The global aim of this research is to postulate a spatial development paradigm for regional integration in developing countries - more specifically, the research prospects to conceptualize form-based spatial planning theory for Africa. This was considered necessary on two grounds: first, the need for spatial regional integration as panacea for economic growth, and second the resilience of formal planning in the context of a neo-liberal paradigm shift in planning for economic growth. The research in essence strives to reconsider formal planning in an attempt to articulate an appropriate planning paradigm for the delivery of spatial regional integration within spatial systems in developing economies. In view of the foregoing the resilience of form-based planning paradigm informs the research. Hence the research sets out with the null hypothesis that form-based planning attributes are not significantly resilient in the perception of planning initiatives in the African context. The research methodology involved a relevant literature survey vis-à-vis theoretical and analytical frameworks as well as desktop case studies of selected country profiles and planning initiatives and then an empirical case study of integrated development planning (IDP) initiatives in South Africa. Following six sets of analysis, the research established compliance with a neo-liberal planning paradigm in Africa; however, it disproved the null hypothesis. The neo-liberal planning initiatives were found to be unable to deliver integrated development. Thus a change in development ideology to neo-mercantilism is recommended as a strategic move to redirect attention from private profitability to nation-building vis-à-vis spatial integration. Neo-mercantilism is therefore deployed as thinking instrument for a neo-mercantile planning paradigm postulated to deliver spatial regional integration in developing economies. The neo-mercantile planning paradigm which seeks spatio-physical bases of integration adopts integrated planning operationalized with spatial integration plans (SIPs) and thematic integration plans (TIPs) instruments. These instruments are designed to establish spatial integration networks. The networking of the spatial systems requires the grading of infrastructure and the classification of cities. While administrative criteria are used to determine the former, the latter is proposed to be conducted with a “Time-efficient” coefficient, an innovative unit with which “Time-efficient effect” of cities as centres of commerce can be measured. This coefficient contributes to the growth of regional development theories from a spatio-physical perspective. Furthermore, the research contributes a neo-mercantile spatial model for urban region development. The modality of applying the new paradigm in Africa is modelled to integrate the status quo given requisite visionary mind-set and abundant political will. The model adopts the sequence of securing a neo-mercantile planning paradigm, followed by the identification of priority problems, the articulation of a vision statement and then objectives set to achieve spatial regional integration. Present actions were assessed and new action cards proposed, based on priorities for action drawn from priority problems in Africa. The proposed action cards were regrouped into a typology of actions to aid implementation strategies. The strategies made provision for institutional requirements and implementation processes, manpower requirements, financial mechanisms, legal reforms and monitoring measures. The implementation process summarized with a calendar of the action plan for spatial regional integration in Africa. / PhD (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Um grande mercado informal se estende por ruas e praças. Em São Paulo, milhares de homens e mulheres vendem todos tipos de mercadorias para sobreviver. Na sociedade brasileira, a desigual distribuição de educação, cultura, habitação, saúde, etc., assim como a migração e as novas transformações que ocorrem no processo e organização do trabalho, engendram uma combinação perversa, cuja principal causa/conseqüência é o desrespeito ao direito ao trabalho. A leitura e análise de livros e textos acadêmicos, e das entrevistas sobre as experiências de trabalho de camelôs revelam a formação da sociedade brasileira como uma história da (re)produção de indignas condições de vida. / A great informal market extends for streets and squares. In São Paulo, thousands of men and women sell all kinds of goods to survive. In Brazilian society, the unequal distribution of education, culture, houses, wealth and so on, as well as the migration and new transformations that occur to working process and organisation, engender a devilish combination, whose main cause/consequence is the disrespect to the right-to-work. The reading and analysis of academic books and texts, and interviews about street peddlers working experiences reveal the making of Brazilian society as a history of (re)production of unworthy life conditions.

[pt] No atual cenário das sociedades capitalistas temos presenciado novas configurações dos fenômenos da exclusão e informalidade, em virtude da constante reestruturação do modo de produção que tem ocasionado significativas transformações no mundo do trabalho. As conseqüências daí advindas sobre o mundo do trabalho expressam-se através da precarização e flexibilização dos processos de trabalho, ou mesmo do desemprego. Concretamente as novas exigências do mercado de trabalho têm proporcionado um processo de exclusão dos trabalhadores das atividades laborativas e, conseqüentemente, um crescimento da inclusão de um grande contingente de desempregados em atividades informais como forma de garantir a sobrevivência. Neste sentido, o universo da informalidade ganha maior amplitude e complexidade mediante as mais variadas formas e condições de trabalho que abriga, tendo, assim, se constituído como um campo propício para a proliferação de novas estratégias de acumulação capitalista. É nesta perspectiva que esta dissertação aborda o cotidiano dos catadores de lixo do aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho, localizado no município de Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, na qual foram averiguados os significados que os mesmo atribuem ao trabalho que excutam. / [en] On the capitalist societies current scenarium, we have been witnessing new configurations of exclusion and informality phenomena, owing to structural updates of the production organization, which have been causing significant transformations on the employment world. The resulting consequences on the industrious class are expressed by the precariousness and flexibility of the employment proceedings, or even by the unemployment. Surely, the new market demands have been contributing to a process of employeds exclusion from the formal labor activities and, in consequence, to an inclusion grouth of an unemployed huge contingent on informal labor activities, as a way to guarantee their survival. That means, the universe of informality gain breadth an complexity through the various forms and conditions of work that it shelters and with this, it has been constituting itself as an opportune field for proliferation of the new capitalist acumulutation strategies. It is on this perspective that the present dissertation approaches the everyday of the garbage collectors who work on Aterro Metropolitano de Jardim Gramacho. Located on the borough named Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro state, in which were verified the meanings that those workers attribute to the job they perform.

Cette thèse propose une analyse de l’emploi informel en RDC sous l’hypothèse d’une segmentation. Partant d’un questionnement qui se réfère aux conditions d’émergence et de prolifération d’emplois informels amplifiés par la crise structurelle que traverse ce pays, laquelle a détruit l’emploi formel, cette thèse réfute l’unicité de l’informel à l’intérieur du marché du travail de la RDC et analyse plutôt son hétérogénéité, en s’appuyant sur les analyses de Lautier (2004), Maloney (2004), Fields (2005) et Bacchetta et al (2009).Cette évidence a justifié la combinaison des théories de l’informalité et de la segmentation, suivie d’une exploitation de deux types de données mutuellement enrichissantes : les données quantitatives de l’enquête 1-2-3 et les données qualitatives collectées sur le terrain d’une activité spécifique : le marché des matériels d’occasion d’Europe, appelés « bilokos » en RDC. Les résultats de cette double exploitation ont permis de caractériser l’informalité d’emplois segmentée, notion forgée et mise en œuvre dans le cadre d’une analyse empirique de l’emploi informel reposant sur deux niveaux : les Caractéristiques de l’Activité (C.A.), et les Profils des Entrepreneurs (P.E.) représentant les variables explicatives d’analyses faites dans cette thèse. Les méthodes mixtes qualitative et quantitative utilisées dans cette thèse valident l’existence d’une segmentation en quatre types au sein des Unités de Production Informelles en RDC, selon plusieurs critères, dont le volume du chiffre d’affaires de leurs activités, en particulier. / This thesis analyses informal employment in the DRC under the assumption of a segmentation. We start with a description of the underlying conditions explaining the emergence, and then spread of informal jobs, which is mainly driven by a structural crisis and the destruction of formal employment in the DRC. The thesis then proposes to reject the uniqueness of the informal sector within the DRC labor market and analyzes its heterogeneity, based on the analyzes of Lautier (2004), Maloney (2004), Fields (2005) and Bacchetta et al. (2009).The thesis therefore highlights the relevance of combining the theories of informality and of segmentation to analyse informal employment in DRC, and applies this framework to two mutually enriching datasets: the 1-2-3 survey, which is quantitative, and qualitative data that we collected in the field and focused on a specific activity: an emerging market for second-hand equipment coming from Europe and called "bilokos" in DRC.The results from these two types of data allow to characterize what we call “the informality of segmented jobs”, a concept that we empirically apply with two levels of analysis: the Characteristics of the informal Activity (C.A.)., and the Profiles of the informal Entrepreneurs (P.E.). Mixed qualitative and quantitative methods allow us to characterize a segmentation in Informal Production Units along four types ranging from lower income to higher income.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leslie D Beloque.pdf: 944685 bytes, checksum: f43d2a5f748da4d3b7107a4d8b44cafe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / This study is about what was established to be called as informal work and whose objective is to assess the analytical perspective itself in which the informality is frequently studied, considering its difficulty to deal with the diversity of the informal activities. This assessment was seen through the contact, along seven years, with informal workers whose experiences and perceptions showed to be an analysis perspective of the extremely proficient informality . One of the main problems of the analysis of informality is the assumption that the informal workers and the small non-legally organized companies , which make part of the called informal sector , constitute an informal economical sector that operates as a cohesive block in the interstices of economy not taken by the big capital. However, as the bibliographic research advanced, was pointing out that, since the time the capitalist economy arose was constituted for the combination of capitalist ways of work with the other species of existing work. Therefore, the option of taking this fact as starting point of this analysis. Thus, the preparation of this study implied, initially, to assess the possibility that the main grounds of the modern science, that inspire the analytical perspective that conceives informality as an informal sector , are in the root of the inconsistencies of this analysis; then, the analysis of the experience of 20 informal workers, from both sexes and different ages, in order to identify the nature of their economic activities and how the informal work combines with the capitalist economy and, in the end, the proposition of an analysis perspective of the informal activities whose starting point is this combination. The main proposal of this study is that the capitalist economy is as the typically capitalists production ways, as the other existing kinds of work and that, in this interaction, they constitute mutually, that is, one brings life to the other and, in this movement, participate of the constitution process of the capitalist economy. Therefore, the informal activities do not constitute an informal sector that operates in the interstices of the economy, but are integral elements of the production or of the circulation sphere of economy, as well as of the core of the capital reproduction. Keywords: informal sector; analysis perspective of informal activities; perceptions about informal work / Este estudo trata do que se convencionou chamar trabalho informal e tem como objetivo a avaliação da própria perspectiva analítica em que a informalidade é freqüentemente estudada, considerando a sua dificuldade de contemplar a diversidade das atividades informais . Esta avaliação foi vislumbrada no contato, durante sete anos, com trabalhadores informais , cujas experiências e percepções mostraram ser uma ótica de análise extremamente profícua da informalidade . Um dos principais problemas da análise da informalidade é a suposição de que os trabalhadores informais e as pequenas empresas não organizadas legalmente , que compõem o chamado setor informal , constituem um setor econômico informal , que opera como um bloco coeso nos interstícios da economia não ocupados pelo grande capital. Contudo, à medida que a pesquisa bibliográfica avançava, indicava que, desde o seu surgimento, a economia capitalista veio se constituindo pela combinação de formas de trabalho capitalistas com as demais espécies de trabalho existentes. Daí a opção de tomar este fato como ponto de partida da análise. Assim, a elaboração deste estudo implicou, inicialmente, avaliar a possibilidade de que os principais fundamentos da ciência moderna, que inspiram a perspectiva analítica que concebe a informalidade como um setor informal , estejam na raiz das inconsistências dessa análise; em seguida, analisar as experiências de 20 trabalhadores informais , de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades, a fim de identificar a natureza de suas atividades econômicas e as maneiras que o trabalho informal se combina com a economia capitalista e, por fim, propor uma perspectiva de análise das atividades informais que tenha como ponto de partida essa interação. A premissa deste estudo é que a economia capitalista se compõe tanto das formas de produção tipicamente capitalistas , quanto das demais espécies de trabalho existentes e, nessa interação, se constituem mutuamente; ou seja, uma dá existência à outra e, nesse movimento, participam do processo de constituição da economia capitalista. Portanto, as atividades informais não constituem um setor informal que opera nos interstícios da economia, mas são elementos integrantes da produção ou da esfera da circulação da economia, assim como do núcleo da reprodução do capital

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sirlei Pires Terra.pdf: 2106030 bytes, checksum: 3637da3caa8f2d6bf6da03bad4738a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27 / To contribute to the study on informality on the brazilian labor market, more specifically in the Municipality of São Paulo, the present thesis investigates the conditions that permeate and define the work relations of the so-called chapas, workers that load and unload trucks. The guiding field research hypotheses on which this study is based are: a) the informality of the chapa s work results from a blend of structural and circumstantial factors, respectively both the low brazilian economic performance and the ongoing company reorganization process that has taken place in the last few years; b) work conditions for chapas are all negatives; c) those workers reduce transport costs of goods and are, therefore, strategically important for carriers and their customers. A total of twelve interviews were recorded within a non-measurable universe based on a previously defined schedule, supplying the data that were analyzed to support the research. Thus, since this is an analysis of the work conditions of a single segment of activity of the informal labor market of the Municipality of São Paulo, the result is a case study. In addition to that, and since no other research of this kind was found at studying the specific references, this research can be considered unique and novel in its kind. By analyzing the literature on informality and the economic development, the results of both these factors on the working world, and the field research data, one believes to have met the objective of the present thesis: to contribute to the understanding of the informal work of the chapas especially in the city of São Paulo by helping them to express themselves and by describing their precarious working conditions that deprive them of the full practice of citizenship / Com a finalidade de contribuir com o estudo da informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, mais especificamente no Município de São Paulo, esta tese teve, como objeto de pesquisa, as condições que permeiam e determinam as relações de trabalho dos indivíduos vulgarmente denominados chapas, trabalhadores cuja atividade é a carga e a descarga de caminhões. As hipóteses norteadoras da pesquisa de campo que fundamenta este estudo são: a) a informalidade do trabalho dos chapas resulta da combinação entre fatores estruturais e conjunturais, respectivamente o baixo desempenho econômico brasileiro e a reorganização empresarial em andamento nos últimos anos; b) as condições de trabalho dos chapas são de todo negativas; c) esses trabalhadores reduzem o custo do transporte de mercadorias, sendo, portanto, estrategicamente importantes para as empresas de transporte e seus clientes. No total, foram gravadas doze entrevistas - em um universo não mensurável - baseadas em roteiro previamente determinado, a partir das quais foram obtidos os dados que, analisados, deram suporte à pesquisa. Desta forma, por se tratar da análise das condições de trabalho de um só segmento de atividade do mercado informal de trabalho do Município de São Paulo, o que se tem aqui é um estudo de caso. A par disso, e de vez que nenhum trabalho desse tipo foi localizado quando se consultou a bibliografia especializada, trata-se de uma pesquisa inédita. Com a análise da literatura sobre a informalidade e o desenvolvimento econômico, as conseqüências de ambos os fatores para o mundo do trabalho, e também os dados da pesquisa de campo, acredita-se ter atingido o objetivo proposto nesta tese: contribuir para a compreensão do trabalho informal dos chapas - especialmente na metrópole paulistana -, dando-lhes voz e delatando as precárias condições de trabalho que os privam do pleno exercício da cidadania

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leslie D Beloque.pdf: 944685 bytes, checksum: f43d2a5f748da4d3b7107a4d8b44cafe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-18 / This study is about what was established to be called as informal work and whose objective is to assess the analytical perspective itself in which the informality is frequently studied, considering its difficulty to deal with the diversity of the informal activities. This assessment was seen through the contact, along seven years, with informal workers whose experiences and perceptions showed to be an analysis perspective of the extremely proficient informality . One of the main problems of the analysis of informality is the assumption that the informal workers and the small non-legally organized companies , which make part of the called informal sector , constitute an informal economical sector that operates as a cohesive block in the interstices of economy not taken by the big capital. However, as the bibliographic research advanced, was pointing out that, since the time the capitalist economy arose was constituted for the combination of capitalist ways of work with the other species of existing work. Therefore, the option of taking this fact as starting point of this analysis. Thus, the preparation of this study implied, initially, to assess the possibility that the main grounds of the modern science, that inspire the analytical perspective that conceives informality as an informal sector , are in the root of the inconsistencies of this analysis; then, the analysis of the experience of 20 informal workers, from both sexes and different ages, in order to identify the nature of their economic activities and how the informal work combines with the capitalist economy and, in the end, the proposition of an analysis perspective of the informal activities whose starting point is this combination. The main proposal of this study is that the capitalist economy is as the typically capitalists production ways, as the other existing kinds of work and that, in this interaction, they constitute mutually, that is, one brings life to the other and, in this movement, participate of the constitution process of the capitalist economy. Therefore, the informal activities do not constitute an informal sector that operates in the interstices of the economy, but are integral elements of the production or of the circulation sphere of economy, as well as of the core of the capital reproduction. Keywords: informal sector; analysis perspective of informal activities; perceptions about informal work / Este estudo trata do que se convencionou chamar trabalho informal e tem como objetivo a avaliação da própria perspectiva analítica em que a informalidade é freqüentemente estudada, considerando a sua dificuldade de contemplar a diversidade das atividades informais . Esta avaliação foi vislumbrada no contato, durante sete anos, com trabalhadores informais , cujas experiências e percepções mostraram ser uma ótica de análise extremamente profícua da informalidade . Um dos principais problemas da análise da informalidade é a suposição de que os trabalhadores informais e as pequenas empresas não organizadas legalmente , que compõem o chamado setor informal , constituem um setor econômico informal , que opera como um bloco coeso nos interstícios da economia não ocupados pelo grande capital. Contudo, à medida que a pesquisa bibliográfica avançava, indicava que, desde o seu surgimento, a economia capitalista veio se constituindo pela combinação de formas de trabalho capitalistas com as demais espécies de trabalho existentes. Daí a opção de tomar este fato como ponto de partida da análise. Assim, a elaboração deste estudo implicou, inicialmente, avaliar a possibilidade de que os principais fundamentos da ciência moderna, que inspiram a perspectiva analítica que concebe a informalidade como um setor informal , estejam na raiz das inconsistências dessa análise; em seguida, analisar as experiências de 20 trabalhadores informais , de ambos os sexos e diferentes idades, a fim de identificar a natureza de suas atividades econômicas e as maneiras que o trabalho informal se combina com a economia capitalista e, por fim, propor uma perspectiva de análise das atividades informais que tenha como ponto de partida essa interação. A premissa deste estudo é que a economia capitalista se compõe tanto das formas de produção tipicamente capitalistas , quanto das demais espécies de trabalho existentes e, nessa interação, se constituem mutuamente; ou seja, uma dá existência à outra e, nesse movimento, participam do processo de constituição da economia capitalista. Portanto, as atividades informais não constituem um setor informal que opera nos interstícios da economia, mas são elementos integrantes da produção ou da esfera da circulação da economia, assim como do núcleo da reprodução do capital

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sirlei Pires Terra.pdf: 2106030 bytes, checksum: 3637da3caa8f2d6bf6da03bad4738a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-27 / To contribute to the study on informality on the brazilian labor market, more specifically in the Municipality of São Paulo, the present thesis investigates the conditions that permeate and define the work relations of the so-called chapas, workers that load and unload trucks. The guiding field research hypotheses on which this study is based are: a) the informality of the chapa s work results from a blend of structural and circumstantial factors, respectively both the low brazilian economic performance and the ongoing company reorganization process that has taken place in the last few years; b) work conditions for chapas are all negatives; c) those workers reduce transport costs of goods and are, therefore, strategically important for carriers and their customers. A total of twelve interviews were recorded within a non-measurable universe based on a previously defined schedule, supplying the data that were analyzed to support the research. Thus, since this is an analysis of the work conditions of a single segment of activity of the informal labor market of the Municipality of São Paulo, the result is a case study. In addition to that, and since no other research of this kind was found at studying the specific references, this research can be considered unique and novel in its kind. By analyzing the literature on informality and the economic development, the results of both these factors on the working world, and the field research data, one believes to have met the objective of the present thesis: to contribute to the understanding of the informal work of the chapas especially in the city of São Paulo by helping them to express themselves and by describing their precarious working conditions that deprive them of the full practice of citizenship / Com a finalidade de contribuir com o estudo da informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, mais especificamente no Município de São Paulo, esta tese teve, como objeto de pesquisa, as condições que permeiam e determinam as relações de trabalho dos indivíduos vulgarmente denominados chapas, trabalhadores cuja atividade é a carga e a descarga de caminhões. As hipóteses norteadoras da pesquisa de campo que fundamenta este estudo são: a) a informalidade do trabalho dos chapas resulta da combinação entre fatores estruturais e conjunturais, respectivamente o baixo desempenho econômico brasileiro e a reorganização empresarial em andamento nos últimos anos; b) as condições de trabalho dos chapas são de todo negativas; c) esses trabalhadores reduzem o custo do transporte de mercadorias, sendo, portanto, estrategicamente importantes para as empresas de transporte e seus clientes. No total, foram gravadas doze entrevistas - em um universo não mensurável - baseadas em roteiro previamente determinado, a partir das quais foram obtidos os dados que, analisados, deram suporte à pesquisa. Desta forma, por se tratar da análise das condições de trabalho de um só segmento de atividade do mercado informal de trabalho do Município de São Paulo, o que se tem aqui é um estudo de caso. A par disso, e de vez que nenhum trabalho desse tipo foi localizado quando se consultou a bibliografia especializada, trata-se de uma pesquisa inédita. Com a análise da literatura sobre a informalidade e o desenvolvimento econômico, as conseqüências de ambos os fatores para o mundo do trabalho, e também os dados da pesquisa de campo, acredita-se ter atingido o objetivo proposto nesta tese: contribuir para a compreensão do trabalho informal dos chapas - especialmente na metrópole paulistana -, dando-lhes voz e delatando as precárias condições de trabalho que os privam do pleno exercício da cidadania

Um grande mercado informal se estende por ruas e praças. Em São Paulo, milhares de homens e mulheres vendem todos tipos de mercadorias para sobreviver. Na sociedade brasileira, a desigual distribuição de educação, cultura, habitação, saúde, etc., assim como a migração e as novas transformações que ocorrem no processo e organização do trabalho, engendram uma combinação perversa, cuja principal causa/conseqüência é o desrespeito ao direito ao trabalho. A leitura e análise de livros e textos acadêmicos, e das entrevistas sobre as experiências de trabalho de camelôs revelam a formação da sociedade brasileira como uma história da (re)produção de indignas condições de vida. / A great informal market extends for streets and squares. In São Paulo, thousands of men and women sell all kinds of goods to survive. In Brazilian society, the unequal distribution of education, culture, houses, wealth and so on, as well as the migration and new transformations that occur to working process and organisation, engender a devilish combination, whose main cause/consequence is the disrespect to the right-to-work. The reading and analysis of academic books and texts, and interviews about street peddlers working experiences reveal the making of Brazilian society as a history of (re)production of unworthy life conditions.

My Interior Design practicum is an inquiry about the nature of urban informality through the study of present and emerging urban vernaculars within Kambi Moto, an informal area in Nairobi Kenya. I argue that unique vernacular characteristics manifest in everyday living and can be captured through the experience and knowledge of self-builders, entrepreneurs and dwellers within informal settlements. An understanding of these vernacular characteristics is instrumental in the designing of meaningful and effective social housing prototypes. The main methods used to document vernacular characteristics include, post occupancy evaluations (POEs), time diaries, photographs and observation. Within an interior design context, these tools helped describe the spatial needs, wants and desires of the everyday dwellers of Kambi Moto. The four resulting compact housing configurations support one-to-ten member households with provisions for a home-based business (HBB) or a rental unit. All units have an adaptable rooftop with a garden.