Orientador: Agnaldo de Sousa Barbosa / Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como o processo de informalidade urbana e segregação socioespacial impacta nas condições de vida dos moradores do assentamento informal do Bairro Jardim Niceia, no município de Bauru. Para cumprir esse propósito, as técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram observação participante como voluntária do projeto Voz do Niceia e membro das oficinas socioterritoriais do CRAS Jardim Europa; pesquisa documental referente aos 205 cadastros com dados socioeconômicos dos moradores do Jardim Niceia, realizados pela SEPLAN; informações oficiais com o poder público mediante solicitações de informações sobre o atendimento das famílias nas diferentes políticas públicas; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias beneficiárias do BPC. A pesquisa está amparada no método de análise da ciência reflexiva, operacionalizada pelo estudo de caso ampliado. A partir da observação participante é possível considerar que para que os serviços públicos alcancem os cidadãos, é preciso buscar alternativas, pois as ofertadas hoje não atendem às necessidades das famílias. O perfil das famílias aponta para baixa escolaridade; maioria com mulheres como chefe de família; trabalhos menos remunerados e desemprego; e casal com filhos. Quanto ao acesso aos serviços públicos, o de saúde foi o único tangível a todas as entrevistadas, ainda que de difícil acesso. Quanto à situação de informalidade urbana, o impacto para a maioria das entrevistadas é a insegurança da posse, de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research has the goal of understanding how the process of urban informality and socio-spatial segregation affects the life condition of the residents of the informal settlement Bairro Jardim Niceia in the city of Bauru, Brazil. To fulfill that purpose, the research techniques used were: participant observation as a volunteer of the project Voz do Niceia and member of the socio-territorial workshops of the CRAS Jardim Europa; documentary research regarding the 205 registers containing socioeconomic data from the Jardim Niceia residents, performed by SEPLAN; official information from public power upon request for information on services given to the families in different public policies; and semi-structured interviews with the families that benefit from the BPC. The research is based on the reflective science analysis method, operationalized by the expanded case study. From the participant observation, it is possible to consider that in order for the public services to reach the citizens, it is necessary to find alternatives, since the ones offered today do not meet the families' needs. The family profile indicates low education levels; most have women as householders; low-paying jobs and unemployment; and couples with children. As for access to public services, healthcare was the only one accessible to all the interviewed, even if hard to access. As for the urban informality situation, the impact for the majority of the interviewed is the insecurity of ownership, since th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The study examines the experiences of street hawkers and contributes to the current but less represented debate on hawkers’ ways of appropriating the urban space through space modification and codification that serve greatly their capitalist purposes and how those daily activities influence their sense of belonging to the urban public space. The hawkers in the study area; La- Nkwantanang-Madina Area, Ghana show some social concerns in their informal day-to-day street activities that account for some of the relocation issues that render the repressive measures of city authorities futile. In understanding the space appropriation and sense of belonging from the hawker’s perspective, the study introduces the concept of “right to the city” for which the purpose of this study conceptualizes it as “the right to the street” so it can better attend to the experiences of place and sense of belonging by the hawkers, the informality concept and the urban citizenship. The study uses qualitative approach which included methods; participant observation, in-depth interviews and Focus group discussion to help unearth some of the issues that contribute to the debate. The research finds that although the space contestations between the street hawkers and city officials still lingers on, the hawkers are able to successfully reproduce their belonging to the urban streets through exchange value of space and the diversification of urban streets which forms part of the urban fabric without dominating the streets to obstruct the use value for other urban dwellers.

Metro Manila, Philippines is one of the densest and fastest growing metropolitan regions in the world, of which informal urbanization is a significant contributor. This rapid informal urbanization is a dynamic yet uncoordinated force shaping the city-region, in conflict with the vision of a modern, globally-competitive city-region painted in formal planning instruments. Despite manifold efforts, urban planning and housing mechanisms have been unable to adequately address the issue of informal settlements in the metropolis. In this degree project, I investigate how formal planning policy and housing governance practices in Metro Manila can better engage with urban informality towards sustainable and just urban development.While informality is a complex phenomenon that still eludes definition, theories suggest that it is a mode of urbanization that works between the gaps of formality in the production of the city. As they are recreated through the same structural conditions, it is possible to use informality as a lens to critically analyze urban formality and the direction of urban development. Building on this, I examine the generative context, social construction, and interactions of structure and human agency that shape formal and informal urbanization in Metro Manila through interviews and document review.Through this study, I propose three points to consider in the urban development of Metro Manila. First, I posit that urban planning based on land use regulation cannot enhance spatial justice when property is inaccessible to the urban poor. In a market-led property setting, land use planning becomes an instrument for gentrification. Second, I problematize the concept of property ownership being the basis of ‘formality’ in Philippine policy and consequently the perceived solution to the issues of informal settlements. Reconsidering informality as a way of claiming the right to the city, I argue that spatial justice entails addressing access to housing tenure, employment, welfare and social networks rather than ‘formalizing the informal’. Finally, I question the ability of current processes of democratic governance in securing the common good within a context of unequal power relations. Instead, I propose that political will should be constructed from the grassroots to redefine the desired direction of urban development.

City managers and planners in the global South, particularly in African cities are confronted with an unprecedented urbanisation fraught with complexities such as urban sprawl, jobless growth, and informality. Urban planning practice in Ghana has retained colonial legacies that outlaw informality, be it economic, such as, street trading or housing, such as, slums. This has led to the marginalisation of the urban poor, who make up the majority of urban dwellers. Consequently, the masses invent ways to survive in the city and thus reshape the materiality of urban spaces. Most planners and state officials consider the activities of street vendors as a nuisance that mar the beauty of our cities. For this reason, 24% of the Ghanaian labour force who work on the streets are targets of misaligned and officious controls that include but are not limited to evictions. However, when evicted, most generally return to the streets. Building on existing work on urban planning in the global South and feeding into Southern urban theory, the research focuses explicitly on the Accra Mall Enclave (AME) as a microcosm of African cities. It explores how various players – planners/vendors/politicians – interact and navigate the dynamics of daily experiences. The research asks, how are planners navigating the tensions between planning regulations and the reality of street trading around the Accra Mall Enclave (AME)? What are street traders' logics, strategies, and experiences? How are vendors negotiating their interactions with state actors such as police, planners, city guards, toll collectors, etc.? The questions were answered through qualitative research methods; field observations, interviews, and a review of planning regulations and policies. The results of the study contribute to our understanding of how cities are being built in Africa, particularly Accra, Ghana. As a case study, the focus on the AME assisted in exposing the role of planners in this mode of urbanisation, while also uncovering meaning associated with space and place. Findings show that the state is reluctantly, if not unwillingly, coming to terms with vending within the AME. This could however change quickly if politics change, so still precarious. There are no viable alternatives to relocation, and vendors have established significant relationships and tactics that somehow entrench their position howbeit insecure. Besides all these, state officials, when acting in their individual capacity side with the vending profession because the state has not created jobs. Despite this personal understanding, the system, specifically state bureaucracy, generates obstacles, and as a result existing state structures frustrate the planning practice. This is complicated further by politics. Hence, planners themselves feel helpless, marginalised, and trapped. Further, spatial plans do not adequately provide access to the land needed by informal sector actors. The state resorts to occasional evictions when there is an adequate budget for this action. Imaginations of world class cityness dominate perceptions of the space. This is a candid depiction of the do-nothing scenario – the active contribution of the state in the creation of informality within the AME and the city of Accra, Ghana.

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Official planning documents and strategies often look at cities from above neglecting people’s experiences and practices. Meanwhile cities as meaningful places are constructed though citizens’ practices, memories and ties with their surroundings. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to discover people’s bonds with their urban allotment gardens – dachas – in the Russian city of Kaliningrad and to explore the significance of these bonds for city development. The phenomenon of the dacha has a long history in Russia. Similar to urban allotment gardens in other countries, dachas are an essential part of the city landscape in many post-socialist countries but differ by their large scale. Recent decades have brought diversity into the urban dacha areas of Russia and express a shift away from their primary function of recreational horticulture towards a greater variety in usage, including housing. Due to multiple legal frameworks these areas have become special enclaves with haphazard development, inadequate levels of infrastructure and low quality of self-build houses. Urban dachas can be examined as an example of both post-socialist suburbanization and informal settlement. In this thesis the concept of place attachment, derived from the works of human geographers and environmental psychologists, is used as both the theoretical and methodological lens to look at people-place relations in urban dacha areas. The empirical evidence for this study was gathered through interviews and observations in Kaliningrad where urban dachas comprise 11% of the city’s territory. To capture the different aspects of place attachment in these areas the data was categorised according to common themes.The findings of this study show the complexity of the bonds between people and their urban allotment gardens. Despite all the hardships, these places provide their residents an opportunity for independence and self-realization. The respondents demonstrated an energy and aspiration to achieve increased well-being for themselves and their families, however the lack of resources and institutions hinders the development of place attachment in urban dacha areas. The identified features of people’s bonds with their dachas should not only be preconditions for urban planning but also an integral part of the planning and development process. This study also tests the application of the concept of place attachment for urban studies.

Nairobi, one of Africa's fastest developing urban centers, is home to many business organizations contributing to Kenya's economic and social development. A country is rapidly experiencing an economic shift; Kenya heavily relies on the informal economic sector, with small and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) being the most significant sector contributing to economic development. Like in many African nations, it has been shown that women are the most significant players in the urban informal sector, where they trade in different goods and services either as owners, managers, or employees. As such, they are the largest workforce that contributes to the country's economic growth. Facilitating women’s entrepreneurship means improving the sector, enhancing growth, and reducing poverty. This research aimed to determine the roles informal urban market structures play in facilitating women's entrepreneurship in Nairobi. Using a case study of the city and a systematic review of literature, the research finds that informal market structures play multiple roles that encourage and facilitate women to be involved in the informal market and contribute to the fight against poverty in the country.

Yes / The academic literature widely acknowledges changes and variation in the practices of small firms but only a small amount of empirical work has explored the processes through which HRM practices undergo change. Research has tended, instead, to examine the presence and effectiveness of HRM in small firms and has often viewed this in terms of a deficit model relating such practices to an understanding of HRM derived from larger firms. This chapter focuses on the recruitment and selection and staff payment practices in use in three small services firms to explore the everyday, ongoing detail of their HRM processes and practices. Identifying the different processes through which recruitment and selection and staff payment practices changed in the participant firms provides a base for discussing persistent forms of informality and the lack of stability that reflects the everyday realities of the firms, not only in contrast to their formalized policies but in engagement with them. This chapter advances understanding of selected HRM practices in small services firms after periods of formalization and adoption of HRM policies and practices. The chapter also discusses how developing knowledge of small firms’ HRM practices in this way has implications for researchers and practitioners.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MONICA DAMOUS DUAILIBE.pdf: 759187 bytes, checksum: 71eff885f72709de471abf76b62b66f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / This dissertation presents a study on labor inspection carried out by the Ministry of Labor and Employment to reduce the level of informal employment in Brazil, focusing on the case of state of Maranhão in the present time. Specialized literature on formation and structuration of Brazilian´s labor market between the thirties and the nineties is reviewed, focusing on the following aspects: state intervention for the purpose of regulation of workplace relations, evolution of remuneratory patterns, impact of paid work force at the occupation´s overall and labor unions performance. It is analyzed the origin, dynamics and characteristics of informal work segment presence in the national productive structure. Then it is examined the labor conditions that emerge from the kind of small business and informal entrepreneurs this segment generates, which are not organized following the typical capitalistic way. A synthesis of the Maranhão´s economic history is then presented along with the current situation of labor market in Brazil and particularly of the northeastern state, through comparative analysis of figures on distribution of occupations among economic active population, formality labor level among paid work force and selfemployed workers, income levels and distribution of informal sector. The informality of employment relations presents three different contexts that need to be identified in order to reflect on efficiency and effectiveness of labor inspection work: the informal segment of productive structure, flexibilization and deregulation of the labor market´s regulatory framework and inefficiency and inadequacy of human natural resources as well as organizational conditions for the labor inspection activities development Regarding labor inspection as a policy, brief considerations will be taken on conditionalities of formulation and implementation of public policies in capitalists societies, determined by organic relation between state and capital. These conditionalities and the correlation of forces between workers and capitalists, regulated by the state, will generate a labor inspection that be or well or poorly organized, trained and equipped in order to fight informality on employment relations to ensure effectiveness of the employment protection norms. / Estudo sobre a atuação da Inspeção do Trabalho para a redução da informalidade nas relações de emprego no Brasil e, em especial, no Maranhão contemporâneo. Resgata-se parte da literatura especializada sobre a formação e estruturação do mercado de trabalho brasileiro, entre as décadas de 1930 a 1990, tendo como eixos analíticos: a intervenção do Estado na regulação do mercado de trabalho, a evolução do padrão remuneratório, a participação do trabalho assalariado no total das ocupações e a atuação dos sindicatos. Analisam-se a origem, a dinâmica e as características do segmento informal da estrutura produtiva, no qual se estabelecem pequenos negócios e produtores autônomos que não estão organizados em moldes tipicamente capitalistas e examinam-se as condições de trabalho prevalecentes. Apresenta-se uma síntese da trajetória recente da economia maranhense e da situação atual do mercado de trabalho no Brasil e no Maranhão, mediante a análise comparativa de indicadores sobre a distribuição ocupacional da população economicamente ativa, o grau de formalização dos assalariados e trabalhadores autônomos, os níveis de renda e a composição do segmento informal. A informalidade das relações de emprego apresenta três contextos originários, cuja identificação é necessária para a reflexão sobre a eficácia e efetividade da Inspeção do Trabalho para a sua redução: o segmento informal da estrutura produtiva, a flexibilização e desregulamentação do marco regulatório sobre o mercado de trabalho e a ineficiência e inadequação dos recursos materiais, humanos e das condições organizacionais para o desenvolvimento das ações de fiscalização. Considerando-se a Inspeção do Trabalho como uma política pública, tecem-se breves considerações sobre os condicionantes da formulação e implementação de políticas públicas nas sociedades capitalistas, determinados pela relação orgânica entre Estado e capital. No limite desses condicionantes, a correlação de forças entre trabalhadores e capitalistas, mediada pelo Estado, resulta em uma Inspeção do Trabalho mais ou menos organizada, capacitada e aparelhada para o enfrentamento da informalidade das relações de emprego e para a garantia da efetividade das normas de proteção do trabalho.

The global aim of this research is to postulate a spatial development paradigm for regional integration in developing countries - more specifically, the research prospects to conceptualize form-based spatial planning theory for Africa. This was considered necessary on two grounds: first, the need for spatial regional integration as panacea for economic growth, and second the resilience of formal planning in the context of a neo-liberal paradigm shift in planning for economic growth. The research in essence strives to reconsider formal planning in an attempt to articulate an appropriate planning paradigm for the delivery of spatial regional integration within spatial systems in developing economies. In view of the foregoing the resilience of form-based planning paradigm informs the research. Hence the research sets out with the null hypothesis that form-based planning attributes are not significantly resilient in the perception of planning initiatives in the African context. The research methodology involved a relevant literature survey vis-à-vis theoretical and analytical frameworks as well as desktop case studies of selected country profiles and planning initiatives and then an empirical case study of integrated development planning (IDP) initiatives in South Africa. Following six sets of analysis, the research established compliance with a neo-liberal planning paradigm in Africa; however, it disproved the null hypothesis. The neo-liberal planning initiatives were found to be unable to deliver integrated development. Thus a change in development ideology to neo-mercantilism is recommended as a strategic move to redirect attention from private profitability to nation-building vis-à-vis spatial integration. Neo-mercantilism is therefore deployed as thinking instrument for a neo-mercantile planning paradigm postulated to deliver spatial regional integration in developing economies. The neo-mercantile planning paradigm which seeks spatio-physical bases of integration adopts integrated planning operationalized with spatial integration plans (SIPs) and thematic integration plans (TIPs) instruments. These instruments are designed to establish spatial integration networks. The networking of the spatial systems requires the grading of infrastructure and the classification of cities. While administrative criteria are used to determine the former, the latter is proposed to be conducted with a “Time-efficient” coefficient, an innovative unit with which “Time-efficient effect” of cities as centres of commerce can be measured. This coefficient contributes to the growth of regional development theories from a spatio-physical perspective. Furthermore, the research contributes a neo-mercantile spatial model for urban region development. The modality of applying the new paradigm in Africa is modelled to integrate the status quo given requisite visionary mind-set and abundant political will. The model adopts the sequence of securing a neo-mercantile planning paradigm, followed by the identification of priority problems, the articulation of a vision statement and then objectives set to achieve spatial regional integration. Present actions were assessed and new action cards proposed, based on priorities for action drawn from priority problems in Africa. The proposed action cards were regrouped into a typology of actions to aid implementation strategies. The strategies made provision for institutional requirements and implementation processes, manpower requirements, financial mechanisms, legal reforms and monitoring measures. The implementation process summarized with a calendar of the action plan for spatial regional integration in Africa. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015