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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Méthodes d'échantillonnage appliquées à l'imagerie de défauts dans un guide d'ondes élastiques / Sampling methods applied to Non Destructive Testing for elastic waveguides

Recoquillay, Arnaud 16 January 2018 (has links)
De nombreuses structures utilisées industriellement peuvent être considérées comme des guides d'ondes, comme les plaques, les tuyaux ou encore le rails. La maintenance de ces structures nécessite de pouvoir détecter efficacement des défauts internes par le Contrôle Non Destructif. Nous nous intéressons dans ce manuscrit à l'application d'une méthode d'échantillonnage, la Linear Sampling Method, au CND des guides d'ondes élastiques, qui en particulier impose des sollicitations et des mesures à la surface du guide en régime temporel. La stratégie choisie repose sur une formulation modale et multi-fréquentielle de la LSM, spécifique aux guides d'ondes, qui permet une régularisation efficace et de nature physique du problème inverse, qui est par nature mal posé. Cette stratégie permet par ailleurs une optimisation du nombre et de la position des émetteurs et des récepteurs. Nous nous limitons dans un premier temps au cas scalaire du guide d'ondes acoustiques, pour ensuite s'attaquer au cas vectoriel, et par conséquent plus complexe, du guide d'ondes élastiques.L'efficacité de la méthode inverse est dans un premier temps démontrée sur des données artificielles (obtenues numériquement), puis sur des données réelles obtenues à l'aide d'expériences réalisées sur des plaques métalliques. Ces expériences confirment la faisabilité du CND par méthode d'échantillonnage dans un cadre industriel. Dans le cas où une seule sollicitation est réalisée, l'utilisation de la LSM est exclu. Nous utilisons une approche tout à fait différente et dite "extérieure", couplant une formulation mixte de quasi-réversibilité et une méthode de lignes de niveau, pour reconstruire le défaut. / Widely used structures in an industrial context, such as plates, pipes or rails, can be considered as waveguides. Hence efficient Non Destructive Testing techniques are needed in order to detect defects in these structure during their maintenance. This work is about adapting a sampling method, the Linear Sampling Method, to the context of NDT for elastic waveguides. This context implies that the sollicitations and measurements must be on the surface of the waveguide in a time-dependent regime. A modal and multi-frequency formulation of the LSM, specific to waveguides, has been chosen to solve the problem. This formulation allows an efficient and physical regularization of the inverse problem, which is naturally ill-posed. An optimization of the number of sources and measurements and of their positioning is possible thanks to the methodology used to solve the problem. The scalar case of an acoustic waveguide is considered as a first step, while the vectorial case of an elastic waveguide, more complex by nature, is addressed in a second time.The efficiency of the method is at first tested on artificial data (numerically made), and then on real data obtained from experiments on metallic plates. These experiments show the feasibility of using sampling methods for Non Destructive Testing in an industrial context. In the case when only one sollicitation is available, the LSM can not be applied. A completely different approach is then used, which is called the ``exterior'' approach, coupling a mixed formulation of quasi-reversibility and a level-set method in order to recover the shape of the defect.
62

A study of the '1'2C(#gamma#,pp) reaction

Powrie, Calum John Young January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
63

Engineering three-dimensional extended arrays of densely packed nano particles for optical metamaterials using microfluidIque evaporation

Iazzolino, Antonio 19 December 2013 (has links) (PDF)
1-Microevaporation - Microfluidics is the branch of fluid mechanics dedicated to the study of flows in the channel withdimensions between 1 micron and 100 micron. The object of this chapter is to illustrate the basicprinciples and possible applications of microfluidic chip, called microevaporator. In the first part ofthe chapter, we present a detailed description of the physics of microevaporators using analyticalarguments, and describe some applications. In the second part of the chapter, we present theexperimental protocol of engineering of micro evaporator and different type of microfluidics device.2- On-chip microspectroscopy - The object of this chapter is to illustrate a method to measure absorption spectra during theprocess of growth of our materials in our microfluidic tools. The aim is to make an opticalcharacterization of our micro materials and to carry-out a spatio-temporal study of kineticproperties of our dispersion under study. This instrumental chapter presents the theoretical basis !of the method we used.3-Role of colloidal stability in the growth of micromaterials - We used combined microspectroscopy and videomicroscopy to follow the nucleation and growth ofmaterials made of core-shell Ag@SiO2 NPs in micro evaporators.!We evidence that the growth is actually not always possible, and instead precipitation may occurduring the concentration process. This event is governed by the concentration of dispersion in thereservoir and we assume that its origin come from ionic species that are concentrated all togetherwith the NPs and may alter the colloidal stability en route towards high concentration. 4-Microfluidic-induced growth and shape-up of three-dimensional extended arrays of denselypacked nano particles - In this chapter I present in details microfluidic evaporation experiments to engineer various denselypacked 3D arrays of NPs.5-Bulk metamaterials assembled by microfluidic evaporation - In this chapter I introduced the technique we used (microspot ellipsometry) in close collaborationswith V.Kravets and A.Grigorenko(University of Manchester) and with A.Aradian, P.Barois, A.Baron,K.Ehrhardt(CRPP, Pessac) to characterized the solids made of densely packed NPs. I describe theconstraints that emerge from the coupling between the small size of our materials and the opticalrequirements, the analysis and interpretation of the ellipsometry experiments show that for thematerial with high volume fraction of metal exists the strong electrical coupling between the NPsand the materials display an extremely high refraction index in the near infra-red regime.
64

Avaliação da microbiota fúngica e presença de micotoxinas em amostras de plantas medicinais irradiadas, adquiridas no comércio varejista e atacadista / Evaluation of fungal bioburden and micotoxins presence in irradiated samples of medicinal plants purchased from wholesale and retail market

Aquino, Simone 13 November 2007 (has links)
O presente estudo analisou os efeitos da radiação gama na sobrevivência de fungos em plantas medicinais embaladas, adquiridas do comércio atacadista e varejista, em diferentes períodos (0 e 30 dias) após o tratamento por irradiação. Cinco tipos de plantas medicinais [Peumus boldus, Cameilia sinensis, Maytenus ilicifolia, Pauilinia cupana and Cássia angustifolia), foram coletadas de diferentes municípios do Estado de São Paulo e submetidas ao tratamento por irradiação, utilizando-se uma fonte 60Co (tipo Gammacell 220), com doses de 5,0 kGy e 10 kGy e taxa de dose de 3,0 kGy/h. Amostras não irradiadas (grupo controle) foram usadas na contagem de fungos e diluições seriadas de 10-1 a 10-6 das amostras foram semeadas em duplicata e plaqueadas usando o método de cultura em superfície, em ágar Dicloran Glicerol 18% (DG18) e contadas após cinco dias a 25°C. O grupo controle revelou a presença dos gêneros Aspergilius e Penicillium, os quais são conhecidos como fungos toxigênicos e poucas amostras do grupo controle estavam dentro dos limites seguros, estabelecidos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS, 1998) para plantas medicinais. Em resposta a resistência do tratamento por ionização, na dose de 5 kGy, foi obsen/ado que os gêneros Aspergilius, Piioma e Syncephalastrum foram radiorresistentes, após o processo (dia 0 e 30° dia). O tratamento por radiação gama foi efetivo na descontaminação de todas as amostras de plantas medicinais, após 30 dias, com a dose de 10 kGy e mantidas em condições de vedação. Não foram detectadas aflatoxinas nas amostras do grupo controle, ainda que estas amostras estivessem intensamente contaminadas com Aspergilius flavus. / This present study evaluated the effect of gamma radiation on the fungal survival in packed medicinal plants, purchased from wholesale and retail market, in different period (0 and 30 days) after the treatment. Five kind of medicinal plants (Peurnus boldus, Camellia sinensis, Maytenus ilicifolia, Pauilinia cupana and Cassia angustifolia), were collected from different cities of São Paulo State, and submitted to irradiation treatment using a 60Co source (type Gammacell 220) with doses of 5,0 kGy and 10 kGy and at dose rate of 3.0 kGy/h. Non-irradiated samples (control group) were used for fungal counts and serial dilutions from 10-1 to 10-6 of the samples were seeded in duplicates and plated using the surface culture method in Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG 18) and were counted after five days at 25°C. The control group revealed the presence of genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, which are known as toxigenic fungi and a few samples of control group were within the safety limits of World Health Organization (WHO, 1998) to medicinal plants. In response to resistance of ionizing treatment, in the dose of 5 kGy, it was obsen/ed that the genera Aspergillus, Phoma and Syncephalastrum were radio-resistant after the process (day 0 and 30° day). The treatment by gamma radiation was effective in decontamination of all irradiated samples of medicinal plants, after 30 days, with the dose of 10 kGy and kept of veiled conditions. It was not detected aflatoxins in samples of control group, even though these samples were heavily contaminated with Aspergillus flavus.
65

Influência da radiação ionizante sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi / Influence of ionizing radiation on Trypanosoma cruzi

Szarota, Rosa Maria 22 February 2006 (has links)
A Doença de Chagas é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública na América do Sul causando um elevado prejuízo à população. A despeito dos inúmeros esforços para o seu controle, a doença não tem cura e apresenta problemas científicos ainda não esclarecidos. Considerando-se que vários pesquisadores têm usado a radiação ionizante para modificar protozoários ou propriedades imunológicas de biomoléculas, neste trabalho foram estudados aspectos da resposta imunológica induzida em camundongos, resistentes e suscetíveis ao T. cruzi, utilizando formas irradiadas deste parasita. Doses baixas de radiação preservaram a capacidade reprodutiva e de invasão celular. Animais resistentes e suscetíveis, imunizados com os parasitas tratados por radiação, produziram anticorpos específicos. Após o desafio, os animais apresentaram baixa parasitemia, com exceção dos grupos imunizados com parasitas que receberam apenas altas doses de radiação. A seleção de formas tripomastigotas foi obtida irradiando-se os parasitas com baixas doses, o que promoveu aprimoramento da qualidade da resposta imune, a exemplo do que se observa quando da utilização de complemento. Estes dados evidenciam a importância da seleção das formas tripomastigotas para a imunização contra o T. cruzi e apontam a radiação ionizante como alternativa para este fim, uma vez que quando a seleção é feita utilizando-se complemento, depara-se com a dificuldade de sua remoção, colocando em risco o processo de imunização por introduzir substancias estranhas ao organismo. / Chagas\'s disease is one of the major public health problems in South America, promoting high prejudice to the local population. Despite the massive efforts to control it, this disease has no cure and presents puzzling unsolved questions. Considering that many researchers have used ionizing radiation to modify protozoans or biomolecules, we investigated the immunological response aspects of susceptible and resistant mice using irradiated parasites. Low radiation doses preserved the reproductive and invasive capacities of the parasite. Both susceptible and resistant animals, after immunization with irradiated parasites produced specific antibodies. After a challenge, the animals presented low parasitaemia, excepting those immunized with the antigen irradiated with higher doses. Using low radiation doses, we were able to selectively isolate trypomastigotes, leading to an improvement in the quality of the immune response, as previously reported when performing complement system assays. These data highlight the importance of selecting trypomastigote forms for immunization against T. cruz; and point towards ionizing radiation as an alternative to achieve this selection, since when this procedure is performed using complement, the subsequent steps are impaired by the difficulties to remove this component from the system.
66

Uso de líquens epifíticos no biomonitoramento da poluição atmosférica da região metropolitana de São Paulo / Atmospheric pollution biomonitoring of the São Paulo metropolitan region using epiphytic lichens

Fuga, Alessandra 26 January 2006 (has links)
Devido aos crescentes problemas relacionados com a poluição atmosférica na região metropolitana de São Paulo que atingem o ambiente e a saúde das populações, toma-se de grande interesse o estabelecimento de metodologias tal como a de monitoramento da qualidade do ar usando organismos cosmopolitas. O biomonitoramento é um método experimental que permite avaliar a resposta de organismos vivos à poluição, oferecendo vantagens como custos reduzidos, eficiência no monitoramento de amplas áreas geográficas e de elementos químicos poluentes presentes em baixas concentrações no ambiente e acumulados no biomonitor ao longo de um período. No presente trabalho, o método de análise por ativação neutrônica foi aplicado à determinação de elementos acumulados em amostras do fungo liquenizado Canoparmelia texana coletadas em duas áreas distintas: (1) Parques Estaduais Carlos Botelho (PECB) e Intervales (PEI), área considerada não-poluída pertencente ao ecossistema de Mata Atlântica - SP e (2) área metropolitana de São Paulo em pontos localizados nas proximidades das estações automáticas de monitoramento da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB). Os liquens coletados dos troncos de árvores foram previamente limpos, moídos e posteriormente irradiados com nêutrons do reator IEA- R1 juntamente com os padrões sintéticos dos elementos. A precisão e exatidão dos resultados analíticos foram avaliadas por meio das análises dos materiais certificados de referência IAEA-336 LICHEN e Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT-MPH-2). Os resultados obtidos nestes materiais de referência foram concordantes com os valores certificados e apresentaram, em geral, uma boa precisão com coeficientes de variação variando de 0,9 a 14,6%. Os resultados das análises de liquens indicaram que os elementos As, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Mo, Sb, Sc, Se e U estão presentes aos níveis de ng g-1, Ba, Br, Cl, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb e Zn aos niveis de mg g-1 e Ca aos níveis de μg g-1. Por meio da aplicação das análises de cluster e de discriminate, aos resultados obtidos nas amostras coletadas em áreas com diferentes níveis de poluição, os pontos de amostragens foram agrupados segundo similaridades químicas no que diz respeito às suas composições elementares. Também foi observado que as amostras do PECB e do PEI separaram-se dos grupos e subgrupos formados pelas amostras da região metropolitana e este resultado indica a preservação das áreas consideradas não-poluídas. Os liquens coletados no PEI apresentaram, em geral, concentrações inferiores àquelas obtidas para a região metropolitana de São Paulo principalmente para os elementos relacionados com ações antrópicas. Os mapas de distribuição das concentrações de elementos permitiram a visualização e identificação de pontos que apresentam concentrações de elementos mais altas na região metropolitana. Estes mapas de distribuição também mostraram que a poluição na região metropolitana de São Paulo apresenta perfis diferentes devido às inúmeras fontes de emissão de poluentes. Os elementos determinados nos liquens da área metropolitana indicaram ser de origens industrial, veicular e do solo. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram a viabilidade do uso da C. texana na avaliação da poluição no biomonitoramento passivo de diversos elementos contaminantes presentes na atmosfera da região metropolitana de São Paulo. / Due to the increasing problems of atmospheric pollution in the Sao Paulo metropolitan region that affect the environment and human health the application of biomonitoring methodologies using cosmopolite organisms has now become relevant. Biomonitoring is a method to evaluate the response of live organisms to pollution. This method offers advantages such as reduced costs, efficient monitoring of large geographic areas and accumulated pollutants over a large period in which low concentrations of chemicals elements in the environment can be evaluated. In the present study, neutron activation analysis method was applied to determine elements accumulated in Canoparmelia texana lichenized fungi. Samples were collected in two distinct areas: Carlos Botelho (PECB) and Intervales (PEI) State Parks that are considered as non-polluted areas and that belong to the Atlantic Forest - SP ecosystem; and Sao Paulo city metropolitan region in sites near automatic monitoring stations of the Environmental Protection Agency of the State of Sao Paulo (CETESB). The lichens collected from the bark of the trees were properly treated, and irradiated with neutrons from IEA-R1 nuclear reactor along with synthetic standards of elements. The precision and the accuracy of the results were evaluated by the analyses of IAEA-336 LICHEN and Mixed Polish Herbs (INCT -MPH-2) certified reference materials. The results obtained for these materials were in accordance with the certified values and presented good precision with variation coefficients ranging from 0.9 to 14.6%. Results obtained for lichens showed that elements As, Co, Cr, Cs, La, Mo, Sb, Sc, Se and U are present at ng g-1 levels, Ba, Br, Cl, Fe, K, Mn, Na, Rb and Zn at μg g-1 and Ca at mg g-1. By applying cluster and discriminant analyses to the results for the lichen samples from areas with different levels of pollution, the sampling sites were grouped according to their chemical similarities and their elemental composition. It was also observed that samples from PECB and PEI were separated from groups and subgroups formed by the samples from the metropolitan region. This result indicates the preservation of PECB and PEI areas considered non-polluted. The lichens collected in the PEI presented, in general, lower concentrations of the elements than those from the metropolitan region of São Paulo in regards to those elements related to anthropogenic actions. The distribution maps of element concentrations allowed identification of sites in the metropolitan region that present higher elemental concentrations. Furthermore the distribution maps also showed that the pollution in the metropolitan region presents different profiles due to many sources and different pollutant emissions. The probable sources of elements determined in lichens from the metropolitan region are industrial, vehicular and soil. Results obtained indicate that the C. texana species can be used as a passive biomonitor of element pollution in the Sao Paulo metropolitan area. This species is abundant in both polluted and non-polluted areas and thus allows to distinguish regions with distinct levels of pollution.
67

Contaminação de solos por metais tóxicos provenientes do descarte inadequado de pilhas Zinco-Carbono de uso doméstico / Soil contamination of toxic metals from zinc carbon batteries inadequate disposal

Gazano, Vanessa Santos Oliveira 29 March 2006 (has links)
O presente trabalho determinou a concentração dos metais zinco, manganês, cádmio, chumbo, níquel, cobre e cromo no efluente e solo de quatro colunas de latossolo indeformadas. Duas colunas foram contaminadas por pilhas do tipo zinco-carbono e duas colunas foram utilizadas como referência, além de pilhas isoladas, foram todas lixiviadas por uma solução \"água de chuva\" (HNO3 + H2SO4, pH 4,0). Os metais no efluente e no solo foram determinados pela técnica de ICP-OES. A avaliação do efluente e do solo das colunas contaminadas pelas pilhas mostrou um incremento das concentrações dos metais, principalmente de zinco, manganês e chumbo. A sequência das massas acumuladas dos metais no efluente e no solo da coluna contaminada apresentaram uma sequência semelhante a da lixiviação isolada da pilha (Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd), confirmando a influência da pilha nas concentrações dos metais no efluente e solo das colunas. Observou-se também que a contaminação de Zn e Mn tende a migrar da camada superior da coluna de solo para as camadas inferiores. O estudo mostrou que as pilhas podem causar uma contaminação significativa do solo para os metais Zn, Mn e Pb e possivelmente também para Cd. Esta contaminação do solo poderia vir a causar uma contaminação da água subterrânea para os metais Zn, Mn e Pb, dependo das características do perfil do solo. / The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni in an oxisol column contaminated with zinc-carbon batteries. Two control and two contaminated columns, and batteries alone were leached for a periods of six months and one year with aqueous solution of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:1, pH 4,0) to simulate rainwater. The metal concentrations in effluent and soil were measured by means of ICP-OES technique. Results from the contaminated column showed enhanced concentrations in both effluent and soil (mainly zinc, manganese and lead). In addition, the total amount of metals in effluent and soil showed similar sequence order as observed for batteries alone (Zn > Mn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd) indicating that batteries can be considered the main source of contamination. We also observed migration of Zn and Mn from the top to the lower layers of the soil columns. The study gives further evidence that batteries can significantly contaminate the soil with metals like Zn, Mn and Pb, and maybe Cd too. This soil contamination combined with the enhanced concentrations found in the effluent can point out a probable groundwater contamination.
68

Avaliação de dispositivos de proteção individual utilizados em radiologia diagnóstica / Evaluation of personal protective devices used in diagnostic radiology

Soares, Fernanda Cristina Salvador 09 October 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho foram avaliados aventais de proteção e blindagens de ovário de cinco fabricantes segundo as normas NBR / IEC 61331-1 e NBR / IEC 61331-3 de 2004. Para a determinação da espessura equivalente de atenuação foram aplicadas três metodologias diferentes (interpolação linear, modelo de Archer e somatório de exponenciais), uma vez que a norma não indica como este valor deve ser obtido. Além disso, foram estimadas as incertezas associadas a cada método e a influência do número de medições na incerteza combinada. As características de confecção avaliadas foram: documento acompanhante, projeto, materiais, dimensões e marcação da etiqueta. Para esta avaliação foi elaborado um formulário que contemplava todas as exigências da NBR / IEC 61331-3. Os resultados mostraram uma grande diferença entre os valores de espessura equivalente de atenuação declarados e medidos. A comparação dos resultados das três metodologias aplicadas mostrou que há pouca variação entre os valores obtidos e entre as incertezas associadas nas diferentes metodologias. Foi possível observar também que o número de medições não contribui significativamente para o aumento da incerteza nas três metodologias. A metodologia que melhor se adequou à rotina do laboratório foi a metodologia da interpolação linear com cinco medições da taxa de kerma no ar. A discrepância entre os resultados apresentados neste trabalho e as exigências das normas estudadas mostra a necessidade de tornar compulsória a certificação dos dispositivos de proteção, contribuindo assim para o aumento da proteção radiológica do usuário. / In this work protective devices of five manufacturers were evaluated according to the NBR/IEC 61331-1 and NBR/IEC 61331-3 standards. Three different methodologies (linear interpolation, Archer model and sum of exponentials) were applied for the determination of the attenuation equivalent, since the standard does not indicate how it must be determined. Moreover, the uncertainties associated to each method, and the influence of the number of measurements in the combined uncertainty were estimated. The evaluated manufacture characteristics were: accompanying document, design, materials, dimensions and label marking. For this evaluation a check list about the requirements of the NBR/IEC 61331-3 standard was elaborated. The results showed a great difference between nominal and measured attenuation equivalent values. The comparison of the results using the three methodologies showed small variations among the obtained values and among the associated uncertainties in the different methodologies. It was possible to observe that the number of measurements does not contribute significantly for the increase of the uncertainty in all three methodologies. The best methodology for the laboratory routine is the linear interpolation methodology, with five measurements for each air kerma rate value. The discrepancy between the results obtained in this work and the requirements of the applied standards show the need to adopt a compulsory certification process for protective devices, thus contributing for the increase of the radiation protection of the users.
69

Estimation de l’état interne d’une batterie lithium-ion à l’aide d’un modèle électrochimique / State estimation of a lithium-ion battery based on an electrochemical model

Blondel, Pierre 10 January 2019 (has links)
En 30 ans, les batteries Li-ion ont littéralement colonisé notre environnement depuis et leur déploiement s’accélère. Puissante, efficace, légère et compacte, cette technologie présente des problèmes de sécurité. C’est pourquoi la plupart de ces batteries sont équipées de systèmes de gestion. Ils nécessitent l’accès à certains états internes qui ne sont pas tous mesurables. Cette thèse se propose d’estimer les variables en question à l’aide d’observateurs non-linéaires. Un observateur permet d’estimer des états inaccessibles à la mesure, à partir des mesures disponibles et d’un modèle mathématique des dynamiques mises en jeu. Les transports électrochimiques à l’œuvre dans les batteries sont responsables de leur comportement. Nous en proposons un modèle électrochimique adapté à l’observation. Celui-ci repose sur la discrétisation spatiale des équations aux dérivées partielles décrivant ces phénomènes et sur une série d’hypothèses. Présenté comme un système sous forme de représentation d’état, les dynamiques sont affines et l’équation de sortie est non-linéaire. Parmi les observateurs de systèmes à sortie non-linéaire dont nous avons connaissance, aucun ne peut s’appliquer directement au modèle proposé. Nous en avons donc développé de nouveaux dont la stabilité est garantie lorsqu’une inégalité matricielle est satisfaite. Nous avons ensuite confronté ces observateurs à des données expérimentales d’éléments commercialisés. Le comportement de l’observateur est encourageant et semble être un bon compromis entre sens physique et complexité numérique / Developed in the nineties, lithium batteries have colonized our environment in less than thirty years and they keep spreading faster and faster. Powerful, efficient, light and compact, this technology remains hazardous. In order to limit the danger and slow the aging of lithium cells, most of such batteries embed a management system. The latter needs to access some internal states, which are not directly measurable. This thesis intends to estimate these variables using a nonlinear observer, which is based on an electrochemical model. The behavior of the battery is driven by the transportation phenomenon of its main electrochemical species. We therefore built a finite dimensional electrochemical model of these adapted to estimation. It relies on the spatial discretization of the partial differential equations, which describe these transportation phenomena. It also formulates some assumptions, such as the fact that an electrode globally behaves like a single particle of its active material. The obtained state space model has affine dynamics and a nonlinear output. Among the existing observers for such systems that we are aware of, none can be applied directly to the developed model. Hence, we developed new ones whose stability is guaranteed provided a linear matrix inequality holds, which is used to construct the observation gain. We then confront these observers to experimental data acquired on commercialized batteries. The obtained results are encouraging and the observer seems to be a fair compromise between physical meaning and numerical complexity
70

Avaliação da exposição ao ²²²Rn nas cavernas do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) / 222Rn exposure assessment in the caves of Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR)

Simone Alberigi 10 July 2006 (has links)
No presente trabalho foram determinadas as concentrações de radônio em seis cavernas do Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (PETAR) e foi estimada a dose efetiva anual recebida pelos guias turísticos da região. O PETAR apresenta quatro núcleos de visitação: Santana, Ouro Grosso, Caboclos e Casa de Pedra e recebe anualmente cerca de 40 mil visitantes. As cavernas escolhidas foram Couto, Água Suja, Laje Branca, Morro Preto e Santana, do núcleo Santana e a caverna Alambari de Baixo do núcleo Ouro Grosso, por receberem o maior número de turistas. Os níveis de radônio foram determinados utilizando detectores de traços nucleares do estado sólido Makrofol E expostos trimestralmente por um período de 26 meses, entre Outubro de 2003 e Novembro de 2005. As concentrações de 222Rn variaram na faixa de 153 Bq.m-3 a 6607 Bq.m-3, sendo observado que, de uma maneira geral, os níveis de radônio diminuem nos períodos frios. A dose efetiva anual, considerando os cenários mais realistas, com média geométrica das concentrações, fator de equilíbrio 0,5 e tempo de exposição anual para cada caverna, variou entre 0,2 mSv.a-1 para a caverna Couto, bastante ventilada e 4,0 mSv.a-1 para a caverna Santana, a mais visitada, com galerias sem comunicação externa. Para o pior cenário, com média aritmética das concentrações, fator de equilíbrio 1 e tempo de exposição anual para todas as cavernas, a dose efetiva anual total foi 16,1 mSv.a-1. Todas as estimativas da dose efetiva anual estão abaixo de 20 mSv.a-1, sugerido como o valor limite para dose efetiva anual para exposição ocupacional pela Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP 60, 1990). / In the present work, radon concentrations in six caves of PETAR - Parque Estadual Turístico do Alto Ribeira (High Ribeira River Turistic State Park) were carried out with Makrofol E solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) and used to assess the annual effective dose received by regional tour guides. The park has four visitation centers: Santana, Ouro Grosso, Caboclos e Casa de Pedra and receives nearly 40,000 people annually. The caves evaluated were Couto, Água Suja, Laje Branca, Morro Preto and Santana, from Santana center and Alambari de Baixo from Ouro Grosso center, for being the most frequently visited caves. The exposure period of the SSNTD was, at least, three months, over a period of 26 months, from October 2003 to November 2005. The 222Rn concentrations lay in a range from 153 Bq.m-3 to 6607 Bq.m-3 and we observed that, in general, for chilly weather, the radon levels decrease. The annual effective dose, considering the most realistic scenario, with geometric mean concentrations, an equilibrium factor of 0.5 and annual exposure time for each cave, varied from 0.2 mSv.a-1 for the Couto cave, strongly ventilated, to 4.0 mSv.a-1 for the Santana cave, the most frequently visited and no external communication. For the worst scenario, with arithmetic mean concentrations, equilibrium factor 1 and annual exposure time for all caves, the annual effective dose was 16.1 mSv.a-1. All assessed effective doses received by the tour guides are bellow 20 mSv.a-1, suggested as an annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure by the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP 60, 1990).

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