Research has found that threat related attentional biases towards novel animals can be induced in children by giving threat information about the animals. Naturally occurring (i.e. non-induced) threat related attentional biases have also been found in both children and adults in the past research. The naturally occurring threat stimuli mainly include phobia stimuli and the threat stimuli that are assumed to have evolutionary roots (e.g., threatening facial expressions, and poisonous animals). In the present research, induced and naturally occurring threat related attentional biases were investigated and contrasted in children and adults. The participants' manual RTs and eye movements were measured in five experiments using the visual search paradigm to examine the attentional biases. The participating children, regardless of their trait anxiety scores, showed attentional bias toward angry faces as indexed by RT and eye movement measures. In the second and third experiments, children acquired fear of novel animals by listening to threat information about them. They later showed attentional bias to the newly feared stimuli: the presence of the animal's images interfered with detecting an irrelevant target, and the animal's images were detected faster than the control stimuli when presented as hidden targets in naturalistic scenes. In the fourth and fifth experiments, no enhancement of attentional bias towards fear-relevant stimuli due to receiving threat information was evident, as no difference was found between the threat information and the no information snake stimuli in terms of attention deployment measures. Strong evidence of naturally occurring attentional bias toward snake stimuli, however, was found in both RTs and overt attention indices. Overall, the RT data provided more robust evidence than the eye movement data in support of the predicted threat related attentional biases. It was argued that attentional biases to fear stimuli might have different levels which develop over time, with fast threat processing (indexed by faster RTs) appearing soon after the fear is acquired.

Sleep in children is important for the functioning of a range of cognitive processes, including memory, attention, arousal, executive functioning, and the processing of emotional experiences. This, in addition to the high comorbidity between sleep problems and anxiety, may suggest that sleep plays a role in the cognitive and behavioural processes associated with childhood anxiety. Although a body of research exists which considers the associations between sleep problems and anxiety, there is currently little research evidence available for the effect of children's sleepiness on anxiety, or for the effect of childhood sleep problems or sleepiness on anxiety related processes. To address this, this thesis begins with a meta-analysis exploring the efficacy of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood anxiety (Paper 1). CBT is generally the treatment of choice for childhood anxiety, and targets the processes that the subsequent papers in this thesis consider in relation to children's sleepiness and sleep problems. Papers two to five consider the effect of sleepiness on a range of cognitive and behavioural processes, including vicariously learning and unlearning fear (Paper 2), ambiguity resolution (Paper 3), emotion recognition (Paper 4), and habituation and avoidance (Paper 5). The final paper considers sleep problems in relation to a CBT intervention for childhood anxiety (Paper 6). Overall, while sleep problems and usual sleepiness were found to be associated with childhood anxiety, current sleepiness was not. On the other hand, sleepiness (usual and current), and reduced sleep, affected children's behavioural processes when exposed to anxiety provoking stimuli, but were not found to affect children's anxietyrelated cognitive processes. Sleep problems interacted with vicarious learning processes, but not with ambiguity resolution or emotion recognition processes, or with change in anxiety symptoms following a CBT intervention for childhood anxiety. Implications for treatment and future research directions are discussed.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Velloso Cairo / Banca: Sílvia Maria Azevedo / Banca: Zilá Bernd / Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a poesia de Machado de Assis sob o prisma da americanidade. Considerada uma tendência de dimensão continental, a representação poética do instinto de americanidade se configura como uma teoria relativamente nova dentro dos estudos literários, apresentando-se desse modo, em processo. Entretanto, a partir de estudos realizados, podemos alistar algumas características sinalizadoras de sua presença em composições literárias: representação poética de elementos indigenistas, nacionalistas, da paisagem americana e do sentimento de apreço à América. A fim de primeiro contextualizar a poesia de Machado de Assis dentro dos estudos literários brasileiros, iniciaremos nosso trabalho com uma apreciação do contexto cultural do Brasil no século XIX e dos volumes de poesia: Crisálidas, Falenas, Americanas e Ocidentais. No segundo capítulo, faremos uma breve exposição crítica das primeiras resenhas, bem como de trabalhos recentes destinados à poesia machadiana. No terceiro capítulo, procuraremos apontar a preocupação de Machado de Assis com os temas relacionados ao que hoje denominamos instinto de americanidade e, sobretudo, realizaremos nessa terceira parte da pesquisa a análise dos poemas machadianos sob a ótica da americanidade. No terceiro tópico, realizaremos um confronto entre a poética de Walt Whitman e Machado de Assis a fim de compreender similitudes e/ou diferenças nos modos de representação do instinto de americanidade. O último item do trabalho destina-se ao exame da representação machadiana do índio. Através dessa pesquisa, pretendemos demonstrar a manifestação do instinto de americanidade na poesia de Machado de Assis e suas formas de representação. Com a leitura, não única nem definitiva, objetivamos contribuir com a fortuna crítica dedicada à produção em verso do autor. / Abstract: This work analyzes the poetry of Machado de Assis through the lens of americanity. Considered a tendency of continental dimension, the poetic representation of americanity's feeling is a new theory in literary studies. However, from studies, we can list some characteristics that mark the presence of the theory in literary compositions, such as: the poetic representation of Indians, of nationalism, of nature and others elements of American continent. Therefore, in the first chapter, in order to contextualize this poetry within Brazilian literary studies; our work begins with an examination of the cultural context of nineteenth century Brazil and of works of Machado de Assis: Crisálidas, Falenas, Americanas e Ocidentais. In the second chapter, we demonstrate the first criticisms about these compositions and a brief review of the recent work about the poetry of Machado de Assis. In the third chapter, points to Machado de Assis' preoccupation with issues related to the essence of americanity. Also in the third chapter, we analyze the poetry of Machado de Assis from the perspective of americanity's feeling. In the third topic of this chapter, we analyze the poetry of Walt Whitman and Machado de Assis to understand similarities and/or differences in the poetic representation of americanity's feeling. In the last topic of work we analyze the poetic representation of Indian in poems by Machado de Assis. Through this research, we demonstrate the expression of americanity's feeling in the poetry of Machado de Assis and its forms of representation. At last, we expect our research to contribute to the future criticism of the author's poetry. / Mestre

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T21:33:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CesarHenriquePaulaBorralho.pdf: 414840 bytes, checksum: 32d2b37309c3c60573504474b9f58592 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T21:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CesarHenriquePaulaBorralho.pdf: 414840 bytes, checksum: 32d2b37309c3c60573504474b9f58592 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-04 / The research presented intends understand philosophical and literary aspects of Rousseau's aesthetics that establishi identify from the likelihood of nature and culture. For this purpose we analyze the Rousseau's critic to the place of reason imposed by the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century and the new meaning of this in his epistolary novel Julie or the New Heoise, granting primacy to feeling and makes it a key element in its condensed philosophy in the romance experienced by the love between Santi-Preux and Julia, central characters. To address the mentioned problem, it objectives to analyze the reason for exaltation in the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century as human progress proposal and inconsistencies this reason given by Rousseau as a promoter of corruption and social degeneration. We investigate , therefore, how it holds the right focus shift to the feeling recommended by Rousseau in order to make good use of these two human faculties in an attenpt to restore good manners. In this sense, we intend to understand the call likelihood, the Rousseau transparency that is mirrored by the simple family life Julia in Clarens, directing our analysis to the limits of representation that aim in false mirrors of reality and hinders the inner feelings marked by expression of a sensitive heart undeserved by reason. / A pesquisa apresentada intenciona compreender aspectos filosófico-literários da estética rousseauniana que estabelecem identidade a partir da verossimilhança entre natureza e cultura. Para tal propósito, analisaremos a crítica de Rousseau ao lugar da razão imposto pelos iluministas do século XVIII e a ressignificação desta em seu romance epistolar Júlia ou a Nova Heloísa, que concede primazia ao sentimento e o torna elemento fundamental em sua filosofia condensada no romance entoado pelo amor entre Saint-Preux e Júlia, personagens centrais. Para abordar o problema mencionado, objetiva-se analisar a exaltação da razão no Iluminismo do século XVIII como proposta de progresso humano e as incoerências desta razão apontada por Rousseau como promotora da corrupção e degeneração social. Investigaremos, pois, como se sustenta o deslocamento de foco da razão para o sentimento recomendado por Rousseau a fim de fazer bom uso destas duas faculdades humanas na tentativa de restabelecer os bons costumes. Neste sentido, pretende-se compreender o convite à verossimilhança, à transparência rousseauniana que é espelhada pela vida simples e familiar de Júlia em Clarens, direcionando nossa análise para os limites da representação que se mira em falsos espelhos da realidade e dificulta a interioridade dos sentimentos marcada pela expressividade de um coração sensível desmerecido pela razão.

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of developing a theory in vocal pedagogy, voiception, which could provide teaching techniques with tangibility for gaining control of both voluntary and involuntary functions of the singing act. This study appears to show that feeling tone and cognition are innately involved with singing, since the vocal instrument is actually a part of the singer. Analysis of the sung vowel through the singing sensation is the connecting link for gaining control of involuntary vocal functions.

Since the turn of the twentieth century, middle-class Americans have considered the thin body--ostensibly the result of self-control and self-discipline--a moral imperative and a symbol of good citizenship. In this thesis, I provide a critical perspective on fat studies by examining the ways in which the field authorizes itself in a society that deems the fat body unhealthy, costly, and immoral. As one potential solution to fat-hatred, fat studies proposes fat-positivity, but I argue that fat-positivity requires an extraordinary act of imagination in which the fat person overcomes what I term the ideology of thinness and subsequently feels good about herself. Importing models of ambivalence from disability studies, I propose ambivalence as an alternative to fat-positivity. I argue that ambivalence is a legitimate response when living in a society that de-values one's embodiment, but ambivalence is undertheorized by fat studies scholars. In Chapter 2, I analyze from a feminist perspective Tweets with the hashtag "feeling fat," tracing the emotion to cultural ambivalence about consumption and consumerism. In Chapter 3, I examine how the genre of the fat memoir authorizes itself during an "obesity epidemic" and what those methods reveal about gendered selfhood. Instead of indicting these Twitter users and fat memoirists for their purported lack of fat-positivity, I emphasize instead the social situations that give rise to these cultural forms. I suggest that drawing attention to ambivalence is a form of political resistance.

Contemporary theories of learning suggest that successful learners are active in the learning process and that they tend to use a number of metacognitive processes to monitor learning and remembering. Drawing on the theoretical framework of Nelson and Narens (1992), the current study examined the effect of certain variables on metamemory processes and on students' ability to recall and recognise learned material. The present study explored the effect of four independent variables on five dependent variables. The independent variables were: 1. degree of learning (responses given until 2 or 8 times correct), 2. judgment of learning (JOL) timing (given immediately after learning session or 24 hours later), 3. retention interval between study and test (2 or 6 weeks), and 4. type of material studied (sentences, in or out of context). The dependent variables were: 1. judgement of learning (JOL), 2. confidence rating, 3. feeling of knowing (FOK), 4. recall, and 5. recognition.. As ancillary analyses, the study explored, firstly, whether gender differences had an effect on meta-level and object-level memory, and secondly, whether students who recalled more also made more accurate metamemory judgements. The effects of the independent variables on recall and recognition were consistent with those found by previous studies. The most interesting new finding of the present study was that students who made JOLs after twenty four hours were more likely to take into account the effect of the interval between learning and testing. Students who made immediate JOLs did not allow for the effect of the time interval on retention. A further new finding was that gender appeared to have had an influence on JOLs. The findings about the effects of timing of JOLs and of gender effects on JOL have implications for metacognitive theory and will stimulate further research. The practical significance of this research, particularly the implications for study skills training for all students, was that educators cannot presume that students will correctly predict what they will recall after six weeks if they make that judgement immediately after learning has occurred. Therefore, the effects of the passage of time on memory, and the efficacy of delaying judgments, should be made explicit. The finding that the manipulation of JOL timing has a significant effect on the accuracy of judgements has implications in the wider area of educational policymaking and for the current debate on competencies and quality assurance. Learning cannot be considered a simple process and when a large component of learning is selfdirected, as it is in tertiary institutions and increasingly in schools, many variables are operating.

<p>Uppsatsen handlar om tre informanter som intervjuats angående sin syn på alternativa behandlingar och alternativa diskurser i kontrast till dominerande diskurser inom medicin och samhälle. Viktiga avsnitt rör till exempel sådant som vad är healing, hur kan en behandling gå till, grundläggande synsätt i alternativa diskurser och hur man ser på sjukdom.</p> / <p>This paper is about three informants. I have interviewed them in the context of their views about alternative discourses in contrast to the dominating discourses in medicine and society. Important parts in the paper touch healing, how treatment is carried out, basic thinking in alternative discourses and how disease is perceived?</p>

In contrast to his rationalist predecessors, Kant insists that feeling has a pos- itive role to play in moral life. But the exact nature of this role is far from clear. As much as Kant insists that moral action must proceed from a feeling of respect, he maintains with equal insistence that the objective basis of acting from duty must come from practical reason alone, and that when we act from duty we must exclude sensibility from the determining grounds of choice. In what way, then, is respect for the law a feeling? And what place does this feeling have—if any—in Kant’s ethics? The aim of my dissertation is to answer these questions, in part through a close engagement with Kant’s second Critique. I provide a close reading of his claim that our recognition of the moral law must effect both painful and pleasurable feelings in us, and I argue that these feelings, for Kant, are meant to explain how the moral law can figure into the basis of a maxim. By showing why our recognition of the law must be painful from the perspective of self-love, but pleasurable from the perspective of practical reason, Kant is able to show how our desires can acquire normative direction. On my reading, then, the theory of moral sensibility we find in the second Critique addresses a rather troubling form of skepticism: skepticism about moral motivation.In the course of defending this claim, I provide an alternative reading of the development of Kant’s project of moral justification from Groundwork III to the second Critique. Against a wide-spread view in the literature, I suggest that what changes between these texts is not a direction of argument (from freedom to morality, or morality to freedom), but a methodological shift toward the concept of human sensibility. In the later work, I argue, Kant develops a novel approach to moral feeling from the perspective of the deliberating agent; and this in turn clears room in Kant’s ethics for a new kind of a priori knowledge—namely, knowledge of what the activity of practical reason must feel like. The broader aim of my dissertation is thus to put Kant’s work on meta-ethics and moral psychology in closer proximity.

In contrast to his rationalist predecessors, Kant insists that feeling has a pos- itive role to play in moral life. But the exact nature of this role is far from clear. As much as Kant insists that moral action must proceed from a feeling of respect, he maintains with equal insistence that the objective basis of acting from duty must come from practical reason alone, and that when we act from duty we must exclude sensibility from the determining grounds of choice. In what way, then, is respect for the law a feeling? And what place does this feeling have—if any—in Kant’s ethics? The aim of my dissertation is to answer these questions, in part through a close engagement with Kant’s second Critique. I provide a close reading of his claim that our recognition of the moral law must effect both painful and pleasurable feelings in us, and I argue that these feelings, for Kant, are meant to explain how the moral law can figure into the basis of a maxim. By showing why our recognition of the law must be painful from the perspective of self-love, but pleasurable from the perspective of practical reason, Kant is able to show how our desires can acquire normative direction. On my reading, then, the theory of moral sensibility we find in the second Critique addresses a rather troubling form of skepticism: skepticism about moral motivation.In the course of defending this claim, I provide an alternative reading of the development of Kant’s project of moral justification from Groundwork III to the second Critique. Against a wide-spread view in the literature, I suggest that what changes between these texts is not a direction of argument (from freedom to morality, or morality to freedom), but a methodological shift toward the concept of human sensibility. In the later work, I argue, Kant develops a novel approach to moral feeling from the perspective of the deliberating agent; and this in turn clears room in Kant’s ethics for a new kind of a priori knowledge—namely, knowledge of what the activity of practical reason must feel like. The broader aim of my dissertation is thus to put Kant’s work on meta-ethics and moral psychology in closer proximity.