The subject of this thesis is the design and project documentation of a new multifunctional house in Strakonice. The building has four floors, without basement, and is located on a slightly sloping land in the suburban part of the town of Strakonice. It is based on shallow foundations and covered with a flat roof. It is a transverse wall structural system, build with clay block masonry, with the semi-assembled ceiling structures of ceramic and concrete beams and inserts. It is conceived as a double-aisle layout. The ground floor of each wing consists of the establishment of shops and house facilities. The overground floors are designed as six residential units of varying size category. Both tracts have separate entrances to both the residential portion and to individual businesses. The building is designed from traditional building materials. In addition to the architectural construction and civil-engineering design, a part of this project is also a fire safety design and an assessment from the perspective of building physics.

South Africa has had a free mandate theory of representation up to 1994. From 1994 to 2002 an imperative theory applied and in 2003 a limited hybrid free mandate was introduced. The origin of parliament, the development of representation as a concept in Public Law and the birth of political parties are studied. It is shown that parliament and representation were natural developments that occurred at the same time, not by grand design, but by chance. It is also shown that political parties appeared first as informal intra-parliamentary groupings that developed into extra-parliamentary organisations, organised to achieve and exercise power in the political system as the franchise became more liberal. The factors that influence a member's mandate and floor-crossing as such are discussed. Finally it is concluded that from a legal historical perspective, a free mandate of representation is the preferred theory of representation in public law. / Jurisprudence / LL.M. (Public Law)

近年來，印刷電路板(printed circuit board, PCB)產業在台灣蓬勃發展，對台灣經濟表現有相當重要的影響；與此同時，產業內各廠商卻因內外環境變異等因素，而面臨日益激烈的競爭壓力。本研究針對產業前段的生產工廠(PCB manufacturing)從管理面探討問題來源，發現各廠商所導入的管理系統(MRP、ERP、SCM等)均缺乏現場排程(shop floor scheduling)功能，因此造成排程結果不具可行性，連帶導致管理系統的績效也未如預期理想。 　　為解決該產業所面臨的現場排程問題，本研究透過個案訪談方式，對產業特性深入了解，歸類此類問題為排程領域中的流程型工廠排程問題(flow shop scheduling)。 　　在求解過程中，本研究以總延遲時間(total tardiness)最小化為目標，並以禁忌搜尋法(tabu search)作為最佳化過程的演算法。於理論探討後，本研究亦實際建置一套排程系統，並以來自個案工廠的訂單資料實際求解，以評估此系統績效。

But: Cette étude a pour but de comparer : a)la morphologie du plancher pelvien (PP), du col vésical et du sphincter urogénital strié (SUS) par IRM et b) la fonction du PP par palpation digitale (PERFECT scheme) chez les femmes âgées continentes ou avec incontinence urinaire à l’effort (IUE) et mixte (IUM). Méthode: Les femmes ont appris à contracter correctement leur PP et la fonction de leur PP a été évaluée. Une séance d’IRM dynamique 3T a suivi. Résultats: 66 femmes ont participé à l’étude. Les groupes étaient similaires en âge, IMC, nombre d’accouchements vaginaux et d’hystérectomie. La validité et la fidélité des différentes mesures anatomiques utilisées ont été confirmées au début de cette étude. Afin de contrôler l’effet potentiel de la taille du bassin sur les autres paramètres, les femmes ont été appariées par la longueur de leur inlet pelvien. Les femmes avec IUM ont un PP plus bas et un support des organes pelviens plus faible, selon leurs ligne M, angle LPC/Ligne H et hauteur de la jonction urétro-vésicale (UV). Les femmes avec IUE ont un PP similaire à celui des continentes, mais présentent plus d’ouverture du col vésical et un angle UV postérieur plus large au repos que les autres groupes. Il n’y a aucune différence de morphologie du SUS entre les groupes. De plus, selon les résultats du PERFECT scheme, les femmes avec IU ont une force du PP plus faible que les continentes. Les femmes avec IUM montrent aussi une faible élévation des muscles du PP à la contraction. Les femmes avec IUE ont, quant à elle, un problème de coordination à la toux. Conclusion: Les déficits causant l’IUE et l’IUM sont différents, mais supportent tous le rationnel des exercices du PP pour le traitement de l’IUE et l’IUM. Ces résultats supportent le besoin de traitements de rééducation spécifiques aux déficits de chacun des types d’IU. / Aims: The study’s aim was to compare: a) pelvic floor muscle (PFM), bladder neck and urethral sphincter morphologies using MRI and b) PFM function using digital palpation (PERFECT scheme) in continent women, women with stress (SUI) and mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence. Method: Women were taught how to perform PFM contractions correctly and their PFM function was assessed, then each woman completed a dynamic 3T MRI session. Results: 66 women participated in the study. Groups were similar for age, BMI, vaginal deliveries and hysterectomies. Validity and reliability of the different anatomical measures used has been confirmed at the beginning of the study. To control for the potential effect of pelvic size on study parameters, women were matched based on pelvic inlet length. MUI women seemed to have lower PFM resting position and pelvic organ support at rest, based on their M-Line, PCL/H-Line angle and urethrovesical (UV) junction height. However, SUI women seemed to have a PFM morphology similar to that of continent women, but presented a greater occurrence of bladder neck funnelling and a larger posterior UV angle. There were no differences in urethral sphincter morphology between the 3 groups. Functionally, as shown by the PERFECT scheme results, both UI groups had poorer PFM strength on MVC then continent women. The MUI group also showed poor PFM elevation on contraction. Conversely, women with SUI had a timing problem on cough. Conclusion: The deficits in women with SUI and MUI appear to be very different. Notwithstanding, they all support the rationale for PFM exercise treatment in older women with SUI and MUI. However, the findings suggest the need for rehabilitation treatments specificity for each UI type.

Die Arbeit liefert eine umfassende Beschreibung der Managementmethoden von Milcherzeugerbetrieben unter dem Fokus Herdenfruchtbarkeit. Die Studie analysiert Einflüsse des Managements auf Reproduktions- und Milchleistung und verfolgt hierzu einen bio-sozialen Forschungsansatz. Die Daten wurden 2007 in Interviews mit Herdenmanagern und Stallrundgängen anhand von Fragebögen in 84 v.a. Brandenburger Milcherzeugerbetrieben erhoben. Die Fragen betrafen u.a. Haltungsumwelt, Stressvermeidung, Herden-, Reproduktions- und Personalmanagement. Die Leistungsdaten der Herden entstammen der Milchleistungsprüfung 2007. Die Datenanalyse umfasste qualitative und quantitative Methoden. Abhängige Variablen waren Zwischenkalbezeit (ZKZ) und 305-Tage-Milchleistung (ML). Im Mittel betrug die Herdengröße 306,3 Kühe (+/-238,3), die ZKZ 413,2d (+/-18,73) und die ML 8555kg (+/-1132,9). Die ZKZ sank tendenziell mit steigender ML (r=-0,188, p=0,10). Die ML stieg mit der Herdengröße (r=0,29, p=0,01). Die Laufgänge (LG) waren in 71,25% der Betriebe nass und rutschig. Hier war die ZKZ tendenziell länger (+16,6d, p=,055) als bei trockenen, rutschfesten LG. Die Liegeflächen (LF) waren in 29,9% der Betriebe trocken und elastisch. Hier war die ML höher (+1110kg, p=0,011) als bei nassen, harten LF. Eine eindeutige Zuordnung der Verantwortung für die Brunstkontrolle wirkte tendenziell positiv auf die ZKZ (-6,3d, p=0,129). Akademisch ausgebildete Herdenmanagerinnen erzielten eine höhere ML als gleichqualifizierte Männer (+752,9kg, p=0,005) bei gleicher ZKZ und damit eine günstigere Relation von Reproduktions- und Milchleistung. Motivierung durch materielle und soziale Anreize bzw. Verantwortungsübertragung und gute Kommunikation war mit einer höheren ML verbunden als Motivierung durch Leistungslohn (+ ca. 1000kg, p=0,009). Die Studie belegt die Notwendigkeit verbesserter Haltungsbedingungen und bietet eine Grundlage für vertiefende Studien zum Personalmanagement in Milchviehbetrieben. / This study provides a comprehensive characterization of current management methods of dairy farms, focusing on herd fertility. Relations of management factors to fertility and milk performance are analyzed following a bio-social approach. In 2007 a questionnaire survey including face-to-face interviews and direct observations was conducted in 84 East German dairy farms, mostly located in Brandenburg. Questions referred to housing, stress prevention, and management of herds, reproduction and personnel. Herd performance data stem from milk performance testing in 2007. Data analysis combined qualitative and quantitative methods. Calving interval (CI) and 305-day-milk yield (MY) were used as dependent variables. Mean values of herd size, CI and MY were, respectively, 306.3 cows (+/-238.3), 413.2d (+/-18.73d) and 8555kg (+/-1132.9). CI tended to decrease with increasing MY (r=-0.188, p=0.10). MY increased with rising herd size (r=0.29, p=0.01). Floors were wet and slippery in 71.25% of farms. In these farms CI tended to be longer (+16.6d, p=0.055) compared to farms with dry and non-slippery floors. Lying areas were in 29.9% of the farms dry and flexible. Here MY was higher (+1110kg, p=0.011) than in farms with wet and hard lying areas. A clear assignment of responsibility for heat detection showed a trend of decreasing CI (-6.3d, p=0.129). Female herd managers with academic qualification achieved a higher MY than likewise qualified men (+752.9kg, p=0.005), with no difference in CI. Thus, herds managed by highly qualified women showed a better MY:CI ratio. Employee motivation by material and social incentives or by allocating responsibility to workers and pursuing good communication was related to higher MY than motivation by performance pay alone (+1000kg, p=0.009); CI remained unaffected. Performance pay had no positive effect on targeted parameters. Results underscore the need for improved housing and recommend further study into personnel management in dairy farms.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de conferência multiponto centralizada com controle de posse da palavra, que oferece comunicação por voz e por texto, desenvolvido para dar suporte a ferramentas de educação a distância baseadas em tecnologia web. Além do sistema de conferência multiponto, este trabalho introduz, também, conceitos de voz sobre IP (VoIP), codecs de áudio, tráfego de tempo real sobre redes IP, mecanismos de distribuição de pacotes em redes IP, conferências multimídia sobre redes IP, criação e controle de conferências e mecanismos para se controlar a transmissão de pacotes de voz em conferências multiponto, como detecção de atividade de voz (VAD) e controle de posse da palavra. O controle de posse da palavra ou moderação é uma metodologia para coordenar o acesso a recursos de mídia contínua, como os canais de áudio e vídeo em conferências, resolvendo eventuais conflitos e condições de corrida e garantindo o uso exclusivo dos mesmos por um participante da conferência. O controle de posse da palavra é apropriado para a dinâmica de uma sala de aula, onde na maioria das vezes, o professor exerce o papel de um moderador e de principal interlocutor. Além de regular o fluxo de informação na sala de aula virtual, o controle de posse da palavra também ajuda a reduzir a utilização dos recursos da rede. Como principal resultado deste trabalho, uma arquitetura para o sistema de conferência multiponto foi proposta, implementada e testada. Verificou-se que o sistema é escalável e que o controle de posse da palavra reduz o grau de interatividade entre os participantes da conferência, mas funciona eficazmente como mecanismo para reduzir a utilização dos recursos de rede. A comunicação adicional por texto ajuda a reduzir o impacto do controle de posse da palavra no grau de interatividade. Neste trabalho, o uso de uma topologia centralizada para a realização de conferências multiponto mostrou-se bastante vantajoso, principalmente porque o tráfego multicast não era suportado. / This work presents a centralized multipoint conference system with floor control, which offers voice and text communication capability, developed to support distance learning tools based on web technology. This work also brings concepts about voice over IP (VoIP), audio codecs, real-time traffic over IP networks, packet distribution mechanisms in IP networks, multimedia conferences over IP networks, establishment and control of conferences and mechanisms to control voice packets transmission in multipoint conferences, as Voice Activity Detection (VAD) and floor control. Floor control is a suitable methodology for coordinating access to continuous media resources, such as audio and video channels in conferences, solving resource conflicts and race conditions and guaranteeing their mutually exclusive use by one participant of the conference. Floor control is appropriate for the classroom’s dynamics, where the teacher, mostly, has the role of a moderator and main talker. Besides regulating the information flow in the virtual classroom, floor control helps reducing the need for network resources. As main result, an architecture for the multipoint conference system was proposed, implemented and tested. It was found that the system is scalable and that floor control reduces the interactivity among the conference’s participants, but works efficiently as a mechanism for reducing the need for network resources. Text communications help lowering the impact of floor control on interactivity. In this work, the deployment of a centralized topology for multipoint conferences showed to be very advantageous, mainly because multicast traffic was not supported.

Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de conferência multiponto centralizada com controle de posse da palavra, que oferece comunicação por voz e por texto, desenvolvido para dar suporte a ferramentas de educação a distância baseadas em tecnologia web. Além do sistema de conferência multiponto, este trabalho introduz, também, conceitos de voz sobre IP (VoIP), codecs de áudio, tráfego de tempo real sobre redes IP, mecanismos de distribuição de pacotes em redes IP, conferências multimídia sobre redes IP, criação e controle de conferências e mecanismos para se controlar a transmissão de pacotes de voz em conferências multiponto, como detecção de atividade de voz (VAD) e controle de posse da palavra. O controle de posse da palavra ou moderação é uma metodologia para coordenar o acesso a recursos de mídia contínua, como os canais de áudio e vídeo em conferências, resolvendo eventuais conflitos e condições de corrida e garantindo o uso exclusivo dos mesmos por um participante da conferência. O controle de posse da palavra é apropriado para a dinâmica de uma sala de aula, onde na maioria das vezes, o professor exerce o papel de um moderador e de principal interlocutor. Além de regular o fluxo de informação na sala de aula virtual, o controle de posse da palavra também ajuda a reduzir a utilização dos recursos da rede. Como principal resultado deste trabalho, uma arquitetura para o sistema de conferência multiponto foi proposta, implementada e testada. Verificou-se que o sistema é escalável e que o controle de posse da palavra reduz o grau de interatividade entre os participantes da conferência, mas funciona eficazmente como mecanismo para reduzir a utilização dos recursos de rede. A comunicação adicional por texto ajuda a reduzir o impacto do controle de posse da palavra no grau de interatividade. Neste trabalho, o uso de uma topologia centralizada para a realização de conferências multiponto mostrou-se bastante vantajoso, principalmente porque o tráfego multicast não era suportado. / This work presents a centralized multipoint conference system with floor control, which offers voice and text communication capability, developed to support distance learning tools based on web technology. This work also brings concepts about voice over IP (VoIP), audio codecs, real-time traffic over IP networks, packet distribution mechanisms in IP networks, multimedia conferences over IP networks, establishment and control of conferences and mechanisms to control voice packets transmission in multipoint conferences, as Voice Activity Detection (VAD) and floor control. Floor control is a suitable methodology for coordinating access to continuous media resources, such as audio and video channels in conferences, solving resource conflicts and race conditions and guaranteeing their mutually exclusive use by one participant of the conference. Floor control is appropriate for the classroom’s dynamics, where the teacher, mostly, has the role of a moderator and main talker. Besides regulating the information flow in the virtual classroom, floor control helps reducing the need for network resources. As main result, an architecture for the multipoint conference system was proposed, implemented and tested. It was found that the system is scalable and that floor control reduces the interactivity among the conference’s participants, but works efficiently as a mechanism for reducing the need for network resources. Text communications help lowering the impact of floor control on interactivity. In this work, the deployment of a centralized topology for multipoint conferences showed to be very advantageous, mainly because multicast traffic was not supported.

For the west coast of North America, from northern California to southern Washington, a habitat suitability prediction framework was developed to support wave energy device siting. Concern that wave energy devices may impact the seafloor and benthos has renewed research interest in the distribution of marine benthic invertebrates and factors influencing their distribution. A Bayesian belief network approach was employed for learning species-habitat associations for Rhabdus rectius, a tusk-shaped marine infaunal Mollusk. Environmental variables describing surficial geology and water depth were found to be most influential to the distribution of R. rectius. Water property variables, such as temperature and salinity, were less influential as distribution predictors. Species-habitat associations were used to predict habitat suitability probabilities for R. rectius, which were then mapped over an area of interest along the south-central Oregon coast. Habitat suitability prediction models tested well against data withheld for crossvalidation supporting our conclusion that Bayesian learning extracts useful information available in very small, incomplete data sets and identifies which variables drive habitat suitability for R. rectius. Additionally, Bayesian belief networks are easily updated with new information, quantitative or qualitative, which provides a flexible mechanism for multiple scenario analyses. The prediction framework presented here is a practical tool informing marine spatial planning assessment through visualization of habitat suitability. / Graduation date: 2012

Das Gedächtnis speichert nicht nur Informationen, sondern mitunter auch die Umstände, in denen diese Informationen erworben wurden, sogenannte Kontextinformationen. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat daher zum Ziel, anhand von Laboraufgaben und anhand einer komplexen sporttechnischen Fertigkeit den Einblick in die Wirkweise von Kontextinformationen im motorischen Bereich zu vertiefen und theoretische Modelle zu prüfen. In zwei Experimenten wurde zunächst der Frage nachgegangen, ob in-zidentelle Kontextinformation eine diskriminative Funktion einnehmen und den Abruf zweier ähnlicher Sequenzen erleichtern kann. Es wurde ein Ausbleiben der Interferenz-Effekte aufgrund der inzidentellen Kontextinformationen vermutet. Beide Experimente erfolgten im Labor im Design des Interferenzparadigmas. In Laborexperiment 1 (N = 30) lernten die Probanden der Experimentalgruppen an zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen je eine dynamische Bewegungssequenz. Die Probanden der Kontrollgruppen lernten entweder nur die erste Sequenz (KG1) oder nur die zweite (KG2). Für alle Probanden waren die Sequenzen jeweils mit einer Kontextinformation verknüpft. An Tag 3 wurden Retentions- und Transfertests durchgeführt. Durch inzidentelle Kontextinformation alleine konnte keine Kontextabhängigkeit erzielt und retroaktive Interferenzeffekte nicht verhindert werden. In Laborexperiment II (N = 20) stellte sich für die zweite Bewegungssequenz durch zusätzlich erzeugte Intention eine höhere Wiedererkennungsleistung sowie Kontextabhängigkeit ein, dennoch wiesen die Probanden retroaktive Interferenzeffekte auf. Zusätzlich trat proaktive Interferenz auf (Experiment II). Zum anderen ermöglichte es eine umfangreiche Regeländerung im Basketball, eine mögliche Kontextabhängigkeit in einer komplexen sporttech-nischen Fertigkeit zu untersuchen. Im daraus entwickelten Feldexperiment mit N = 20 Basketballern mit hoher Expertise zum 3-Punkte-Wurf konnte gezeigt werden, dass Bodenmarkierungen als inzidentelle Kontextinformationen zu begreifen sind und Einfluss auf die Leistung haben. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden in Beziehung zu aktuellen Ergebnissen der Literatur sowie in Bezug auf das perception-control-Modell von Glover (2004) und dem MOSAIC-Modell von Wolpert und Kawato (1998) diskutiert. Praktische Ableitungen werden dargestellt. / Our memory not only stores information that seem important to us but also circumstances, surroundings where information are gathered – so called contextual information. The present work therefore aims to sharpen the understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon in the field of motor learning and to investigate different theoretical models by two experiments with sequence learning tasks and additionally by a complex sports skill. Two experiments were conducted to investigate any discriminative character of incidental context information which would facilitate the recall of two similar movement sequences. An absence of interference-effects was hypothesized. Both experiments took place in accordance with a pro-/retroactive interference design. In experiment 1 (N = 30) subjects of the experimental group (EG) learned two dynamic sequences (S1 and S2) on two successive days while members of the control groups only learned either S1 or S2. Incidental Context information was provided by different background colors. On day 3 retention and transfertests were conducted for all groups. Results showed that incidental Context information alone could not avoid retroactive interference effect (Experiment 1). Directing participants’ attention towards the incidental contexts (Experiment 2) resulted in higher recognition performance and context dependency. Nevertheless, retroactive interference effects were found. Surprisingly, participants of the EG additionally showed proactive interference effects. A substantial change in Basketball rules provided the chance to systematically study the influence of visual context information on complex motor skill. In the first step of this experiment twenty Basketball players took 3-point-shots from the old distance. In a second step these experts took 3-points shots from the new, greater distance with either the old floor-markings or the new floor-markings. Results of this experiment show that floor markings do serve as incidental context information and do influence athlete’s performance. The Results of the present work are discussed in reference to other studies and two models, namely Glover’s perception-control-model (2004) and the MOSAIC-modell from Wolpert and Kawato (1998).

No description available.