Kant denies that evil qua evil can be an incentive to human beings. Is this a fact about what sorts of reasons human beings find interesting? Or, is it rooted entirely in Kant’s notion of human freedom? I focus on key facets of Kant’s system: human freedom, immorality and incentives. With an understanding of these concepts based in Christine Korsgaard’s reading of Kant’s moral theory, I argue that the impossibility of acting solely from evil qua evil is not rooted in human incentives and that if we were able to represent an unconditioned principle of immorality, we would have as powerful an incentive to act in accordance with it as we do to act in accordance with the categorical imperative. Finally, I argue that the impossibility of human beings’ having evil qua evil as an incentive is grounded in the limited nature of our positive conception of freedom.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of positive and negative symptoms, and duration of illness on emotion processes / ability to understand emotion related cues, experience of emotion, and expression of emotion. A total of 46 schizophrenia patients from Ankara Oncology Hospital Psychiatry Clinic / 23 of them were diagnosed with schizophrenia for at least 10 years, and 23 of them were diagnosed for less than 10 years, participated in the study. Besides, a total of 23 non-clinical subjects / which were similar to the clinical group in terms of educational information, participated to the study. A video-clip which consists of scenes that elicited four types of emotions (fear, disgust, sadness, happiness) was presented to the participants. Understanding of emotion related cues and the experienced emotion were rated through self-report. Facial expressions of the participants were rated through their recorded faces by three psychologists, who were specifically trained for emotional facial expression rating. Symptomatology was assessed by Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS), and Calgary Depression Scale for schizophrenia patients. Presence of any psychopathology of healthy group was measured through Brief Symptom Inventory. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed that chronic patients presented more understanding of context impairments than acute patients and non-clinical group. In addition to these findings, positive symptoms assessed by PANSS were found to be positively correlated with the understanding context impairment. Therefore, It was suggested that positive symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions interfere with understanding context task. The results were discussed in the light of the literature and clinical and research implications of the study presented. Finally, necessity of using neurological, biological and cognitive assessment methods for further studies was suggested in order to understand deficits in emotional processes.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the path of perceived parenting styles, emotion recognition, emotion regulation, and psychological well-being in terms of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and social anxiety symptoms consequently. For the purpose of this study 530 adults (402 female, 128 male) between the ages of 18 and 36 (M = 22.09, SD = 2.78) participated in the current study. The data was collected by a questionnaire battery including a Demographic Category Sheet, Short-EMBU (Egna Minnen Betraffande Uppfostran- My Memories of Upbringing), &ldquo / Reading the Mind in the Eyes&rdquo / Test (Revised), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Emotion Regulation Processes, Beck Depression Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, White Bear Suppression Inventory, Thought-Action Fusion Scale, and Emotional Approach Coping Scale. The psychometric properties of Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Emotion Regulation Processes were investigated and found to have good validity and reliability characteristics. The three sets of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to reveal the significant associates of psychological well-being. As expected, the results of the current study revealed that perceived parenting styles, different emotion regulation strategies and processes had associated with psychological well-being in terms of depression, obsessivecompulsive disorder and social anxiety symptoms. The findings, and their implications with suggestions for future research and practice, were discussed in the light of relevant literature.

The growth of service industry enhances the importance of emotion issues in organizations. In the light of increasing interest in organizational emotions, previous studies focused on how front line staffs work. However, employees who play mediating role perform more emotional labor. As Arvey, Renz and Watson (1998) suggested, it is valuable to investigate the possible moderating or mediating roles valuable. By interviewing fifteen advertising account people, this article discusses the emotional labor of advertising account people who mostly play mediating role at work. Analyzing transcriptions in a qualitative approach, this research explores the emotional rules of mediating role and how they are socialized.

The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale is a primary tool for researchers and practitioners in exercise science to describe the intensity level subjects are experiencing when participating in exercise sessions. It has recently been suggested that RPE is not simply the direct result of interpretation of physiological changes as originally postulated, but is also influenced by affect, past experience, and time to completion, a concept coined as teleoanticipation. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of teleoanticipation in a sedentary population, by examining the effect unexpected increases in exercise duration on rating of perceived exertion and affect during low intensity treadmill walking. Based on the findings of prior studies, it is expected that the unexpected duration session will elicit higher RPE values and lower affect scores as measured by the feeling scale (FS) than the expected duration session. Ten participants between the ages of 18 and 45 years participated in the study. All participants were sedentary or insufficiently active with respect to physical activity for at least six months prior to the beginning of the study. Only participants with low to moderate risk according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines were admitted. All volunteers participated in one familiarization session followed by two trials of treadmill exercise. The familiarization trial was used to determine the treadmill speed in subsequent trials. All experimental trials were 30 minutes in length in partial accordance with ACSM guidelines, but the third trial in each group was presented as being 20 minutes and was extended to 30 minutes using a deception procedure employed in related research. Participants were informed at the 20-minute mark that the session would be extended to 30 minutes. Speed remained constant during both experimental trials. RPE and heart rate were recorded every minute to preclude volunteers from noticing the difference an increased interest in RPE responses around the 20-minute mark. Affect was measured by way of the feeling scale (FS) every other minute during the experimental trials. Blood pressure was recorded every five minutes to ensure participant safety. Results indicated a significant main effect for time for RPE (p = 0.001); however, there was no significant main effect for time and no interaction for RPE (p > 0.05) and no significant main effect and no interaction for FS. The primary finding from this investigation was that unexpected exercise durations have no affect on RPE or FS at low intensities in untrained, sedentary populations. Results suggest there may be a threshold of intensity required for a teleoanticipatory effect. More research is needed to further compare these effects with those of moderately and highly trained populations in medium or high intensity situations.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kriminalvårdare vid häktet Kronoberg på avdelningen för polisarrest och säkerhet hanterar sina emotioner i det dagliga arbetet med personer som är gripna, anhållna, häktade samt personer som är omhändertagna enligt lagen om berusade personer. Studien behandlar även frågan huruvida det går att urskilja några känslomässiga konsekvenser av att arbeta på denna avdelning. För att genomföra studien intervjuades totalt fem stycken kriminalvårdare, tre män och två kvinnor. Respondenterna hade olika lång anställning och ålder. Studien utgår ifrån emotionssociologin och det dramaturgiska perspektivet.Sammantaget visar studien att kriminalvårdarnas egen inställning till hur en bra kriminalvårdare ska vara stämmer väl överens med hur kriminalvården själva definierar tjänsten som en professionell kriminalvårdare. Personalens försök att leva upp till detta stämmer överens med Hochschilds teorier om surface acting och deep acting, där de genom surface acting trycker undan sina egna känslor för att visa andra känslor och på det sättet kan de påverka hur en situation ska sluta. Den vanligaste förekommande känslan hos personalen i samband med de tillfällena kriminalvårdarna var tvungna att aktivt arbeta med sina känslor genom surface acting var ilska och aggression. En intressant iakttagelse från studien var att det fanns en gräns för personalen där de inte längre kunde, ville eller orkade tillämpa surface acting och handlandet rättfärdigades med att den intagne var så pass våldsam eller svårhanterlig att det inte längre gick att spela med längre. Var den gränsen gick var dock inte helt självklart och berodde på hur situationen såg ut och vilken kriminalvårdare som ställdes inför gränsprövningen.Miljön på häktet beskrivs som relativt hotfull och våldsam. Personalen bearbetar arbetet och miljön de befinner sig i nästan uteslutande genom att prata med sina kollegor och använda sig av en viss jargong eller som Crawley beskriver det som en ”svart humor”. Avslutningsvis visar studien att kriminalvårdarna påverkas negativt av arbetet på häktet genom att bli mer cyniska, fördomsfulla och få en ökad misstro mot människor.

Uppsatsen handlar om tre informanter som intervjuats angående sin syn på alternativa behandlingar och alternativa diskurser i kontrast till dominerande diskurser inom medicin och samhälle. Viktiga avsnitt rör till exempel sådant som vad är healing, hur kan en behandling gå till, grundläggande synsätt i alternativa diskurser och hur man ser på sjukdom. / This paper is about three informants. I have interviewed them in the context of their views about alternative discourses in contrast to the dominating discourses in medicine and society. Important parts in the paper touch healing, how treatment is carried out, basic thinking in alternative discourses and how disease is perceived?

The research examined the links between intuition, interest in creative thought and the artistic interests of students. Most literature in the past linked intuition with creativity and artistic aptitude, but the question about the specific influence thereof on choosing an artistic career led to many different perspectives. The influence of thoughts and feelings on intuition was examined, as well as their connection to artistic inspiration. The researcher proposed that these factors provide a basis for an artistic career. Research was done on the links between interest in creative thought, artistic interest and intuition. The difference in correlation between intuition and Fine Arts and Performing Arts was also examined. The literature study focused on Jung's typology of personality, and his descriptions of intuition, feelings, thoughts, creative thoughts, art, artistic interest and inspiration, fine arts and performing arts, and their links with intuition. Quantitative research was done as a once-off cross-sectional design. Eight hundred and sixteen students of the University of Pretoria were included in the quantitative research. Intern Psychologists of Student Support Services evaluated these participants with the Jung Personality Questionnaire (JPQ), the South African Vocational Interest Inventory (SAVII) and the 19-Field Interest lnventory (19-FII). Two-directional frequency analyses were used to determine the links between the results of the intuition factor and the feeling and thought factors of the JPQ. The Spearman correlation coefficients were used as measures of the strength of general relation between the results of the intuition factor of the JPQ and the results of Fine Arts, Performing Arts and Creative Thought of the 19-FII and the A 2 (Creative design) and A 3 (Entertainment) of the SAVII. Variance analyses were used to determine the influence of intuition on interest in Fine Arts and Performing Arts. The responses to interview schedules by participants from two focus groups, namely 5 second year Drama students and 5 Fine Arts students, were analysed in the qualitative research. Most participants from the quantitative study fell within the intuition-feeling category and the percentage of participants in the intuition-feeling category was greater than those in the intuition-thought category. Results were supported by the qualitative study. The conclusion was drawn that intuition is more linked to feeling than is thought. Inspiration for art does develop from feeling, but it will be communicated by thoughts, after interplay between intuition and feeling. The quantitative study confirmed that intuition plays a bigger role than sensation when there is interest in careers requiring creative thought. Interest in creative thought also showed a positive link with interests in fine arts and performing arts. The conclusion was drawn that intuition plays an important role in occupations involving interest in creative thought. However, interest in creative thought is still dependent on feeling for verification in the creative process. The research showed that intuition, a personal life-long passion, or love of art were determining factors when an artistic career choice was made. It was therefore concluded that intuition has a strong relation to artistic interest. It was determined that intuition, as well as factors such as a person's strengths and weaknesses, and knowledge of the requirements and demands of success, work together in shaping an artistic career choice. Intuition showed a tendency for a greater correlation with Fine Arts than with Performing Arts. The research had certain deficiencies, as it was only conducted on university students and it did not make provision for environmental influences. The qualitative research was too structured and the JPQ was not developed initially for quantitative analyses. The examination of interest in creative thought could not provide an explanation of the complete creative process. However, the research was of value to counselling psychologists for making career recommendations, as it provided valuable information in artistic careers. It also created a possible framework for future research on the assessment of artists to assist them in developing and reaching their full potential. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Ridsport har hög skadefrekvens, men med förbättrad känsla för ridning skulle fler ryttare klara sig från att falla av hästen, som är den vanligaste skadeorsaken. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om ryttare upplever att feedback från instruktör och häst påverkar deras utveckling av ryttarkänsla/känsla för ridning samt om det finns skillnader i detta avseende mellan professionella ryttare och hobbyryttare. RytRidsport har hög skadefrekvens, men med förbättrad känsla för ridning skulle fler ryttare klara sig från att falla av hästen, som är den vanligaste skadeorsaken. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om ryttare upplever att feedback från instruktör och häst påverkar deras utveckling av ryttarkänsla/känsla för ridning samt om det finns skillnader i detta avseende mellan professionella ryttare och hobbyryttare. Ryttarkänslan har definierats som förmågan att befinna sig över hästens tyngdpunkt, i samma tempo och färdriktning samt att i förväg kunna tolka hästens och sina egna signaler (Larsson, 2011). Studien har utgått från teorier om feedback i skolundervisning (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). Undersökningen har skett genom en webbenkät med 32 frågor, varav 18 formulerats utifrån teorier om feedback i undervisning, riktad till ryttare med Facebook-konto, tre hippologiska tidskrifters webbversioner samt hästföretagare i gruppmail. 587 personer svarade på enkäten, varav 114 som är eller varit professionella ryttare. Resultatet av studien visar att ryttarna anser att feedback fungerar för att utveckla känslan för ridning och även används i ridundervisningen. Samtidigt märks några avseenden där överensstämmelsen är mindre. En slutsats är att feedback från hästen är omedelbar och värdefull, men att effektiv instruktion och diskussion med instruktör/tränare är användbara för att finna lösningar. En annan slutsats är att professionella ryttare har lättare att tillägna sig känslan för ridning genom feedback. / Horseback riding counts a high injury frequency, but with an enhanced feeling for riding, more riders would sustain less falls from the horse, which is the most prevalent cause of injury. The aim of this study is to investigate if horseback riders experience feedback from an instructor and horse to affect their development of feeling for riding, and if there are differences in this aspect between professionals and leisure riders. The feeling for riding has been defined as the ability to stay over the horse's center of gravity, in the same tempo and direction and to anticipate and interpret the horse's and one's own signals (Larsson, 2011). The study has proceeded from theories of feedback in school education (Hattie & Timperley, 2007). The survey has been carried out through a web-based questionnaire covering 32 questions, of which 18 were framed from theories of feedback in education, aimed towards riders with Facebook account, visitors at three horse focussed magazine websites and email to horsebusiness related persons. The questionnaire got 587 respondents, of which 114 are or have been professional riders. The result of the study shows that the riders find feedback to be functional in developing the feeling for riding and that it is also used in riding instruction. However, there are some aspects with lesser congruency. One conclusion is that feedback from the horse is immediate and valuable, but an effective instruction and interactive discussion with the instructor/trainer are applicable to find solutions. Another conclusion is that it is easier for professional riders to apply the feeling for riding through feedback.

The research examined the links between intuition, interest in creative thought and the artistic interests of students. Most literature in the past linked intuition with creativity and artistic aptitude, but the question about the specific influence thereof on choosing an artistic career led to many different perspectives. The influence of thoughts and feelings on intuition was examined, as well as their connection to artistic inspiration. The researcher proposed that these factors provide a basis for an artistic career. Research was done on the links between interest in creative thought, artistic interest and intuition. The difference in correlation between intuition and Fine Arts and Performing Arts was also examined. The literature study focused on Jung's typology of personality, and his descriptions of intuition, feelings, thoughts, creative thoughts, art, artistic interest and inspiration, fine arts and performing arts, and their links with intuition. Quantitative research was done as a once-off cross-sectional design. Eight hundred and sixteen students of the University of Pretoria were included in the quantitative research. Intern Psychologists of Student Support Services evaluated these participants with the Jung Personality Questionnaire (JPQ), the South African Vocational Interest Inventory (SAVII) and the 19-Field Interest lnventory (19-FII). Two-directional frequency analyses were used to determine the links between the results of the intuition factor and the feeling and thought factors of the JPQ. The Spearman correlation coefficients were used as measures of the strength of general relation between the results of the intuition factor of the JPQ and the results of Fine Arts, Performing Arts and Creative Thought of the 19-FII and the A 2 (Creative design) and A 3 (Entertainment) of the SAVII. Variance analyses were used to determine the influence of intuition on interest in Fine Arts and Performing Arts. The responses to interview schedules by participants from two focus groups, namely 5 second year Drama students and 5 Fine Arts students, were analysed in the qualitative research. Most participants from the quantitative study fell within the intuition-feeling category and the percentage of participants in the intuition-feeling category was greater than those in the intuition-thought category. Results were supported by the qualitative study. The conclusion was drawn that intuition is more linked to feeling than is thought. Inspiration for art does develop from feeling, but it will be communicated by thoughts, after interplay between intuition and feeling. The quantitative study confirmed that intuition plays a bigger role than sensation when there is interest in careers requiring creative thought. Interest in creative thought also showed a positive link with interests in fine arts and performing arts. The conclusion was drawn that intuition plays an important role in occupations involving interest in creative thought. However, interest in creative thought is still dependent on feeling for verification in the creative process. The research showed that intuition, a personal life-long passion, or love of art were determining factors when an artistic career choice was made. It was therefore concluded that intuition has a strong relation to artistic interest. It was determined that intuition, as well as factors such as a person's strengths and weaknesses, and knowledge of the requirements and demands of success, work together in shaping an artistic career choice. Intuition showed a tendency for a greater correlation with Fine Arts than with Performing Arts. The research had certain deficiencies, as it was only conducted on university students and it did not make provision for environmental influences. The qualitative research was too structured and the JPQ was not developed initially for quantitative analyses. The examination of interest in creative thought could not provide an explanation of the complete creative process. However, the research was of value to counselling psychologists for making career recommendations, as it provided valuable information in artistic careers. It also created a possible framework for future research on the assessment of artists to assist them in developing and reaching their full potential. / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.