This article examines whether the police have a constitutional duty to inform ‘suspects’ about their fundamental rights, despite the fact that section 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, is silent on this issue. The decisions of the different divisions of the South African High Court diverge on this question, and the Constitutional Court has not yet had the opportunity to settle it. In an attempt to resolve this question, this article considers the underlying principles of binding and non-binding international law standards, as well as how this is approached in the Canadian and United States’ jurisdictions. This analysis reveals that an emerging consensus of opinion is developing which suggests that the informational duties should arise from the moment the police embark on an adversarial relationship with suspects, by approaching them to establish or disprove the existence of evidence linking them to a crime. The author concludes that such an approach accords with a contextual and purposive interpretation, and should be embraced.

203 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T17:31:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T17:34:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T17:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.UFBA1.pdf: 1055014 bytes, checksum: 3bd717d2b41fa61a4b13c3e424cb5290 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal a análise da despedida arbitrária, assim entendida como a denúncia contratual vazia, agora enxergada como ato antijurídico, pois contrário ao modelo traçado pela Constituição Federal de 1988. Mesmos passados mais de vinte e quatro anos, o Estado-Legislador permanece inerte em relação ao seu dever de proteger o Direito Fundamental do trabalhador em face da despedida sem motivação e o Estado-Juiz, apesar da proteção estatal insuficiente, repete o modelo, por não interpretar a Constituição segundo a mais moderna hermenêutica, ignorando que os Direitos Fundamentais invadem as relações de emprego de forma direta e limitam a livre iniciativa. / Salvador

Le système juridique français est très protecteur des libertés de la personne et il dispose de nombreux instruments de protection en la matière. Parmi ceux-Ci, la notion de droits fondamentaux n’est apparue en France que récemment et sa définition ne fait pas consensus. S’inscrivant dans la lignée des droits de l’homme et des libertés publiques, les droits fondamentaux apparaissent de prime abord comme des normes visant à la protection de la liberté juridique et dotées d’une valeur juridique supérieure. Le but de notre étude est de comprendre quel est le sens de ce concept en droit public français. Pour atteindre cette finalité, nous avons opéré plusieurs choix épistémologiques. Le domaine de notre travail est volontairement restreint au droit public interne, ce qui nous a conduit à nous concentrer sur l’étude de la jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel et du Conseil d’ Etat, excluant de notre approche de la fondamentalité les jurisprudences tant de la Cour de cassation que celles des cours de droit externe. Face à l’absence de définition normative de la fondamentalité, seule l’analyse de la jurisprudence peut nous apporter des éléments de réponses sur ce que recouvre ce concept. Nous avons également fait le choix de traiter ces données jurisprudentielles sous l’angle de la détermination possible d’une stratégie du juge mais en refusant l’idée de la mise en oeuvre d’une politique jurisprudentielle sur la base la fondamentalité La complexité de cette notion réside dans le fait que la fondamentalité n’est pas uniforme, elle se décline sur une pluralité de supports normatifs, droits, libertés, principes, garanties ou règles ce qui rend la compréhension de ce concept difficile. Aussi, nous avons cherché à comprendre les points de convergences entre ces occurrences distinctes puisque toutes peuvent répondre au qualificatif « fondamental. » Notre volonté est d’étudier la réalité du droit, c’est-À-Dire déterminer à quelle réalité juridique correspond le concept de fondamentalité en droit public français. / The French legal system is very protective of freedom and it disposes of manyinstruments of protection in this area. Among these, the concept of human rights has emergedonly recently in France and there is no consensus about its definition. In the tradition ofhuman rights and civil liberties, fundamental rights appear at first glance as standards for theprotection of legal freedom and with a higher legal value. The aim of our study is tounderstand what is the meaning of this concept in French public law. To achieve this goal, wehave made several epistemological choices. Our work’s framework is deliberately restrictedto public law. It led us to focus on the study of jurisprudence of the Constitutional Counciland the Council of State. We excluded from our approach the interpretation of fundamentalrights by the Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) and by Europeans Courts. Given the lack ofnormative definition of the fundamentality, analysis of case law is the only way to getanswers about this concept. We also chose to determine if case law about fundamentalitycould be a strategic tool for the judge and not a political instrument. The complexity of thisconcept lies in the fact that the fundamentality is not uniform. It comes on a plurality ofnorms, rights, freedoms, principles, guarantees and rules which makes difficult theunderstanding of this concept. Therefore, we sought to understand the points of convergencebetween these different occurrences because all these occurences can be qualified by the word"fundamental". Our ambition is to study the reality of law, to determine what is the legalreality of the concept of fundamentality in French public law.

This study intends to explore if ¡§right to education¡¨ is guaranteed by the Constitution in our country and, furthermore, tries to construct a new theoretical framework for clarifying the function and scope of protection of ¡§right of education¡¨. This paper reviews various theories with regard to ¡§right to education¡¨ and finds a great diversity on this issue. According to the author, such a variety occurred because two characteristics of clause of fundamental rights--statutorization and openness-- have rarely been emphasized in discussing ¡§right to education¡¨. Therefore, this paper tries to develop a new theory based upon the ¡§scope of constitutional protection¡¨. The ¡§scope of constitutional protection¡¨ should accord with the scope of people¡¦s life. This concept leads to a new theory regarding interpretation method¡X¡§system¡¨ and ¡§systematic fallacy¡¨. Based upon the new theoretical framework, this paper criticizes the Judicial Yuan Interpretation No. 563 as defective in interpretational logic and interpretation method.

115 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T16:07:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final.pdf: 830763 bytes, checksum: 1518112805387bbde17a7d90415fe861 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-24T16:09:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final.pdf: 830763 bytes, checksum: 1518112805387bbde17a7d90415fe861 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-24T16:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Final.pdf: 830763 bytes, checksum: 1518112805387bbde17a7d90415fe861 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Trata-se de um trabalho de pesquisa acadêmica do tipo exploratória que tem como tema a liberdade de reunião na Constituição Federal de 1988. A partir do tema apresentado foi desenvolvida uma análise crítica e reflexiva sobre os impactos, desdobramentos e demais aspectos relevantes decorrentes do exercício da liberdade de reunião na atualidade. Nesse sentido, nos capítulos e tópicos desenvolvidos foram selecionadas as questões que mais se aproximam da temática em análise. Inicialmente a perspectiva histórica dos direitos fundamentais, e da própria liberdade de reunião foi abordada. Posteriormente, o estudo considerou a liberdade de reunião no direito estrangeiro, em especial, França, Portugal e Estados Unidos. O projeto, também, apresentou, análises importantes sobre Liberdade e Democracia, evidenciando a estreita relação existente entre estes institutos e o tema proposto. Além da base teórica e das referências bibliográficas, a pesquisa utilizou a incidência de alguns casos práticos e reais publicados em veículos de comunicação de massa. Ademais, no bojo da discussão proposta foram considerados os avanços e retrocessos no que tange a liberdade de reunião, bem como seu exercício. Enquanto os avanços podem ser verificados a partir da própria evolução desse direito ao longo da história, os retrocessos podem ser constatados a partir da análise da natureza, da modalidade, dos elementos e dos pressupostos constitucionais impostos ao exercício da liberdade de reunião, bem como dos casos práticos. O tema foi escolhido em razão da relevância atual, e consequentemente, das constantes colisões decorrentes do exercício da liberdade de reunião e demais direitos fundamentais. / Salvador

The article provides for an analysis of the legal nature of Article 30 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which declares "the right to protection against unjustified dismissal". In the focus of attention is the question, whether this right constitutes a human or a fundamental right or it is a right without the status of being fundamental or alternatively only a basic principle. The considerations are based on the legal theory of human rights and particularly social rights, as well as on the understanding of this right in the various international treaties and the constitutional traditions of the Member States. Furthermore, the article addresses the question of implementation of Article 30 in the national laws, scrutinizes the interpretation of Art. 51 Abs 1 of the Charter and highlights the deficiencies and possibilities. Also the image of this right mirrored in the European Union's law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union is examined.

This doctoral dissertation examines the European Commission’s dawn raid practices in competition cases from a fundamental rights perspective. In recent years the Commission has adopted a new and more aggressive enforcement policy, which reflects the widespread understanding that cartels and abuse of market power are harmful to the economy and should be punished. Given both the considerable gains to be made through anti-competitive practices and the cartel’s nature of secrecy, effective application of the competition rules requires that competition authorities are vested with far-reaching investigatory powers. At the same time, EU fundamental rights protection has been strengthened through the Lisbon Treaty, and the Commission now has to ensure effective application of the EU competition rules while navigating through an array of fundamental rights, such as the right of the defence and the right to privacy. The doctoral dissertation explores whether it is possible to strike a balance between the interests of ensuring effective dawn raids and adequate fundamental rights protection, or whether the Commission has been handed an impossible task. As the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights requires EU fundamental rights protection to meet or exceed the standard set by the ECHR, the research is based on case-law from both the EU Courts and the European Court of Human Rights. The research demonstrates that the European Court of Human Rights has adopted a flexible approach towards inspections at business premises; it does not require an ex ante review of inspection decisions and accepts rather intrusive investigatory measures, provided that and as long as the procedural safeguards surrounding such measures are considered adequate. This way, the court manages to strike a balance between efficiency concerns and the rights of undertakings. As for the EU system, the EU Courts are not providing judicial review to the extent required by the ECHR. While inspection decisions may be challenged, the possibilities to challenge measures taken on their basis, or have those measures suspended, are limited. This discrepancy between EU and ECHR law – which is of seemingly limited nature – may affect the legitimacy of the entire dawn raid procedure as the granting of far-reaching investigatory powers must be counterbalanced by effective judicial control to ensure that measures adopted by the Commission are neither disproportionate nor arbitrary. Absent an effective judicial control of measures taken on the basis of inspection decisions, the procedural safeguards surrounding dawn raids cannot be considered adequate, and it is possible that the powers of the Commission may need to be restricted accordingly. The research also demonstrates that some of the limitations in the legal professional privilege – such as the exclusion of correspondence with non-EU lawyers or legal advice that lacks connection with the subject-matter of the investigation – do not serve the interests of a proper administration of justice and may therefore be questioned.

[pt] O Brasil possui uma vasta legislação que trata de direitos fundamentais, principalmente a partir da promulgação da Constituição Federal, em outubro de 1988. A Lei Maior, depois de um longo período de exceção, garantiu uma gama enorme de direitos individuais e coletivos, e isto foi da mais valiosa importância, pois possibilitou direitos e não favores. Mas esta normatização não alcança a efetividade que se espera de uma legislação. Existe um vazio, um profundo abismo entre esta normatização, fruto das lutas históricas e constantes da sociedade civil organizada e a sua efetividade. Tento pensar e apontar caminhos que podem ser as causas deste distanciamento, deste vazio que existe entre normatização e efetivação. Da mesma forma que Direitos Humanos são uma construção humana, assim esta conquista de sua efetivação também vai ser fruto de uma construção, forjada nas lutas do povo organizado e sedento de garantia de seus direitos. / [en] Brazil has a vast legislation that treats fundamental rights, principally from the promulgation of the Federal Constitution, in October 1988. After a long period of exception, the Constitution guaranteed a large number of individual and collective rights, and this fact was of great importance, because it allowed of rights and not favors. But these rules do not reach the effectiveness expected of a law. There is a vacuum, a deep abyss between these rules, the result of historical and constant struggles of the organized civil society, and their effectiveness. I try to think about and to point to the possible causes of this distance, of this emptiness that exists between the rules and their effectiveness. In the same way that human rights are a human construction, the achievement of their effectiveness will also be the result of a construction, forged in the struggles of the organized people in search of the guarantee of their rights.

Fundamental rights in tax case law of the Constitutional Court Abstract The thesis deals with the case law of the Czech Constitutional Court where the reason for the judicial review was a claimed infringement of a fundamental right or legal principle. The first part gives a brief description of the background, defining the theoretical and constitutional basis for judicial review of tax regulations and decisions, the relevant fundamental rights, and the methods and standards of review applied by the Constitutional Court, in general and tax case law. The core of the thesis is then an analysis of selected tax cases and Constitutional Court decisions. For each case there is a brief background outlining the circumstances under which a particular law was passed, followed by the analysis itself, and finally a summary of each case in terms of the rights or principles claimed / found to have been infringed and the methods and standards of review applied by the Constitutional Court. The results of the analyses are then summarised and compared against the general points of reference; then common elements of the cases and decisions are identified. The conclusion of the thesis is that in the cases analysed, the legal regulation in question had not been carefully enough examined from the perspective of its impact on...

O presente estudo tem por objeto a possibilidade de reconhecimento do vínculo laboral para o trabalho da prostituta, sendo sufragada a tese de que o objeto contratual, na prestação de serviços sexuais, é lícito e, por conseguinte, há a possibilidade, se presentes a onerosidade, permanência, pessoalidade e subordinação, de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício para o trabalho da prostituta. A tese, portanto, é de que a prostituta faz jus ao pagamento de todas as verbas trabalhistas previstas na legislação laboral, tais como décimo terceiro salário, férias acrescidas de um terço, horas extraordinárias, adicional noturno, Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço, dentre tantos outros direitos, como qualquer outro trabalhador subordinado. Além disto, será ainda destinatária de políticas públicas que visem assegurar um meio ambiente de trabalho hígido e seguro, devendo ser observadas as Normas Regulamentadoras expedidas pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego, bem como outras normas de medicina, saúde e segurança do trabalho que vierem a ser editadas. Conquanto o presente trabalho se refira em inúmeras oportunidades apenas às prostitutas, utilizando o substantivo no feminino, em verdade são abrangidos os exercentes da atividade de ambos os sexos, sem qualquer distinção, desde que exerçam a profissão voluntariamente e sejam maiores de dezoito anos. As metodologias utilizadas, precipuamente, foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental. A pesquisa bibliográfica envolveu a busca de livros, monografias, teses, dissertações, artigos pulicados em revistas especializadas, jornais e revistas, e teve a precaução de incluir os fundamentos das vertentes contrárias, em busca dos alicerces para firmar o novo entendimento sobre o tema, especialmente quanto à possibilidade de reconhecimento do vínculo empregatício para o trabalho da prostituta. / This research is about the possibility of recognizing the employment bond for prostitutes labor, after covering the theory that defends the contractual object, on provision of sexual services, is lawful and if exists burden, permanence, personality and subordination, the employment bond of prostitutes can be recognized. This theory says that prostitute is entitled to be paid for all the payroll amounts provided on labor legislation as extra month salary, holiday plus a third, overtime, additional nightly working time, Time of Service Guarantee Fund (FGTS), between other rights that any other subordinate employee has. Furthermore, public policies aimed at ensuring a working environment healthy and with insurance (Regulatory Standards issued by the Ministry of Labor and Employment should be observed, as well as other rules of medicine, health and safety that may be published) will be addressed to this employment bond. Although this work refers the word prostitute in a female way, in fact it refers both sexes without distinction, as far as they are engaged in that occupation voluntarily and are over 18 (eighteen) years. The methodologies used on this paper are literature and documentary research. The literature review involved a search of books, monographs, theses, dissertations, articles published in professional journals, newspapers and magazines. This work has been made with care and including the fundamentals of contrary theories, looking for the foundations to start a new view of the subject, especially regarding recognition of the mentioned employment bond of prostitutes.