[pt] Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral investigar a interdependência emocional conjugal durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, na qual foram entrevistados 2 homens e 4 mulheres, todos cisgêneros, heterossexuais, casados, coabitando e sem filhos. Foi utilizado o método de análise de conteúdo em sua vertente categorial-temática. Emergiram cinco categorias principais e uma subcategoria: repercussões do confinamento na conjugalidade; desamparo durante a pandemia; proximidade física e intimidade emocional no casal; interdependência e dependência emocional; e acolhimento emocional na pandemia. A categoria repercussões do confinamento na conjugalidade foi desdobrada nas subcategorias mudanças no humor e comportamentais e desafios conjugais no confinamento. Constatou-se que a busca por suporte emocional no cônjuge e a interdependência emocional entre os membros do casal foram intensificadas em razão do desamparo causado pela pandemia da COVID-19. Observou-se que o confinamento levou a desafios e transformações na vida conjugal, tendo sido observado um aumento nos conflitos, restrição da individualidade e impactos na vida sexual dos casais. Para além disso, nota-se que a intimidade emocional entre os cônjuges aumentou, o que consequentemente proporcionou um aumento da satisfação e o fortalecimento do vínculo conjugal. / [en] This research aimed to investigate marital emotional interdependence during the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative research was carried out, in which two men and four women, all cisgender, heterosexual, married, cohabiting and childless, were interviewed. The content analysis method was used in its categorical-thematic approach. Five main categories and one subcategory emerged: repercussions of confinement on conjugality; helplessness during the pandemic; physical closeness and emotional intimacy in the couple; interdependence and emotional dependence; and emotional support in the pandemic. The category repercussions of confinement on conjugality was further divided in the subcategories changes in mood and behavior and marital challenges in confinement. It was found that the search for intimate emotional support and that the emotional interdependence between the members of the couple were intensified due to the helplessness caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It was observed that confinement led to challenges and transformations in marital life, with an increase in conflicts, restriction of individuality and impacts on the couples sexual life being observed. Furthermore, it is noted that the emotional intimacy between the partners increased, which consequently provided an increase in satisfaction and the strenghtening of the marital bond.

The purpose of this integrated review of literature was to explore the relationship between and among females in abusive relationships, self-esteem, and positive self-talk. Various models are discussed that provide possible explanations in the understanding of the complex social and psychological nature of cyclic abuse. These models are: learned helplessness, psychological entrapment, self-verification theory, and feminist theory. It is suggested that positive self-talk statements used by the female survivor as a basis for cognitive restructuring can act as a self-esteem building technique, thus promoting healthier cognitions over time. Furthermore, it is argued that self-esteem enhancement can assist females in developing strengths necessary to abandon abusive relationships. In summary, a review of the literature suggests that self-esteem is an important construct in understanding how individuals evaluate and ultimately determine their own sense of competency, self-worth, and success.

Vitiligo is an idiopathic, non-contagious and often familial depigmentation disorder affecting both sexes equally. The mostly progressive and patchy loss of the inherited skin colour is not only a cosmetical problem, it has a profound impact on the patient¿s well-being. Stigmatisation and rejection often causes depression, self-consciousness, sexual problems and an impaired quality of life. To further substantiate earlier investigations and to introduce new aspects, we utilised the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Adjustment to Chronic Skin Disorders Questionnaire (ACS) with its sub-scales on Social anxiety / avoidance, Helplessness and Anxious-depressive Mood in 422 patients and 55 healthy controls. We also included 103 children, their parents and 18 controls by using the Children¿s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) and an adapted version of the ACS. We found that patients with vitiligo experience high levels of stigmatisation. They have an impaired quality of life and are more socially anxious / avoidant, helpless and (anxious-) depressive compared to healthy controls. The results correlate with disease severity, avoidant behaviour / hiding of vitiligo and the belief that psychological stress influences the disease. Female patients are generally more affected. Treatment with pseudocatalase PC-KUS improves quality of life and reduces anxious-depressive mood. Children also suffer from stigmatisation and an impaired quality of life. Parents are more socially anxious and helpless compared to the control group. / German Vitiligo Association (Deutscher Vitiligo Verein)

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Les études sur modèle animal sont essentielles pour l'élaboration de nouveaux antidépresseurs, à la compréhension de leurs mécanismes d'action et aux mécanismes de la physiopathologie de la dépression. Des facteurs génétiques jouent un rôle important dans l'étiologie des troubles de l'humeur. Notre équipe de recherche a créé un modèle basé sur la reproduction dirigée de souris présentant un trait comportemental relatif à la symptomatologie dépressive en se basant sur les performances obtenues dans l'épreuve de suspension par la queue, obtenant ainsi une lignée résignée et une lignée non résignée . Au cours de ces travaux, nous avons validé un protocole de résignation apprise (RA) chez la souris CD1. Cette épreuve consiste en i) une période de conditionnement, ii) une période de test. Il a été montré que 4 périodes de conditionnement avec des chocs à 0,3 mA sont nécessaires à l'obtention d'une résignation. Un second protocole de RA, sur 3 semaines, a également été validé chez la souris CD1 consistant en 4 périodes de conditionnement suivies de tests à J5, J10, J15 et J20. L'introduction d'un « rappel » de choc en J8 a permis d'entretenir la résignation jusqu'en J20 contrairement à un protocole identique sans rappel. Ce nouveau protocole s'avère être particulièrement adapté pour étudier les effets de traitements chroniques. Deux autres modèles animaux de dépression (issues de 8 souches de souris différentes) ont été également crées dans le laboratoire sur la base de performances dans l'épreuve de suspension par la queue (TST) ou l'épreuve de nage forcée (FST). Les résultats révèlent que les modèles issus de 8 souches criblés au TST ou au FST présentent des caractéristiques neurochimiques différentes, qui en plus d'un comportement différent dans l'épreuve de résignation apprise, confirment que ceux sont bien deux modèles animaux distincts / Studies on animal models are essential to the development of new antidepressants, to the understanding of their mechanisms of action and to the mechanisms underlying depressive disorders. Genetics factors play an important role in the etiology of mood disorders. Our research team elaborated a model based on the selective breeding of mice displaying a behavioural trait of the depression symptomatology. On the basis of the behaviour in the TST, two strains of mice with “helpless” or “non helpless” phenotype were developed. During this work, we validated a learned helplessness protocol in CD1 mice. This paradigm consists in i) a conditioning period. ii) an escape test. It has been found that 4 conditioning periods with 0.3 mA shocks were necessary to induce helplessness. A second learned helplessness protocol was developed in CD1 mice, consisting in 4 conditioning periods followed by escape test in D5, D10, D15 and D20. A “shock reminder” at D8 allowed to maintain helplessness up to D20. This new protocol is particularly appropriate for investigating effects of chronic treatments. The selective breeding lines (from 8 strains of mice) were based on their performance in either the tail suspension test or the forced swimmed test. The results confirmed that lines models (bred from 8 lines) have not only behavioural differences but also display different biochemical characteristics

Student Number : 7820500 - MA research report - School of Psychology - Faculty of Humanities / Internationally, suicide is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults, and South African data suggest that suicide is a serious problem that is increasingly affecting the Black population and young men in particular. This study aimed firstly to investigate the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among young adults, and, in a sample of 85 young people (aged 19-30), one in seven had previously attempted suicide, and almost one in three had recently thought about killing themselves. Sociological research has shown that religion has a predominantly protective effect with regard to suicide, however psychological research, while providing evidence for a similar relationship, has also shown that religious strain may contribute to suicidality. This study sought to establish whether a relationship exists between suicidal ideation (and positive ideation), and various indicators of religiosity. Unexpectedly, given the research trends, suicidal ideation was significantly positively associated with self-reported religious salience (r = .297, p = .006), and with the collaborative/deferring religious coping style (r = .301, p = .005), characterized by higher levels of religiosity. Suicidal ideation was significantly negatively associated with the self-directing style (r = -.331, p = .002), favoured by less religious participants. Positive ideation was unrelated to religious salience, participation, and both religious coping approaches. Various explanations were proposed for these results. Cognition is a central pathway for suicidality, and insecure religious attachment, when triggered by stressors, may set in motion a cognitive process involving negative religious attributions and harmful religious coping strategies – typical symptoms of religious strain which has been associated with suicidal behaviour. Maladaptive religious beliefs and behaviours may also have a negative impact on depression, hopelessness and helplessness, all vulnerability factors for suicidal behaviour in young people. It is also possible that, when faced by life challenges that exceed coping capacity, individuals may be more likely to turn to God, while simultaneously experiencing hopelessness, depression and suicidal ideation. Finally, the gender skew in the sample may have resulted in the high levels of suicidal behaviour and religiosity, and the positive relationship between them. Vulnerability to suicidal behaviour in young adults is a multifaceted problem, and religion, itself a multidimensional concept, is one of many factors that may provide protection against or contribute to suicidal behaviour. In order to understand the complex problem of vulnerability to suicidal behaviour in young adults, there is a need for further multivariate research.

A proposta geral deste estudo é examinar como o referencial psicanalítico freudiano poderia colaborar na abordagem do fenômeno da precarização do trabalho, investigando os modos de subjetivação presentes na contemporaneidade. Procuramos estabelecer um diálogo na interface psicanálise, saúde e trabalho, a partir da observação psicanalítica de um caso investigado na Vigilância em Saúde do Trabalhador do Município de São Paulo, dispondo de dispositivos de análise da articulação sujeito e sociedade e recuperando o fundamento do método psicanalítico na sua dimensão de extensão. A análise da organização do processo produtivo, no caso estudado, demonstrou que o trabalhador é submetido a uma condição de trabalho precarizada com exposições múltiplas que podem levá-lo a perda da saúde e morte precoce. A situação encontrada na empresa foi remetida ao conceito de cadeia produtiva que, sob a lente psicanalítica, revelaria uma montagem perversa, marcada pelo viés da servidão e sustentada por uma modalidade de manipulação do poder na contemporaneidade. A partir da idéia freudiana desenvolvida em O mal-estar na civilização (1930), segundo a qual o trabalho é um dos instrumentos que o homem criou para lidar com o seu desamparo (Hilflosigkeit) e viver em sociedade, foi possível articular precarização do trabalho, desamparo e servidão / The general propose of this study is to examine how the Freudian psychoanalytical approach could collaborate in the addressing the phenomenon of precariousness of the labor, investigating the contemporary ways of subjectivity construction. We seek a dialogue in psychoanalysis interface, health and work, from a psychoanalytic observation of a case investigated in the Workers Health Surveillance (VST-COVISA) of the city São Paulo, devices featuring analysis of the joint subject and society, and recovering the foundation of the psychoanalytic in dimension extension. The analysis of the organization of the production process, in the case studied, showed that the worker subjected to a precarious working condition with multiple exposures can have a loss in health and an early death. The situation faced in the company was referred to the concept of supply chain that, under the psychoanalytical lens, would reveal a perverse assembly, marked by the bias of bondage and sustained by a kind of manipulation of power in the contemporary society. From the Freudian idea developed in The civilization and its discontents (1930) whereby the work is one of the tools that the man has created to deal with his helplessness (Hilflosigkeit), it was possible to articulate precariousness of the labor, servitude and helplessness

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Henrique Santos da Silva.pdf: 832548 bytes, checksum: 03094bcd7f2ef9a4031d5d74a5282e2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Based on Seligman & Maier´s (1967) experiment related to learned helplessness indicating that exposition to response independent shocks may produce learning disabilities of an operant response, several authors have concerned to produce same effects in appetitive context and they have presented results indicating interference on operant acquisition (Engberg et al., 1972; Welker, 1976; Oakes et al., 1982 & Job, 1988) or results which do not support interference on operant acquisition (Schwartz et al., 1974; Wheatley et al., 1977 & Beatty & Maki, 1979). The suggestion of the present experiment is that response cost required from operant may be a relevant variable to produce interference on responding after a non contingent appetitive stimuli exposition. Eighteen male Wistar rats were allocated in six different conditions: Contingent CRF (CCRF), Contingent FR (CFR), Non Contingent CRF (NCCRF), Non Contingent FR (NCFR), Control CRF (CTCRF) and Control FR (CTFR). In first phase, subjects in Contingent conditions could produce reinforcers (water) through nose poke response while subjects in Non Contingent conditions were yoked with Contingent subjects and appetitive stimuli were delivered independently of responding and subjects in Control conditions were not exposed. In second phase, all rats in CRF conditions could produce reinforcers through barpressing response reinforced on a continuous reinforcement and rats in FR conditions through the same response reinforced on FR 3. Data suggest subjects exposed to non contingent appetitive stimuli that required more time to task completion in Phase 2 (100 reinforcer acquisitions) indicated more marked interference when FR 3 was utilized instead CRF. Furthermore, interference was identified on Phase 2 in subjects who showed accidentally reinforced variability in Phase 1 unlike subjects who presented stereotypy on responding. Results are discussed based on temporal contiguity among non contingent events, interference / response competition, and aversive / appetitive context differences / A partir do estudo de Seligman e Maier (1967) em relação ao desamparo aprendido , que indicou que a exposição a choques independentes do responder podem produzir dificuldades de aprendizagem de uma resposta operante, autores têm se preocupado em produzir os mesmos efeitos no contexto apetitivo e têm mostrado resultados que apontam interferência no responder na aquisição de resposta operante (Engberg et al., 1972; Welker, 1976; Oakes et al., 1982 & Job, 1988) ou resultados que contradizem o efeito (Schwartz et al., 1974; Wheatley et al., 1977 & Beatty & Maki, 1979). A sugestão do presente experimento é que o custo da resposta exigido da resposta operante pode ser uma variável relevante para a produção de interferência no responder após exposição a estímulos apetitivos não contingentes. Dezoito ratos Wistar machos foram alocados em seis diferentes condições: Contingente CRF (CCRF), Contingente FR (CFR), Não Contingente CRF (NCCRF), Não Contingente FR (NCFR), Controle CRF (CTCRF) e Controle FR (CTFR). Na primeira fase, os sujeitos de condições contingentes poderiam produzir água por meio da resposta de focinhar, os sujeitos de condições não contingentes estavam acoplados aos contingentes e recebiam os estímulos independentes do responder e os sujeitos das condições controle não foram expostos. Na segunda fase, todos os sujeitos das condições CRF poderiam produzir o reforçador por meio da resposta de pressão à barra reforçada em CRF e os sujeitos de condições FR por meio da mesma resposta reforçada em FR 3. Os dados sugerem que os sujeitos expostos a estímulos apetitivos não contingentes que precisaram de mais tempo para completar a tarefa na Fase 2 (aquisição de 100 reforçadores) apresentaram interferência mais acentuada quando a resposta foi reforçada em FR 3 do que quando a resposta foi reforçada em CRF. Além disso, interferência foi identificada na Fase 2 nos sujeitos que mais apresentaram variabilidade de respostas acidentalmente reforçadas na Fase 1, mas não nos sujeitos que mostraram padrões estereotipados no responder. Os resultados são discutidos com base na contiguidade temporal entre eventos não contingentes, interferência / competição de respostas e diferenças entre contexto aversivo e apetitivo

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karine Amaral Magalhaes.pdf: 791740 bytes, checksum: ee5e2d1ffab557039d81d02cd3ead174 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study attempted to produce learned helplessness with humans subjects exposed to controllable and to incontrollable events. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of a procedure similar to one used by Hatfield & Job (1998) on the production of learned helplessness. In this procedure, differently from the most common used on the distribution of the aversive stimuli for the yoked group, the order of the stimuli (strident sounds) presentation was randomized with the intent of preventing concentration of stimuli with a certain characteristic (short duration) at some specific moments of training. Experiment 2 tried to investigate the effects of requesting verbal reports about the working contingencies during some trials of the training on learned helplessness. Experiment 1 had 28 participants, distributed into 3 groups: Contingent (9 participants), Yoked (9 participants), and Control (10 participants). During training, pressing F1 3 times eliminated the sound for the Contingent group; during test, pressing 3 times one of the 3 rectangles (the one on the left) presented on a computer keyboard eliminated the sound. For the Yoked group, during training none of the available responses could eliminate the sound, and during test pressing 3 times the left rectangle could eliminate the sound. Control group was submitted only to test and the response that eliminated the sound was the same as for the other groups during test. In Experiment 1, during training, sounds were presented 40 times for each participant and during test another 40 times. Experiment 2 had 20 participants distributed into two groups: Contingent Verbal Report (10 participants) and Yoked Verbal Report (10 participants). The procedure for these two groups was the same as for Contingent and Yoked groups in Experiment 1, except that for 8 trials during training participants were asked to give verbal reports describing the working contingencies. Results of Experiment 1 show that the procedure used with the Yoked group of changing the order of sounds duration prevented concentration of short duration sounds in the final trials of training and also prevented superstitious behavior. In relation to learned helplessness, although more participants in Yoked group than in Contingent and Control groups learned the requested response to eliminate the sound, learned helplessness in its sharpest mode (not learning) was observed in one participant performance, and in its moderate mode (learning difficulty) was observed in two participant performance. Notwithstanding, the Yoked group did not statistically differ from Contingent and Control groups. Experiment 2 replicated results of Experiment 1 in relation to Yoked Verbal Report group s procedure. In relation to learned helplessness, again results resemble Experiment 1 s in that although more participants in the Yoked Verbal Report group than in Contingent Verbal Report group learned the required response, learned helplessness was observed in two participants in its most sharpened mode, and in other two participants performance in its moderate mode. For both Yoked groups in total, seven participants presented learned helplessness in some way, and for 12 participants (63% of total number of participants exposed to uncontrollable aversive stimulus) no prejudice of learning was observed. Therefore, none of the two experiments produced learned helplessness with humans and statistical analysis confirm this result. In relation to verbal reports, 60% of the participants in each group reported the planned contingency at some moment. For four out of five participants in the Yoked Verbal Report group that described the planned contingency, that is, uncontrollability, learned helplessness was in some mode observed / O presente trabalho foi uma tentativa de produzir desamparo aprendido com sujeitos humanos e, também, de proporcionar uma descrição acurada das contingências em vigor para os grupos submetidos tanto à controlabilidade quanto à incontrolabilidade. Para tanto, dois experimentos foram realizados. No primeiro experimento, o objetivo foi: investigar os efeitos de procedimento similar ao utilizado por Hatfield & Job (1998) na produção de desamparo aprendido. Nesse procedimento, diferentemente do procedimento mais comum utilizado para a distribuição dos estímulos aversivos no grupo acoplado, a ordem de apresentação desses estímulos (no caso, sons estridentes) foi randomizada, a fim de impedir a concentração de estímulos com determinadas características (no caso, sons de curta duração) em determinados momentos do treino. No segundo experimento, além desse mesmo objetivo, pretendeu-se verificar quais os efeitos de solicitações de relato verbal sobre as contingências em vigor, realizadas em algumas tentativas, ao longo da fase de treino, na produção de desamparo aprendido. Participaram do primeiro experimento 28 participantes distribuídos em três grupos: Contingente (9 participantes), Acoplado (9 participantes) e Controle (10 participantes). Para os participantes do grupo Contingente a resposta de teclar F1 três vezes interrompia o som na fase de treino; já no teste, a resposta de clicar, também três vezes, sobre um de três retângulos (o da esquerda) apresentados na tela do computador interrompia o som. Para os participantes do grupo Acoplado, nenhuma resposta nas teclas disponíveis interrompia o som na fase de treino, já no teste a mesma resposta requerida para os participantes do grupo Contingente foi requisitada. Os participantes do grupo Controle somente foram submetidos à fase de teste, na qual a mesma resposta requerida para os grupos Contingente e Acoplado foi requisitada. Em ambas as fases, quarenta sons foram apresentados aos participantes deste experimento. No segundo experimento, 20 participantes foram distribuídos em dois grupos: Contingente Relato Verbal (10 participantes) e Acoplado Relato Verbal (10 participantes). O procedimento para os participantes destes dois grupos foi igual ao dos participantes do grupo Contingente e Acoplado do Experimento 1, exceto que, em oito tentativas ao longo da fase de treino, era solicitado que o participante descrevesse a contingência em vigor. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento mostraram que, o procedimento de mudança na ordem das durações do som adotado para os participantes do grupo Acoplado impediu a concentração de sons de curta duração nas tentativas finais do treino e a produção de comportamento supersticioso. Em relação ao desamparo aprendido, apesar de mais participantes do grupo Acoplado terem aprendido as respostas requeridas, quando comparados com os participantes dos outros dois grupos, o desamparo aprendido pôde ser observado, no seu grau mais acentuado (não aprendizagem) em um participante e, em um grau menos acentuado (dificuldade de aprendizagem) no responder de dois participantes. Todavia, considerando as análises estatísticas realizadas, o grupo Acoplado não diferiu significativamente dos outros dois grupos. No segundo experimento, em relação ao procedimento empregado para o grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal, os mesmos resultados obtidos no Experimento 1, com o grupo Acoplado, foram observados no grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal. Em relação ao desamparo aprendido, mais uma vez, os resultados obtidos no segundo experimento mostraram-se muito semelhantes aos resultados obtidos no Experimento 1. Neste segundo experimento, apesar de mais participantes do grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal terem aprendido as respostas requeridas, o desamparo aprendido foi observado, em seu maior grau, no responder de dois participantes desse grupo e, em seu grau menos drástico em dois participantes. Em suma, apenas sete participantes dos dois grupos Acoplados apresentaram desamparo aprendido em algum grau. Porém, 12 participantes, o que corresponde a mais de 63% dos sujeitos expostos aos estímulos aversivos incontroláveis não tiveram o desempenho prejudicado em função dessa exposição. Dessa maneira, o presente estudo não produziu o desamparo aprendido com humanos e, as análises estatísticas realizadas confirmam essa conclusão. Quanto à solicitação dos relatos verbais, nota-se que mais de 50% dos participantes de cada um dos dois grupos relatou a contingência planejada em alguma oportunidade. Observou-se, também, que dos cinco participantes do grupo Acoplado Relato Verbal que descreveram a contingência planejada para a fase de treino, ou seja, a incontrolabilidade, quatro desses participantes apresentaram o desamparo aprendido em algum grau