Homelessness and rough sleeping has dramatically increased in the UK over the past six years. Links between welfare changes, inequality and social exclusion are pronounced. This study looked into the experiences of a particular group of people experiencing homelessness; those with complex needs who had had multiple moves round homeless projects. Qualitative research of the lived experiences of those experiencing homelessness is limited, particularly for this group of individuals in the UK. An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was applied to interviews undertaken with six men with these experiences. The four main themes from this analysis were Moving forward vs no way forward, Being here has really helped but it's only temporary, Being treated as different and Desperately longing for yet deeply fearing relationships. These themes were supported with extensive participant quotes and were contextualised in the current literature. The themes reflect and demonstrate: Challenges with hope and future plans and the role of substance use; Relationships to help in the context of conditionality and the temporary nature of projects; Issues regarding coherent identity development and stigmatisation; and Complexity around forming relationships. These findings develop our understanding of this population and support improvements in practice. A clear role for Clinical Psychologists in this area was identified and recommendations across domains of individual, service level and community practice were presented.

Cette thèse de sociologie s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une sociologie de la maladie et de prise en charge des patients du sida, elle vise à approfondir les notions de prise en charge des patients du sida par les associations à Kinshasa en RDC et celles des représentations sociales et culturelles des populations de cette ville sur le sida. Cette étude se veut qualitative dans la mesure où, elle cherche à appréhender les véritables raisons qui soutiennent l'existence des associations des malades du sida malgré les moyens précaires qu'elles disposent. Elle vise en outre, d'étudier les différents itinéraires que les malades empruntent pour se faire soigner. Enfin, cette étude veut placer la sociologie au cœur des analyses scientifiques sur la maladie, et particulièrement le sida. / This study aims at shedding some light on the social realities of HIV/Aids that doctors and patients associations face, and on the patients' representations and beliefs in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. In order to do so; we bring an analysis of the different therapeutic trajectories of these patients confronted with difficulties due the lack of access to health care and proper medical information about their disease.Thus, the absence of a coherent health policy in a country with 70 billions of citizens,among whom 12 billions of them live in Kinshasa itself, constitutes an impediment for implementing different strategies in which social workers (doctors, associations, partners) try to against HIV/Aids.The health care system, supposed to help creating concrete actions in combating this disease, still remains not efficient enough and fails to assist patients.Given the wait see attitude of public authorities towards health, the economical crisis and the demography growth, Kinshasa has become place where the HIV/Aids contamination rate grows exponentially.

Ces trois dernières décennies, de multiples recherches ont été menées sur le capital social afin de comprendre son fonctionnement, son importance sur l’être humain, son impact sur le bien-être de l’individu et son implication dans le bon fonctionnement de la société. De son côté, la théorie des capacités développée par Amartya Sen met en exergue des concepts essentiels pour l’économie du développement. Cette approche est centrée sur l’individu et laisse de côté le versant collectif de la problématique du développement. L’importance et l’impact des réseaux sociaux sont ignorés dans l’approche des capacités. Les réseaux sociaux, en manifestant l’implication des individus dans des groupements et des actions collectives, offrent un lien évident avec les capacités des individus aussi bien qu’avec leur capital social. Cet aspect a été développé par Giraud et al. (2013). Un autre déterminant ne doit pas être négligé dans le processus de développement : le bonheur ou bien-être subjectif. L’un des intérêts majeurs du capital social n’est-il pas de contribuer au bien-être subjectif des individus ? Ce dernier n’est-il pas une mesure, parmi d’autres, du «développement» ? A quoi bon accumuler du capital social ou déployer des capacités, fussent-elles relationnelles, si cela n’ajoute rien au bonheur ? Ces différents concepts et les liens qui les unissent, ne sont pas suffisamment approfondis dans la littérature. Cette thèse propose de tester différentes réponses possibles à la question : quels sont les liens entre capital social, capacités relationnelles, bonheur et développement économique ? / Welfare economics in a behavioral world is gaining increasing traction for research in economics and social sciences at large. Especially the last three decades, ever more research efforts have been directed to understand welfare better. Social capital has been one of the prime candidates and now a domain of research. Research is undertaken to understand its importance, how it operates, and what impact it has on the well-being of an individual and the health of a society. The capabilities approach developed by Amartya Sen highlights the fundamental role of economic development that focuses on the improving individual capabilities and expanding choice sets of each individual. However, this capability approach is individual-centric and inadvertently leaves out the shared or the collective nature of an individual’s existence. The social networks/interconnectedness is not addressed in the capability approach of Sen. At the same time, the social networks embody the mobilization of individuals in groups, association, and civic action. This aspect is developed by Giraud et al. (2013), called the relational capability approach. Another major research domain that cannot be neglected in the economic or human development evaluation is happiness (or subjective well-being). The concept of subject well-being is closely related to the social capital domain. In the literature, these concepts of social capital, relational capabilities, subjective well-being and development, and especially the linkages between them are not well explored or explicitly studied. This is the primary motivation for this dissertation.

Si la littérature centraméricaine semble sortir du ghetto auquel elle a été cantonnée jusqu’à il y a peu, les écrivain·e·s ne bénéficient pas à égalité de cette amélioration de la visibilité des pratiques culturelles de l’isthme, qui tend à renforcer la marginalisation de certain·e·s au profit d’une minorité. À partir de l’étude du genre de la nouvelle, particulièrement développé en Amérique Centrale, notre travail cherche à identifier les divers procédés intra et extratextuels qui permettent d’entrevoir un ensemble cohérent au sein de productions diverses émanant d’écrivain·e·s marginalisé·e·s, ensemble qui pourrait être qualifié de littérature des marges. À travers une approche régionale et transnationale, nous analysons la marginalisation historique des populations autochtones et afro-descendantes ainsi que des femmes, avant d’observer le déplacement de cette marginalisation de la réalité à la fiction dans les textes littéraires. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à l’évolution des représentations littéraires de ces groupes marginalisés, permises par les (r)évolutions des sociétés centraméricaines, en nous appuyant sur la confrontation entre un pré-corpus de nouvelles retraçant les représentations de l’altérité d’un point de vue extérieur, et un corpus de huit recueils de nouvelles d’écrivain·e·s issu·e·s de ces groupes marginalisés. Enfin, nous observons à travers ces recueils de Moravia Ochoa, Quince Duncan, Luis de Lión, Zoila Ellis, Jacinta Escudos, Marisela Quintana, Lety Elvir, et Humberto Ak’abal, comment cet ensemble cohérent d’écritures des marges provoque une déstabilisation du canon littéraire par le moyen d’un ébranlement de ses valeurs hégémoniques. / If Central American literature seems to be emerging from the ghetto it has been confined to until recently, its writers don’t equally benefit from this improvement of the isthmus’ cultural practices’ visibility. Starting from the study of the short-story or cuento, a literary genre widely developed in Central America, our research seeks to identify the multiple intra and extratextual processes which allow discerning a coherent whole inside different productions from marginalized writers, a whole that could be identified as a writing of the margins. Through a regional and transnational approach, we analyse the historical marginalization of indigenous and afro-descendant populations as well a women, before gazing at the transfer of this marginalization from reality to fiction in the literary texts. Afterwards, we take an interest in the evolution of the literary representations of these marginalized groups, allowed by the (r)evolutions of the Central American societies, relying on the confrontation between a pre-corpus of short-stories that recount the representations of the alterity from the outside, and a corpus made of eight collections of short-stories by writers coming from these marginalized groups. Finally, we observe through these collections by the Panamanian Moravia Ochoa, the Afro-Costa-Rican Quince Duncan, the Guatemalan Kaqchikel Luis de Lión, the Belizean Garifuna Zoila Ellis, the Salvadoran Jacinta Escudos, the Nicaraguan Marisela Quintana, the Honduran Lety Elvir, and the Guatemalan K’iche’ Humberto Ak’abal, how this coherent whole of writings of the margins causes a destabilization of the literary canon by trembling or even inverting its hegemonic values.

Barriadas au Pérou, Favelas au Brésil, Suburbios en Espagne, Zones Urbaines Sensibles en France. Quel que soit le pays où ils se situent, ces territoires concentrent ce que la ville rejette : des populations en difficulté, exposées plus que d’autres à la pauvreté et à l’exclusion sociale. A partir de deux enquêtes de terrain menées à Villa El Salvador, l’un des plus grands bidonvilles de Lima (Pérou) et à Borny, l’un des quartiers les plus pauvres de Lorraine (France), cette recherche s’intéresse aux processus d’émergence des zones urbaines défavorisées et au rôle déterminant des structures et des rapports socio-économiques et politiques dans les situations de pauvreté et d’exclusion sociale auxquelles sont confrontés leurs habitants. S’appuyant à la fois sur l’outil statistique et sur la parole des habitants, elle met en évidence les particularités et similitudes des deux quartiers ainsi que les dynamiques individuelles et collectives qui leur permettent de faire face à la pauvreté. / Barriadas in Peru, Favelas in Brazil, Suburbios in Spain, Zones Urbaines Sensibles in France. Whatever is the country where they are located, these territories concentrate what the city rejects: populations in trouble, exposed more than others to the poverty and to the social exclusion. On the basis of two field studies, in Villa El Salvador, one of the largest slums in Lima, Peru, and in Borny, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in the Lorraine region of France, this research focuses on the processes leading to disadvantaged urban areas and on the decisive role of socioeconomic and political structures and relations in situations of poverty and social exclusion faced by the inhabitants. Using statistical tools and the verbal testimony of the people, this research highlights the peculiarities and the similarities of both districts as well as the individual and collective dynamics which allow them to face the poverty.

Aujourd'hui, la campagne n'est plus seulement un lieu de production agricole puisque de nouveaux usages, notamment récréatifs, apparaissent (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). Ainsi, cette thèse porte sur les associations et leur rôle dans la recomposition de la structure sociale et sportive de la société rurale en Franche-Comté, en matière d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion. Notre travail empirique, entrecroisant des phases quantitatives et qualitatives, s'apparente à une plongée analytique dans la vie sociale des clubs ruraux. Nous y observons les mécanismes d'engagement et de désengagement des sportifs en suivant leur itinéraire au sein des structures associatives. Dans une approche mêlant l'influence des situations et des dispositions, notre étude se donne pour objectif d'analyser les différentes modalités de construction ou de déconstruction des « connectivités » dans et/ou à partir des clubs sportifs des villages ruraux. Nous définissons les connectivités selon trois dimensions : la « communalité », soit le partage ou la possession d'un attribut commun, la « connexité », comme les attaches relationnelles qui lient les individus entre eux et la « groupalité », comme le sentiment d'appartenir à un groupe particulier, limité, solidaire (Brubaker, 2001). Sans pour autant écarter les contraintes macro-sociales, la construction plurielle des connectivités sportives associatives résulte de l'inscription des individus au sein d'une « configuration » particulière (Elias, 1991), au centre de laquelle l' « esprit club » joue un rôle prépondérant. En ce sens, les associations sportives rurales, à travers leurs temporalités, sportives et extra-sportives, exercent une influence déterminante sur la structuration des connectivités/dé-connectivités. L'articulation de logiques individuelles et collectives entraîne alors leur différenciation et parfois même leur décomposition. Notre recherche sur ces connectivités/dé-connectivités différenciées permet, alors, de démontrer leur rapport réciproque avec le processus d'intégration et/ou d'exclusion et d'évaluer la portée structurante et/ou reléguante de la réalité du sport à la campagne. / Today, the countryside is no longer exclusively a place for agricultural production. Indeed, new uses are appearing, amongst which, recreational activities (Urbain 2002, Perrier-Cornet, Hervieu, 2002). This thesis deals with associations and their role into the reorganization of the social and sports structure in rural society in Franche-Comté, with a focus on integration and/or exclusion. Our empirical work counts both quantitative and qualitative phases and can be compared to an analytical dive into the social life of the rural athletic clubs. There, we observe the mechanisms of sportsmen's involvement and uninvolvment by following their ‘career' within the associative structures. In an approach combining the influence of situational and individual characteristics, our study aims at analyzing the various modalities for the construction or the deconstruction of the "connectivities" in and/or from the sports clubs in the rural villages. We define connectivities according to three dimensions: the "commonality" is the sharing or the ownership of a common attribute; the "connectedness" is defined as the relational ties which bind the individuals together; and the "groupness", as the feeling of belonging to a particular, limited, united group (Brubaker, 2001). Without pushing aside the macro-social constraints, the plural construction of the associative sports connectivities is the result of the inscription of the individuals within a particular "configuration" (Elias, 1991), at the center of which the "club spirit" plays a major role. The rural sports associations, through their sports-related and non-sports-related temporalities, exercise a determining influence on the structuring of the connectivities/dis-connectivities. The articulation of individual and collective logics then causes their differentiation and sometimes even their decomposition. So, our research on these differentiated connectivities/dis-connectivities allows to demonstrate their mutual relationship with the integration and/or exclusion process and to estimate the structuring and/or relegating impact of the reality of sports activities in the countryside.

There is a considerable body of literature on the transportation activities of rural households. Still, efforts to address rural women's specific travel and transport needs have met with limited or no success. Because rural women are vulnerable members of society, their productive roles are sometimes not fully reflected in sector strategies. Considering how transport policies and projects address rural women's needs is important for socially and economically sustainable rural transport policy. The main argument presented in this research is based on the expectations raised by the democratic elections of 1994 in South Africa. After the elections many people, particularly those in the rural areas, were expecting improvement in service delivery. However, ten years later, rural African women still face daunting challenges in terms of access to basic services. The main argument in this thesis is therefore that rural transport policy and plans in South Africa, as elsewhere, have failed to adequately address specific gender issues. Since studies of this nature are complex, and the issues involved cannot be clearly understood from the outside, it is essential to have an inside perspective. The research, therefore, was not viewed simply as an abstract process of knowledge-seeking but as a means through which to acquire a more complete understanding of rural women's transport needs. Hence, a qualitative feminist approach was adopted, and a gendered perspective was followed in addressing the transport needs of rural women. Using a non-gendered perspective for studying patterns and processes of rural conditions would not only have provided an incomplete understanding of rural transport, but also would have constituted a disservice to efforts to generate an informed basis for rural women's emancipation. Just as feminist research often draws on multiple disciplines, this study too draws on several: human geography, sociology and feminist methodology, in particular. Moreover, the use of multiple methods in this project, rather than a single method, was chosen not only because of its feminist concerns but also because of a commitment to thoroughness and the need to be responsive to the rural women studied. To this end, multiple research methods, such as participant observation, focus group discussions, document and photograph analysis, and photographs were used. These methods made it possible to provide some insights into the roles of rural women and to their related travel and transport needs in the three villages studied in Limpopo: Mamoleka, Tshitwi and Babanana. The question of whether transport empowers or is disempowering rural women was addressed. Three main themes emerged in this study. These themes suggest that rural women use the transport system in order to satisfy their multiple roles. Transport practitioners, however, provide transport facilities and services that are often characterised by constraints that create problems for these women and hence impact on their opportunities. Consequently, unresolved problems lead to opportunities denied. Therefore, policy makers should generate new strategies to address African rural women's transport needs. One thing immediately apparent in reviewing the findings of this research is that gender biases in rural transport stem from the multiple roles that rural women perform in society and at home. Because the total workload of a rural household is rarely shared equally among its members, the burden of transport falls on women. Inadequate and inappropriate transport increases the amount of time necessary to perform their multiple roles, leaving rural women perform with little or no spare time to develop themselves by participating in socio-economic and political activities. The burden of transport not only deprives rural women of participation in development activities, it also makes them lose out on opportunities to earn higher incomes and to improve their financial resources. Finally, because they already have limited financial resources and opportunities, they are unable to invest in personal means of transport, through which they might reduce their transport burden and improve their incomes. A close linking of gender perspective and rural transport policy is proposed in order to improve rural transport systems and initiatives and to make them more gender-responsive and sustainable. Making rural transport policy more responsive to the needs of rural women requires developing a structural approach to understand their needs, identifying instruments to address those needs, and establishing an appropriate policy framework. To this end, this thesis identifies some approaches that would help in developing a gender-responsive rural transport policy through paying attention to rural women's travel and transport needs. These approaches include recognition of the need for an integrated rural transport policy, in which both transport and non-transport interventions applicable to addressing rural transport problems for self-employed and unemployed rural women, as found in Limpopo, are promoted. Furthermore, the need for awareness of rural women's multiple roles is outlined. What remains is the need for development of a comprehensive, gender-sensitive strategy in all fields of rural transport research, policy and projects to help explore ways of correcting existing biases in rural travel and transport for rural women. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / Unrestricted

De nombreuses thèses de grande qualité ont été rédigées autour de la situation sociale de la personne sans domicile fixe. La présente thèse aborde ce même thème,mais sous un angle singulier. Le raisonnement adopté consiste à établir de quelle façon la personne SDF peut être « inventée » en une figure de l’être au rebut. En perdantson travail, son réseau social et son domicile, le SDF quitte les espaces normés de la société. Il fait toujours partie de la structure sociale, mais relégué au plus bas de celle-ci,comme remisé dans un fond du panier social. C’est dans cet espace (physique et mental) que la société assigne à résidence ce(ux) qu’elle ne veut pas voir. Cette configurationsociale où le SDF peut être traité comme la pièce défectueuse d’une production, l’objet de qualité médiocre qu’on met de côté ou quelque chose de négligeable qu’on jette telun déchet. Le SDF serait condamné au rebut social.J’ai découvert la référence à une figure de l’être au rebut dans un texte de l’écrivain Herman Melville. La nouvelle Bartleby, le scribe est le point de départ de maréflexion sociologique. Le concept d’exclusion sociale me semble insuffisant pour décrire une dynamique de mise au rebut, notamment en raison de son approche binaire(dedans/dehors). Par conséquent, j’ai fait le choix de démarches heuristiques plus en phase avec l’idée de processus d’expulsion d’un lieu de vie sociale, d’une perte progressived’appartenance sociale. Ainsi, les chercheurs initiateurs des concepts de disqualification sociale (Paugam) et de désaffiliation sociale (Castel) m’ont été d’une grande utilité.Le SDF est défini négativement, son acronyme signale la lacune et l’absence. Son identité sociale pâtit d’une altérité négative conférée par le regard stigmatisantdu groupe social dont il est issu. À côté de la figure-repoussoir du SDF, je propose une notion que je nomme figure-rebutoir. Par rebutoir, je veux faire entendre d’abord ladimension de rebut, mais également celle de butoir. Cette figure sociale de l’altérité négative est parfois considérée par le corps social comme une pierre d’achoppement. Ellenous effraie parce qu’elle représente cette humanité détériorée que nous craignons de devenir un jour. En effet, la personne SDF assure parfois la fonction d’épouvantailsocial. Une des particularités de cette thèse réside dans la double origine de ses sources épistémologiques. D’une part, les sociologues m’ont fourni une boîte à outils efficacepour saisir le sens de cette mise au rebut. D’autre part, des écrivains concernés par une question sociale m’ont donné accès à un corpus pratique et opérant. Lesdits romanciersont immergé leur fiction dans un univers social où le personnage-SDF tient une place importante. Ces deux savoirs, sociologique et littéraire, concourent à doter cette thèsed’une épaisseur épistémologique indéniable. En effet, force est de constater que, bien souvent, sociologues et écrivains expriment des points de vue connexes et que leursméthodes respectives sont complémentaires.Le SDF, figure sociale de l’être au rebut ? Mes recherches témoignent de sa mise à l’écart, d’un mépris social à l’encontre de cet homme « domicilié » dansl’espace public, d’un refus de la société de reconnaître que c’est son fonctionnement qui le disqualifie et le désaffilie. La personne SDF est environnée d’objets rebutés : ellerécupère les aliments périmés jetés par les commerces, elle se vêtit de vêtements que les autres ont déjà portés et ne veulent plus, elle se confectionne un abri de fortune avecdes matériaux de récupération, elle gagne quelques pièces de monnaie grâce à la collecte de cannettes de soda ou de métaux. La proximité avec le rebut porte atteinte à sadignité et peut l’assimiler à du rebut humain. En effet, la personne SDF peut devenir personne aux yeux des autres, et dès lors se vivre comme rebut d’elle-même. / The social situation of the homeless person has been the subject of many excellent theses. This thesis deals with the same issue, taken from a different viewpoint.It attempts to show how a homeless person can be “invented” as a scrapheap figure. Without a job, a social network or a home, the homeless person exits the standarddimensions of society. He or she remains a part of the social structure but is relegated to its lowest level, a kind of social bottom of the basket. It is within this physical andmental dimension that society confines those it does not wish to see, in which they can be treated as defective parts of a production system, poor quality items that can be castaside or things of such little value that they can be thrown away like rubbish. In this configuration, the homeless person is condemned to be a social reject.I first discovered a literary reference to a scrapheap figure in a short story by Herman Melville, entitled Bartleby the Scrivener, which became the starting pointfor my sociology study. I do not find the concept of social exclusion sufficient for describing the dynamics of rejection, primarily because it is based on a binary notion ofinside and outside. As a result, I have chosen a heuristic approach that is more in keeping with the idea of a process of expulsion from a social living place, a gradual loss ofsocial affiliation. Thus Paugam and Castel, the researchers who initiated the concepts of social disqualification and social disaffiliation respectively, were very helpful to me.The homeless person is defined in negative terms; the adjective is based on the notion of lack or absence. The person’s social identity suffers from a negativealterity conferred by his/her stigmatisation by the social group from which he/she originates. Together with the idea of the homeless person as a figure of repulsion, I haveput forward the notion of what I call “figure-rebutoir”. “Rebutoir” combines the French words « rebut », meaning reject, scrap, waste, and « butoir » meaning a cut-off point,a strict limit. This is important because the social representation of negative alterity is problematic for society, in that the image of damaged humanity generates fear of whatany one of us could become. Indeed, the homeless person sometimes takes on the role of social scarecrow.One of the original features of this thesis lies in the fact that its epistemological sources are twofold. On one hand, sociologists have provided me with efficienttools for understanding the rejection process and on the other, writers with concern for this social issue have given me access to a practical and effective body of documents.The writers in question are novelists who have set their fiction in a social environment in which the homeless character has an important place. Sociological and literaryknowledge combine to give distinctive epistemological depth to the thesis. We are obliged to recognize the frequent connections between the points of view expressed bysociologists and those put forward by writers and to acknowledge the complementarity of their methods.The homeless person – social figure of the being on the scrapheap? My research shows the alienation and social contempt to which people whose « home » is inpublic space are subjected. It shows that society refuses to recognize that it is its own way of functioning that disqualifies and disaffiliates homeless people. The homelessperson is surrounded by rejected items: expired food products thrown out by shops, clothes worn and no longer wanted by other people, makeshift shelters built with whatevermaterials can be found, a few coins earned from collecting soda cans or metal. Living in such proximity to what has been rejected is damaging for a person’s sense of dignityand can lead to his/her status being assimilated to that

La problématique du pouvoir est tout à fait centrale dans l'œuvre de Michel Foucault et les études foucaldiennes à ce sujet n'ont pas manqué. Pourtant il nous semble nécessaire de rendre mieux visible le mouvement d'ensemble et l'intention générale de Foucault : moins une critique du pouvoir qu'une reconsidération de la nature du pouvoir, qui le détache de tout sujet identifiable. Dans cette perspective, parmi les moments les plus généraux de la pensée foucaldienne du pouvoir, c'est avant tout la description du pouvoir en termes d'inclusion et d'exclusion qui a paru la plus prometteuse dans l'optique d'une analyse philosophique. Ce sont les deux fonctions principales du pouvoir, mais tout en étant terminologiquement antagonistes, elles ne rentrent néanmoins pas en opposition. Au sein de ce que Foucault appelle les «relations de pouvoir», ces deux fonctions agissent simultanément, l'une se cachant pendant que l'autre s'expose. L'analyse de ces fonctions du pouvoir permet d'appréhender les trois formes de pouvoir chez Foucault (souveraineté, discipline, bio-pouvoir) et de dégager dans les évolutions qui conduisent de l'une à l'autre une « productivité » du pouvoir, opposée à l'idée de « négativité » du pouvoir. / The issue of power is absolutely central in the work of Michel Foucault, and it has been widely studied. Nevertheless, it was necessary to further show the overall movement and intention of Foucault on this matter: less of a criticism to power than a rethinking of the nature of power that detaches it from any identifiable object. In this context, among the general outlines of Foucault's thinking of power, the description of power in terms of inclusion and exclusion seems to be the most promising from a philosophical perspective. These are the two functions of power, but despite of being terminologically conflicting, they do not oppose each other. Within what Foucault describes as the “relations of power”, these two functions act simultaneous, each hiding when the other shows. The analysis of the functions of power allows to understand the three forms of power of Foucault (sovereign power, disciplinary power, and biopower) and to identify – in the evolutions that lead from one to another – a ''productivity'' of power, in opposition to the idea of the “negativity” of power.

Inscrite dans le champ de la géographie sociale et critique, cette thèse porte sur la marginalisation et l’exclusion socio-raciale sur les plages de la zone Sud de Rio de Janeiro dans une perspective intersectionnelle. Cette marginalisation doit autant à l’attention accrue des aménageurs et des planificateurs urbains pour les espaces publics de prestige qu’au souci des riverains pour leur cadre de vie, à leurs pratiques et appropriations individuelles qui sont aussi vectrices de mise à l’écart. À rebours du mythe de plages cariocas démocratiques, incarnation spatiale de la « démocratie raciale », je montre comment s’élaborent des imaginaires de corps légitimes, in place, et des stéréotypes de corps illégitimes, out of place, largement médiatisés par la diffusion de discours sécuritaires, consacrant à terme une ségrégation sur les plages. Ces stéréotypes sont spatialement construits : ils s’appuient sur les lignes de division sociales, économiques, raciales héritées de la période coloniale qui traversent la ville, opposant notamment zone Nord et zone Sud, et sur les imaginaires puissants qu’elles alimentent. Resserrant l’étude sur la jeunesse masculine noire originaire de quartiers défavorisés de Rio de Janeiro, je cherche enfin à comprendre quelles sont les appropriations possibles pour ceux les plus touchés par le stigmate et le sens conféré à la place occupée. Privilégiant une approche par les individus et le quotidien, ma recherche repose sur une méthode qualitative de type ethnographique mêlant entretiens compréhensifs, observation directe et participation observante, combinée à l’expérimentation d’une méthodologie de cartes sensibles auprès de ces enquêtés. / Set within in the field of social and critical geography, and adopting an inter-sectional perspective, this dissertation focuses on socio-racial marginalization and exclusion on the southern beaches of Rio de Janeiro. This marginalization phenomenon owes as much to the growing interest of developers and urban planners for prestige public spaces as it does to the concern of the local residents for their living environment, and their individual practices and appropriations that are further vectors of side-lining. Deconstructing the myth of democratic carioca beaches as a spatial embodiment of “racial democracy”, I will demonstrate how the imagination of legitimate bodies (“in place”) and the stereotypes of illegitimate bodies (“out of place”) are produced, in particular through extended securitarian media coverage that sanctions the idea of segregated beaches. Based on social, economical and racial division lines inherited from the colonial era that extend throughout the city, and particularly polarize its northern and southern areas, these stereotypes rely on the powerful imaginations these dividing lines fuel. They are the result of a spatial construct. Narrowing the study to that of young Black men from disadvantaged neighborhoods of Rio de Janeiro, I finally seek to understand what appropriations are possible for those this stigma affects the most, and the meaning given to the places they occupy. Choosing an approach that focuses on individuals and everyday life, my research rests upon an ethnographic qualitative method which merges comprehensive interviews, direct observation and observant participation with the methodical experimentation of emotional mapping of those investigated.