada um. Percebemos que, nos casos analisados, a conduta e o saber clínico que profissionais ocupam na clinica do autismo, consiste em um lugar de vazio de gozo, secretariando o sujeito em suas invenções.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs 4-6 genomför litteraturundervisning i ämnet svenska för att främja elevers läslust och läsmotivation. Syftet fördjupas vidare i vilka metoder lärare använder när de arbetar med läsning i klassrummet, vad lärare anser kan påverka elevers läslust och läsmotivation, samt deras egen inställning till läsning och om den kan ha inverkan på hur de i sin undervisning lyckas intressera elever för läsning. För att ta reda på detta användes metoden kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Jag intervjuade fyra lärare som arbetar i årskurs 4-6, på två olika skolor i Sverige. Vid genomförandet hade jag en intervjuguide till min hjälp och intervjuerna spelades in. Resultatet visar att alla fyra lärare ser svårigheter med att motivera eleverna att läsa och att främja deras läslust. Högläsning är den metod de alla använder sig mycket av, för att de tycker att det kan väcka ett intresse hos eleven. Bokval, lässvårigheter och hemmet är några faktorer som de tror kan påverka elevers läslust. Gällande lärarnas egen inställning till läsning är svaren varierande, men alla tror att de kan använda sitt eget eventuella läsintresse för att i sin undervisning intressera eleven för läsning. / The purpose of this study is to examine how teachers who work in grades 4-6 organize their teaching of literature to encourage pupils’ enjoyment of reading and their motivation to read. More specifically, the study looks at what methods teachers use to teach reading; how teachers feel they can encourage pupils’ reading enjoyment and motivation to read; and teachers’ own attitude to reading and if it can have an impact on how they manage to interest pupils in reading. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with four teachers in grades 4-6 at two schools in Sweden. All interviews were conducted with the same list of questions and sound recordings were made. The results show that all four teachers experience difficulties in motivating their pupils to read and in promoting reading enjoyment. They all relied to a great extent on reading aloud as a method. In their experience, pupils developed an interest in reading through reading aloud. Other factors affecting pupils’ reading enjoyment were: choice of book; reading difficulties; and their home environment. The teachers varied in their own attitudes to reading but they each thinks that they could rely on their own interest in reading to give an interest in reading to their pupils.

Martina Smetanová Teaching for elementary school Dissertation Abstract The dissertation is regarding the use of art education in the education of children in elementary schools. In the theoretical part of the dissertation, there are described various psychological aspects, which have an influence on the development on the children's personality, e.g. creativity, intelligence, cooperation, sample schemes, mental mapping, attention, … The practical part consists of ten art themes within one common project "City does not have to be a labyrinth". (City from a bird's eye-view, Plastic city, City paving, Modern building, Traffic intersections, City plan, We are building a city, Travelling using a bus or tram, House sign, Mystical city). I realized this project on elementary school called ZŠ Fryčovická in Prague 9 - Letňany, in third, fourth and fifth grade. During the work with children, I tried to use the knowledge I got from the theoretical part. The aim was to give the children an idea about city, in which they are living and also to focus on the experiences, cooperation with other pupil, experiences with new art techniques, connection with other subjects, evaluation, development of fantasy, etc. The dissertation shows how we, within an art education, can develop skills and abilities, which can be then used in...

In the course of the current demographic change, the proportion of the population aged 65 and older is projected to steadily increase in many countries of the world (UN DESA Population Division, 2015). The ageing society is reflected in an increasing number of older road users (Koppel & Berecki-Gisolf, 2015), especially considering the growing need for older adults to maintain individual mobility (Eby & Molnar, 2012). This development raises new issues of transportation research, since age-related changes in mobility patterns as well as sensory, cognitive, and motor functions reduce older adults’ traffic safety (Polders, Vlahogianni, Leopold, & Durso, 2015). Accordingly, new strategies to aid older drivers and their mobility needs are required, which could potentially be provided by emerging in-vehicle technologies (Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). The overall aim of present dissertation project was to evaluate whether in-vehicle technologies that appear promising to support older drivers can actually contribute to their individual mobility, which requires an improvement in aspects related to driving performance as well as the acceptance of such systems in this age group. Therefore, contact-analogue head-up displays (also labelled as Augmented Reality Displays, ARDs) and highly automated driving were selected as two exemplary technologies, representing completely different levels of driving automation and accordingly different approaches to support drivers. The ARD-technology represents a technical implementation approach for IVIS and therefore an example for Automation Level 0 (no automation; SAE International, 2014) by helping the driver to execute the driving task manually through useful information. In contrast, the HAD-technology aims at supporting the driver by taking over the driving task, which corresponds to Automation Level 4 (high automation; SAE International, 2014). Despite these different approaches, both technologies were previously assumed to have a strong potential to support especially older drivers (Meyer & Deix, 2014; Polders et al., 2015; Rusch et al., 2013; Schall et al., 2013). Three empirical studies were conducted to examine performance- and acceptance-related aspects of both technologies. All studies were carried out with a group of older drivers (maximum age range: 65 85 years) and a younger comparison group (maximum age range: 25-45 years) representing the ‘average’ (i.e. young, but experienced) driver in order to identify age-specific results. Focusing on performance-related aspects of the ARD-technology, Study I represents a reaction time experiment conducted in a driving simulator. One age-specific beneficial function of such an ARD is to provide prior information about approaching complex traffic situations, which addresses older drivers’ tendency to process multiple information successively (serially) rather than simultaneously (parallel) (Davidse, Hagenzieker, van Wolffelaar, & Brouwer, 2009; Küting & Krüger, 2002). Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of an ARD providing prior information about approaching intersections on drivers’ speed and accuracy of perceiving these intersections, which is considered a necessary precondition for a safe driving performance (Crundall & Underwood, 2011). Based on concerns about the counterproductive effects of presenting information via an ARD, especially in cases of inaccurate information, system failures were included in this examination. The ARD-information aided drivers from both age groups in identifying more relevant aspects of the intersections without increasing response time, indicating the potential of the system to support both older and younger drivers in complex traffic situations. Experiencing system failures (i.e. inaccurate information) did offset this positive effect for the study’s duration, particularly for older drivers. This might be because it was difficult to ignore inaccurate prior information due to their presentation via an ARD. Study II represents a driving simulator study on acceptance-related aspects of an ARD providing prior information about approaching intersections. This study focused on the effects of system experience on drivers’ acceptance as well as on the identification of age-specific acceptance barriers that could prevent older drivers from using the technology. In summary, older and younger drivers’ evaluation of the ARD was positive, with a tendency to more positive evaluations with than without system experience in the driving simulator. Compared to the younger group, older drivers reported a more positive attitude towards using the ARD, even though they evaluated their self-efficacy in handling the system and environmental conditions facilitating its usage as less strong. Both performance- and acceptance-related aspects of HAD were addressed in Study III, a two-stage driving simulator study. The focus of the performance perspective shifted in parallel with the shift of the human role from driver to passenger due to the increasing driving automation. Accordingly, the examination of HAD was focused on the human evaluation of the automated system’s driving performance. In this context, affective components of human-automation interaction, such as comfort and enjoyment, are considered important for the acceptance and thus usage of automated vehicles (Tischler & Renner, 2007). It is assumed that the implemented driving style has an impact on such affective components in the context of HAD (Bellem, Schönenberg, Krems, & Schrauf, 2016). One theoretical approach to increase the comfort of HAD recommends the implementation of familiar, natural driving styles to mimic human control (Elbanhawi, Simic, & Jazar, 2015). Therefore, the effects of driving automation and the familiarity of the HAD-style on driving comfort and enjoyment were examined. Automation increased both age groups’ comfort, but decreased younger drivers’ enjoyment. For all dependent variables, driving style familiarity significantly interacted with drivers’ age the same way: while younger drivers preferred a familiar HAD-style, older drivers preferred an unfamiliar driving style in a highly automated context. Accordingly, the familiarity approach can be supported at least for younger drivers, but not for older drivers, whose manual driving styles are characterised by strategies to compensate for age-related impairments of sensory, cognitive, or motor functions. HAD-style preferences of this age group seem to be more influenced by the desire to regain a driving style free from these compensation strategies than by a need for familiar driving manoeuvres. In parallel with the evaluation of the ARD, acceptance-related issues in the context of HAD included the effects of system experience on drivers’ acceptance and potential age-specific acceptance barriers. Considering a system-specific design issue, it was additionally examined whether drivers’ acceptance of HAD is modifiable by the familiarity of the implemented driving style. In this driving simulator study, members of both age groups showed slightly positive a priori acceptance ratings, which significantly increased after the initial experience and remained stable afterwards. Similar to drivers’ acceptance of the ARD, older drivers reported a more positive attitude towards using HAD despite their lower self-assessed self-efficacy and environmental conditions facilitating HAD-usage compared to younger drivers. Regarding HAD-style, acceptance was subject to the same interaction between drivers’ age and driving style familiarity as driving comfort and enjoyment. These findings demonstrate that effective approaches to support the independent mobility of older adults are provided by emerging in-vehicle technologies on different levels of driving automation. The majority of the performance-related improvements did apply to both older and younger drivers, confirming that automotive technologies suggested for older drivers have the potential to support drivers of other age groups as well. Regarding drivers’ acceptance, findings suggest that both systems would be accepted by different age groups, which correspondents to the results from the performance perspective. The comparable acceptance patterns identified for two systems at different stages of driving automation, such as ARDs and HAD, indicate underlying general aspects of older adults’ acceptance of in-vehicle technologies. This includes their strong need to preserve their individual mobility as well as their lower self-efficacy in handling relevant technologies and insufficient access to a support infrastructure. These insights can enrich both theories of older drivers’ acceptance of in-vehicle technologies and measures to ensure the successful development and introduction of systems aiding them in maintaining a safe individual mobility. Considering the importance of driving for older adults’ physiological and psychological well-being (e.g. Adler & Rottunda, 2006; Lutin, Kornhauser, & Lerner-Lam, 2013), these results emphasise the potential of emerging in-vehicle technologies to improve both older drivers’ traffic safety and quality of life.:OVERVIEW 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 8 SUMMARY 9 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 12 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 18 2.1 The Driving Task 18 2.1.1 The Extended Control Model (ECOM) 18 2.1.2 Demands on the Driver 21 2.2 Characteristics of Older Drivers 22 2.2.1 Age-Related Functional Limitations 23 2.2.2 Compensatory Strategies 25 2.2.3 Accident Involvement and Consequences 25 2.2.4 The Relevance of Driving for Older Adults 27 2.3 Supporting Older Drivers through In-Vehicle Technologies 28 2.3.1 Taxonomy of In-Vehicle Technologies 29 2.3.2 Selected In-Vehicle Technologies Suitable for Older Drivers 31 2.3.3 Augmented Reality Display (ARD) 32 2.3.3.1 Support Potential for Older Drivers 33 2.3.3.2 Speed and Accuracy of Perceiving Traffic Situations 34 2.3.4 Highly Automated Driving (HAD) 34 2.3.4.1 Support Potential for Older Drivers 35 2.3.4.2 Driving Comfort and Driving Enjoyment 36 2.3.4.3 Automated Driving Style 38 2.3.5 System Acceptance 39 2.3.5.1 Definition 39 2.3.5.2 General Technology Acceptance of Older Adults 41 2.3.5.3 Acceptance of ARDs 41 2.3.5.4 Acceptance of HAD 42 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 44 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 47 5 STUDY I: AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY – PERFORMANCE ASPECTS 48 5.1 Aims and Research Hypotheses 49 5.2 Method 50 5.2.1 Study Design 50 5.2.2 Participants 50 5.2.3 The Surrogate Complexity Method (SCM) 50 5.2.3.1 Basic Principle 50 5.2.3.2 Dependent Variables 51 5.2.4 Implementation of the SCM for the ARD-Evaluation 52 5.2.4.1 Trial Structure 52 5.2.4.2 Variation of ARD-Information 53 5.2.4.3 Visual Material 54 5.2.5 Setting 55 5.2.6 Procedure 55 5.3 Results 56 5.3.1 Data Preparation 56 5.3.2 Validity of the SCM 57 5.3.3 Response Accuracy 57 5.3.4 Response Time 58 5.4 Discussion 59 6 STUDY II: AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY – ACCEPTANCE ASPECTS 61 6.1 Aims and Research Questions 61 6.2 Method 62 6.2.1 Study Design 62 6.2.2 Participants 62 6.2.3 Facilities and Simulated Route 64 6.2.4 Assessment of Drivers’ Acceptance 65 6.2.5 Procedure 66 6.3 Results 66 6.3.1 Drivers’ Attitude towards the ARD 66 6.3.2 Determinants of Drivers’ Acceptance 67 6.4 Discussion 70 7 STUDY III: HIGHLY AUTOMATED DRIVING – PERFORMANCE AND ACCEPTANCE ASPECTS 72 7.1 Aims and Research Questions 72 7.2 Method 74 7.2.1 Study Design 74 7.2.2 Participants 74 7.2.3 Facilities and Simulated Route 75 7.2.4 Questionnaires and Online Assessment of Driving Comfort 75 7.2.5 Procedure 77 7.3 Results 79 7.3.1 Data Preparation 79 7.3.2 Effects of System Experience on Drivers’ Acceptance 81 7.3.3 Effects of Driving Automation on Driving Comfort and Enjoyment 83 7.3.4 Effects of Driving Style Familiarity on Driving Comfort, Enjoyment, and Acceptance 84 7.4 Discussion 90 8 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 96 8.1 Limitations 96 8.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications 97 8.2.1 Performance-Related Aspects 98 8.2.2 Acceptance-Related Aspects 100 8.3 Methodological Implications 103 REFERENCES 105 APPENDIX 128 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FUNDING 134 CURRICULUM VITAE 135 PUBLICATIONS 137 / Im Zuge des aktuellen demografischen Wandels wird für zahlreiche Länder der Welt eine stetige Zunahme des Bevölkerungsanteils von Personen im Alter von 65 Jahren und älter prognostiziert (UN DESA Population Division, 2015). Die daraus resultierende alternde Gesellschaft spiegelt sich auch in der steigenden Anzahl älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer wieder (Koppel & Berecki-Gisolf, 2015). Dieser Effekt wird durch das ebenfalls ansteigende Bedürfnis älterer Personen, ihre Individualmobilität auch bis ins hohe Alter hinein aufrecht zu erhalten, noch verstärkt (Eby & Molnar, 2012). Berücksichtigt man die Auswirkungen altersbedingter Veränderungen von Mobilitätsmustern und fahrrelevanten Fähigkeiten auf die Sicherheit älterer Verkehrsteilnehmer (Polders et al., 2015), stellt diese demographische Entwicklung neue Herausforderungen an die Verkehrsforschung. So bedarf es neuartiger Strategien zur Unterstützung älterer Fahrzeugführer und ihrer Mobilitätsbedürfnisse. Aufgrund aktueller technologischer Entwicklungen eröffnen vor allem durch neuartige Fahrzeugtechnologien zur Fahrerunterstützung innovative Möglichkeiten, diesem Bedarf gerecht zu werden (Karthaus & Falkenstein, 2016). An diesem Punkt setzt die vorliegende Dissertation an. Ziel des Dissertationsprojektes war es zu evaluieren, inwieweit aktuell in Entwicklung befindliche Fahrzeugtechnologien, die aus theoretischer Sicht als geeignete Mittel zur Unterstützung älterer Fahrer erscheinen, tatsächlich zu deren Individualmobilität beitragen können. Um das Potential derartiger Technologien abzuschätzen, wurde einerseits untersucht, inwieweit sie zur Verbesserung von Variablen, die in Beziehung zur Fahrleistung stehen, beitragen können. Anderseits wurde ihre Akzeptanz bei potentiellen zukünftigen Nutzern evaluiert. Für diese Untersuchungen wurden zwei exemplarische Technologien als Repräsentanten grundlegend unterschiedlicher Stufen der Fahrzeugautomatisierung ausgewählt: ein kontaktanaloge Head-up Display (auch Augmented Reality Display, ARD) und hochautomatisiertes Fahren. ARDs stellen einen technologischen Ansatz zur Implementierung von Fahrerinformationssystemen und dementsprechend ein Beispiel für Automatisierungsstufe 0 (no automation; SAE International, 2014) dar, indem sie den Fahrer durch die Bereitstellung verkehrsrelevanter Informationen bei der manuellen Ausführung der Fahraufgabe unterstützen. Im Gegensatz dazu zielt die Technologie des hochautomatisierten Fahrens auf eine Unterstützung des Fahrers durch die vollständige Übernahme der Fahraufgabe ab, was Automatisierungsstufe 4 (high automation; SAE International, 2014) entspricht. Trotz dieser grundlegend unterschiedlichen Ansätze wird beiden Technologien ein hohes Potential zur Unterstützung insbesondere älterer Fahrer zugesprochen (Meyer & Deix, 2014; Polders et al., 2015; Rusch et al., 2013; Schall et al., 2013). Die Untersuchung Performanz- und Akzeptanz-bezogener Aspekte beider Technologien erfolgte im Rahmen von drei empirische Studien. Um altersspezifische Befunde identifizieren zu können, wurden allen Studien mit Vertretern der Zielgruppe von älteren Fahrern (65-85 Jahre alt) sowie einer jüngeren Vergleichsgruppe ‚durchschnittlicher‘ (d.h. junger, erfahrener) Fahrer (25-45 Jahre alt) durchgeführt. Bei Studie I handelte es sich um eine im Fahrsimulator durchgeführte Reaktionszeitstudie, in deren Rahmen Leistungs-bezogene Aspekte von ARDs untersucht wurden. Unter den vielfältigen Möglichkeiten zur Anwendung dieser Technologie wird vor allem die Präsentation von Vorinformationen über bevorstehende komplexe Fahrsituationen während der Fahrt als gewinnbringend für ältere Fahrer eingestuft. Diese Strategie adressiert die Tendenz älterer Fahrer zu einer eher seriellen als parallelen Verarbeitung gleichzeitig verfügbarer Informationen während der Fahrt (Davidse et al., 2009; Küting & Krüger, 2002). Vor diesem Hintergrund lag der Fokus von Studie I auf den Effekten einer kontaktanalogen Präsentation von Vorinformationen über bevorstehende Kreuzungen auf die Geschwindigkeit und Genauigkeit der Wahrnehmung dieser Kreuzungen durch den Fahrer, was eine Grundvoraussetzung für eine sichere Fahrleistung darstellt (Crundall & Underwood, 2011). Basierend auf bestehenden Befürchtungen über kontraproduktive Effekte einer kontaktanalogen Informationsdarstellung während der Fahrt, insbesondere im Falle inkorrekter Informationen, wurden zudem die Auswirkungen von Systemfehlern untersucht. Mit Hilfe der kontaktanalogen Vorinformationen gelang es sowohl älteren als auch jüngeren Fahrern, ohne erhöhten Zeitbedarf einen höheren Anteil relevanter Aspekte in Kreuzungssituationen wahrzunehmen. Allerdings wurde die positive Systemwirkung durch das Erleben von Systemfehlern (in diesem Fall inkorrekten Vorinformationen) zumindest für die Dauer der Untersuchung aufgehoben. Dieser Effekt war besonders ausgeprägt für ältere Fahrer und könnte auf die Schwierigkeit, inkorrekte Informationen auf Grund ihrer Darstellung im ARD zu ignorieren, zurückzuführen sein. Studie II stellte eine Fahrsimulatorstudie zu Akzeptanz-bezogenen Aspekten eines ARDs, welches dem Fahrer Vorinformationen über bevorstehende Kreuzungen zur Verfügung stellt, dar. Inhalt dieser Studie waren zum einen die Effekte von Systemerfahrung auf die Nutzerakzeptanz des Systems, zum anderen altersspezifische Akzeptanzbarrieren, welche ältere Fahrer potentiell von der Nutzung der Technologie abhalten könnten. Insgesamt bewerteten sowohl ältere als auch jüngere Fahrer das ARD positiv. Dabei fielen Bewertungen auf Basis von Systemerfahrung im Fahrsimulator tendenziell besser aus als Bewertungen ohne vorherige Systemerfahrung. Obwohl ältere Fahrer im Vergleich zu jüngeren Fahrern ihre Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit dem ARD sowie Umgebungsfaktoren, welche dessen Nutzung unterstützen könnten, als geringer ausgeprägt wahrnahmen, war die positive Einstellung gegenüber der Nutzung des Systems bei ihnen im Durchschnitt stärker ausgeprägt. Leistungs- und Akzeptanz-bezogene Aspekte des hochautomatisierten Fahrens wurden in Studie III, einer zweistufigen Fahrsimulatorstudie, untersucht. Parallel zur Veränderung der Rolle des Menschen vom Fahrzeugführer zum Passagier im Zuge der zunehmenden Fahrzeugautomatisierung veränderte sich dabei auch der Fokus der Leistungsperspektive. Dem entsprechend stand die Bewertung der Fahrleistung des automatisierten Systems durch den mitfahrenden Menschen im Mittelpunkt dieser Untersuchung. Affektive Komponenten der Mensch-Automatisierungs-Interaktion wie Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß werden in diesem Kontext als bedeutsam zur Gewährleistung der Nutzerakzeptanz und damit auch Nutzung automatisierter Fahrzeuge betrachtet (Tischler & Renner, 2007). Es wird angenommen, dass derartige affektive Komponenten im Kontext des hochautomatisierten Fahrens vor allem vom implementierten Fahrstil abhängen (Bellem et al., 2016). In einem theoretischen Ansatz zur Verbesserung des Fahrkomforts wird die Implementierung vertrauter (d.h. dem eigenen manuellen Fahrstil ähnlicher) Fahrstile empfohlen, um einen menschlichen Fahrzeugführer nachzuahmen und so Bedenken gegenüber einer automatisierten Fahrzeugführung abzubauen (Elbanhawi et al., 2015). Diesem Ansatz folgend wurden in Studie III die Effekte der Fahrzeugautomatisierung sowie der Ähnlichkeit des implementierten Fahrstils zum individuellen manuellen Fahrstil des jeweiligen Fahrers auf Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit höherer Automatisierung der Fahrkomfort älterer und jüngerer Fahrer anstieg, der Fahrspaß jüngerer Fahrer sich jedoch verringerte. Alle abhängigen Variablen wurden von einer vergleichbaren Interaktion zwischen Fahreralter und Fahrstilähnlichkeit beeinflusst: Während jüngere Fahrer hochautomatisierte Fahrstile bevorzugten, die ihren jeweiligen manuellen Fahrstilen ähnelten, präferierten ältere Fahrer im hochautomatisierten Kontext eher unähnliche Fahrstile. Dem entsprechend kann der Vertrautheitsansatz basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Studie III zumindest für jüngere Fahrer unterstützt werden, nicht aber für die Zielgruppe älterer Fahrer, deren manuelle Fahrstile durch Kompensationsstrategien zum Ausgleich altersbedingter Einschränkungen ihrer sensorischen, kognitiven und motorischen Fähigkeiten geprägt sind. Fahrstilpräferenzen im hochautomatisierten Kontext scheinen in dieser Altersgruppe mehr von dem Wunsch, einen von diesen Kompensationsstrategien unbeeinträchtigten Fahrstil wiederzuerlangen, geprägt zu sein als von dem Bedürfnis nach vertraut gestalteten Fahrmanövern. Analog zur Evaluation des ARDs beinhaltete die Untersuchung Akzeptanz-bezogener Aspekte des hochautomatisierten Fahrens die Effekte von Systemerfahrung auf die Nutzerakzeptanz sowie potentielle altersspezifische Akzeptanzbarrieren. Einen systemspezifischen Designaspekt aufgreifend wurde zudem untersucht, ob die Nutzerakzeptanz des hochautomatisierten Fahrens ebenfalls durch den implementierten Fahrstil modifizierbar ist. Fahrer beider Altersgruppen berichteten tendenziell positive a priori Akzeptanzwerte, welche sich nach der Ersterfahrung mit dem System signifikant erhöhten und sich anschließend stabilisierten. Vergleichbar mit den Ergebnissen zum ARD war die positive Einstellung gegenüber der Nutzung eines hochautomatisierten Fahrzeuges bei älteren Fahrern im Durchschnitt stärker ausgeprägt als bei jüngeren, obwohl sie ihre Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit dem System sowie unterstützende Umgebungsfaktoren als geringer ausgeprägt bewerteten. Bezüglich des hochautomatisierten Fahrstils unterlag die Systemakzeptanz derselben Interaktion zwischen Fahreralter und Fahrstilähnlichkeit wie Fahrkomfort und Fahrspaß. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass Fahrzeugtechnologien auf verschiedenen Automatisierungsstufen effektive Ansätze zur Unterstützung der Individualmobilität älterer Personen liefern können. Die Mehrzahl der identifizierten Leistungs-bezogenen Verbesserungen zeigte sich sowohl für ältere als auch jüngere Fahrer. Diese Befunde weißen auf das Potential von Systemen, welche den Bedürfnissen älterer Fahrer entsprechen, zur Unterstützung verschiedener Altersgruppen hin. Die Ergebnisse der Akzeptanzperspektive deuten an, dass die evaluierten Systeme von Fahrern verschiedener Altersgruppen akzeptiert werden würden, was die Ergebnisse der Leistungsebene widerspiegelt. Die Vergleichbarkeit der Muster verschiedener Akzeptanzprädiktoren, welche für zwei Systeme auf grundlegend unterschiedlichen Automatisierungsstufen identifiziert werden konnten, legt die Existenz zugrundeliegender genereller Aspekte der Fahrzeugtechnologie-Akzeptanz älterer Fahrer nahe. Diese beinhalten deren stark ausgeprägtes Bedürfnis zur Erhaltung ihrer Individualmobilität sowie deren geringere Selbstwirksamkeit im Umgang mit relevanten Technologien und den unzureichenden Zugang zu unterstützenden Infrastrukturen. Diese Erkenntnisse liefern Implikationen für theoretische Modelle der Akzeptanz von Fahrzeugtechnologien durch ältere Fahrer sowie für Maßnahmen zur Absicherung einer erfolgreichen Entwicklung und Markteinführung von Systemen, die darauf abzielen, ältere Menschen beim Erhalt ihrer Individualmobilität zu unterstützen. Berücksichtigt man die Bedeutsamkeit des Fahrens eines eigenen Automobils für das physiologische und psychologische Wohlbefinden im Alter (Adler & Rottunda, 2006; Lutin et al., 2013; Whelan, Langford, Oxley, Koppel, & Charlton, 2006), unterstreichen diese Ergebnisse das Potential neu entstehender Fahrerunterstützungstechnologien für die Verbesserung der Verkehrssicherheit, aber auch Lebensqualität älterer Menschen.:OVERVIEW 4 LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF TABLES 7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 8 SUMMARY 9 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 12 1 INTRODUCTION 16 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 18 2.1 The Driving Task 18 2.1.1 The Extended Control Model (ECOM) 18 2.1.2 Demands on the Driver 21 2.2 Characteristics of Older Drivers 22 2.2.1 Age-Related Functional Limitations 23 2.2.2 Compensatory Strategies 25 2.2.3 Accident Involvement and Consequences 25 2.2.4 The Relevance of Driving for Older Adults 27 2.3 Supporting Older Drivers through In-Vehicle Technologies 28 2.3.1 Taxonomy of In-Vehicle Technologies 29 2.3.2 Selected In-Vehicle Technologies Suitable for Older Drivers 31 2.3.3 Augmented Reality Display (ARD) 32 2.3.3.1 Support Potential for Older Drivers 33 2.3.3.2 Speed and Accuracy of Perceiving Traffic Situations 34 2.3.4 Highly Automated Driving (HAD) 34 2.3.4.1 Support Potential for Older Drivers 35 2.3.4.2 Driving Comfort and Driving Enjoyment 36 2.3.4.3 Automated Driving Style 38 2.3.5 System Acceptance 39 2.3.5.1 Definition 39 2.3.5.2 General Technology Acceptance of Older Adults 41 2.3.5.3 Acceptance of ARDs 41 2.3.5.4 Acceptance of HAD 42 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 44 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 47 5 STUDY I: AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY – PERFORMANCE ASPECTS 48 5.1 Aims and Research Hypotheses 49 5.2 Method 50 5.2.1 Study Design 50 5.2.2 Participants 50 5.2.3 The Surrogate Complexity Method (SCM) 50 5.2.3.1 Basic Principle 50 5.2.3.2 Dependent Variables 51 5.2.4 Implementation of the SCM for the ARD-Evaluation 52 5.2.4.1 Trial Structure 52 5.2.4.2 Variation of ARD-Information 53 5.2.4.3 Visual Material 54 5.2.5 Setting 55 5.2.6 Procedure 55 5.3 Results 56 5.3.1 Data Preparation 56 5.3.2 Validity of the SCM 57 5.3.3 Response Accuracy 57 5.3.4 Response Time 58 5.4 Discussion 59 6 STUDY II: AUGMENTED REALITY DISPLAY – ACCEPTANCE ASPECTS 61 6.1 Aims and Research Questions 61 6.2 Method 62 6.2.1 Study Design 62 6.2.2 Participants 62 6.2.3 Facilities and Simulated Route 64 6.2.4 Assessment of Drivers’ Acceptance 65 6.2.5 Procedure 66 6.3 Results 66 6.3.1 Drivers’ Attitude towards the ARD 66 6.3.2 Determinants of Drivers’ Acceptance 67 6.4 Discussion 70 7 STUDY III: HIGHLY AUTOMATED DRIVING – PERFORMANCE AND ACCEPTANCE ASPECTS 72 7.1 Aims and Research Questions 72 7.2 Method 74 7.2.1 Study Design 74 7.2.2 Participants 74 7.2.3 Facilities and Simulated Route 75 7.2.4 Questionnaires and Online Assessment of Driving Comfort 75 7.2.5 Procedure 77 7.3 Results 79 7.3.1 Data Preparation 79 7.3.2 Effects of System Experience on Drivers’ Acceptance 81 7.3.3 Effects of Driving Automation on Driving Comfort and Enjoyment 83 7.3.4 Effects of Driving Style Familiarity on Driving Comfort, Enjoyment, and Acceptance 84 7.4 Discussion 90 8 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 96 8.1 Limitations 96 8.2 Theoretical and Practical Implications 97 8.2.1 Performance-Related Aspects 98 8.2.2 Acceptance-Related Aspects 100 8.3 Methodological Implications 103 REFERENCES 105 APPENDIX 128 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF FUNDING 134 CURRICULUM VITAE 135 PUBLICATIONS 137

In my thesis I am covering the chosen ethical topics from the book Treasures of the Snow using the structured drama. The aim of this thesis was to identify if pupils could find a solution that would prevent the unethical behaviour based on their experience from the book? The paper is divided into theoretical and practical sections, the practical section is based off the conclusion made in theoretical one. The first part of the thesis focuses on the following chosen subjects; Ethics, Drama in Education, Czech language and literature which are covered in the Framework education programme for elementary education and it is also analysing how these subjects fit into the School educational programme within Primary School Kunratice (Commutation - Learning - Cooperation), where the practical research was performed with the children from 5th grade. These subjects merge together in a created auctorial structured drama "About a friendship that overcame various difficulties", which serves as a tool for the research. In the first part there are terms defined such as Drama in Education, Methods of Drama in Education, structured drama, used methods and techniques in its own structured drama and the personality of a teacher who is teaching Drama in Education, that relates to this matter. The previously mentioned...

In our thesis we will discuss political philosophy of Slavoj Žižek. Our aim is to explore his thoughts in the context of searching for an emancipatory strategy for 21st century. In first par of our thesis we will concentrate on the analysis of functioning of capitalism from the perspective of Lacan's discourse of university. Then we will move to the criticism of static subject in Marxism and dispersed subject in thoughts of post-Marxist radical democrats. We will continue to so called communist hypothesis. In second part of our thesis we will discuss how Žižek's theoretical approach affects his position to the three selected social conflicts and movements. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This licentiate thesis, When emotions are allowed to rule, a study on reading literature in a multicultural classroom in upper secondary school, attempts from a didactic perspective to understand literature reading in the school subject Swedish in the light of a multicultural and changing society. From a socio-cultural perspective, the study illustrates the teacher's choice of literature, the teacher's and the students' attitudes to literature, and the ways of reading that are being negotiated in the common reading and what opportunities for understanding and meaning making that are made available. The analyses are based on reception theories and have an underlying intercultural perspective. The study has been conducted in a class represented by students with many different mother tongues in the school subject Swedish during the first year at the natural science programme at an upper secondary school. The main methods are recordings of literature discussions, which have been documented by video and digital voice recorder, qualitative interviews with students and teacher, log books, and the students' novel reading logs. The empirical material is presented in two chapters. The first chapter, The conditions of the reading, focuses on the teacher's and the students' attitudes to literature and literature reading while the second chapter, The actual reading, brings forward the ways of reading that are being negotiated in the common reading of two novels in the class. The results show that there are several factors that are of importance to the understanding and the meaning making that are made possible in the teaching of literature. The students speak about experience oriented attitudes focusing on life experiences and cultural meetings. This differs from the teacher's attitude which is focused on providing the students with language skills and literary history education. The study shows how the reading of the novel Herakles (Kallifatides 2006) results in ethic ways of reading and a rejection of the text while the reading of the optional novel leads to a subjective reading and a common interpretation from ways of reading of enjoyment. The study discusses the importance of safeguarding the students' knowledge, experiences, and emotions and of making explicit their different ways of reading as well as the different readings of the teaching. Discussed further is the need for a teaching that catches and challenges the students' general and literary repertoires from various perspectives in order to provide context and contribute to an active meaning making. The study suggests a caring way of reading, which is characterised by interpretive communities focused on openness to the foreign and different view and a reading that strives towards a cognitive, moral, and emotional understanding.