In order to understand how policies are made, analysts need to be able to explain and describe the policy making process. This is a complex task due to the variety and complexity of policy making environments. The difficulty lies in accounting for the multiple actors who come and go, differing preferences, and impending problems and solutions sets which vary by policy environment. Therefore, there is a need to approach the understanding of policy processes from several different theoretical perspectives to aid in evaluating the multifaceted variations which ultimately affect policy making. An improved description of processes can lead to more accurate predictions of possible future policies, improved advocacy efforts, and enhanced problem solving. Two policy process frameworks, the Multiple Stream Framework (MSF) and the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, were applied to a recent significant change in science policy. An understanding is developed to explain how federal science funding survived within the highly controversial and costly American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA). The volatile and unpredictable nature of science policy lends itself well to the MSF, while the more static IAD is less useful to explain how and why the funds stayed in the bill. This is telling about the scope and adaptability of the two frameworks, where each may be better suited for different policy environments. The MSF being more appropriate for unstable and capricious policy issues and the IAD better matched for policy issues which have a somewhat more stable environment.

La présente thèse explore la dynamique des institutions informelles dans la gouvernance nationale et mondiale et l'ajustement de l'ordre politico-économique, dans un pays en transition et à l'échelle mondiale dans un contexte de crise financière internationale, en utilisant l'approche institutionnelle comparative. Elle adopte le point de vue de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle (New Institutional Economics - NIE) afin d'étudier comment différentes formes de gouvernance, notamment les mécanismes de gouvernance informels, émergent et fonctionnent dans diverses circonstances. Le chapitre deux fournit la preuve de la prédominance des relations accommodante et concurrente entre les systèmes de fourniture de services publics et d'ordre public, qui sont formellement et informellement décentralisés dans soixante-quatre provinces vietnamiennes. Notre analyse de l’«informalité» dans le chapitre trois soutient l'argument selon lequel les mécanismes formels ne sont pas suffisants pour inciter les acteurs publics à assumer leur pleine responsabilité, mais doivent être accompagnés de ceux informels pour combler les déficits de responsabilité du système formel. L'analyse empirique de quarante-cinq pays développés et en développement dans le chapitre quatre découvre que la non-congruence institutionnelle, en général, a un effet complémentaire sur la taille de l'économie informelle, mais agit comme un substitut dans les pays qui ont un faible niveau de non-congruence, une bonne gouvernance de la corruption, ou une grande pro-activité dans la prise d'initiatives visant à réduire l'écart de perception de la légitimité des activités économiques informelles. / This dissertation explores the dynamics of informal institutions in national and global governance and the adjustment of the economic political order in a transition country as well as on the global scale after two recent global financial crises, using the comparative institutional approach. It adopts the perspective of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) to study how alternative forms of governance, particularly, informal mechanisms of governance, emerge and work in various circumstances. Chapter two provides evidence to the prevalence of the accommodating and competing relationships between the formally and informally decentralized systems of providing public services and public order in 64 provinces in Vietnam. Our “informality” analysis in chapter three has supported the argument that formal mechanisms alone are not sufficient to create incentives for public actors to make private efforts to full accountability, but needs accompanying with other informal ones to fill in accountability deficits of the formal system. The empirical analysis of 45 developed and developing countries in chapter four finds that institutional incongruence, in general, has a complementary effect on the size of the informal economy, but acts as a substitute in those countries that have a low level of incongruence, good governance of corruption, or high proactivity in taking initiatives to minimize the perception gap about the legitimacy of informal economic activities.

[pt] Os comitês de bacia foram instituídos pela Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos como responsáveis pela gestão das bacias hidrográficas. Sua atuação é regida tanto pela legislação pertinente, como aspectos relacionados à sua dimensão organizacional, assim também como a dinâmica que se forma pela interação destes elementos. Nesse intuito, o presente estudo teve como propósito analisar institucionalmente o Comitê de Bacia Hidrográfica do Guandu, restrito e elencado pelos padrões: legais, normativos e sócio-organizacionais, sob a perspectiva da Sustentabilidade Institucional. Neste sentido, foi realizado um levantamento da legislação pertinente, assim como os documentos internos que definem a estrutura e o funcionamento do Comitê Guandu, além da análise presencial das reuniões da plenária entre 2011 e 2012. Assim verificou-se ocorrência de disfunções na sua dimensão organizacional, assim como de incongruências na implementação dos seus instrumentos de gestão, capazes efetivamente de interferir na sua atuação, comprometendo a sua missão institucional em face ao Desenvolvimento Sustentável. Por fim, foi identificada a ocorrência do Isomorfismo Coercitivo devido às pressões sofridas pela conjuntura política do cenário ambiental no estado do Rio de Janeiro, assim como a própria estrutura e composição do Comitê Guandu. / [en] With approximately 13 percent of the surface water resources of the planet, Brazil still suffers from supply problems in their main cities, and the major reasons are: the location of springs in relation to population served and degradation of water bodies in these areas. Currently over 50 percent of the world population lives in urban areas, and the expectation is that by 2050 reaching 70 percent (UN-Habitat, 2008). Although it is not exclusive of the cities are especially them, these problems have higher impacts, and therefore turn out to be aggravated from a trend of the 21st century: the concentration of population in urban centers. Meanwhile, cities gradually became the focus of environmental debates, due to its increasing expansion, result of the displacement of populations who seek them the infrastructure, facilities and opportunities not found in rural areas. This way the sustainability of urban areas is emerging as one of the challenges to be faced by all of society, and more specifically in the case of water resources in Brazil by its governing bodies, watershed committees that are formed by representatives of organized civil society, government and users. Brazilian law regarding the environment was structured from the opening policy in the late 70s. So from this new conjecture, environmental legislation gradually set up, and with regard to water resources there were two notable moments: the definition of water as a public good by the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the creation of the Federal Policy of Water Resources, by law 9433/97. By instituting the watershed committees as responsible for the management of river basins, began a new phase in water management in Brazil.

Submitted by Flavia Hennessey (flavia.hennessey2012@gvmail.br) on 2014-09-29T16:56:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hennessey, Flavia - MPGI Thesis 2014.pdf: 1257612 bytes, checksum: 21e4c1ba5aa5f01e696e07c42f04ca51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2014-09-29T18:27:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Hennessey, Flavia - MPGI Thesis 2014.pdf: 1257612 bytes, checksum: 21e4c1ba5aa5f01e696e07c42f04ca51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-29T18:30:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hennessey, Flavia - MPGI Thesis 2014.pdf: 1257612 bytes, checksum: 21e4c1ba5aa5f01e696e07c42f04ca51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-19 / The Inter-American Development Bank, the World Bank, and other organizations conceive, design, and fund projects to foster development in the Latin America and Caribbean. Prior to the late 1980s, several of the projects and policies of these institutions lacked serious gender considerations and were criticized for this oversight (Flora, 1998). In 1987, the IDB published its Operating Policy on Women in Development and has since made efforts to institutionalize gender and to create indicators to measure gender impacts in its projects. The aim of this dissertation is to explore gender in the context of international development by looking at how the Inter- American Development Bank is including gender in its operations. After a literature review on the importance of gender and of development banks, this paper will explore the ways through which gender is included in IDB operations at an institutional level. The research will be based on documentation available to the public, internal documents and video interviews with staff members. After a thorough analysis of all data collected, recommendations on future action will be provided. / O Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, o Banco Mundial, e outras organizações financiam iniciativas para acelerar o desenvolvimento da região da América Latina e Caribe. Antes do final da década de 80, vários projetos e políticas dessas instituições careciam de considerações ligadas à gênero e foram criticadas por essa falta (Flora, 1998). Em 1987, o BID publicou um documento sobre uma nova política operacional sobre mulheres e desenvolvimento e vem desde então buscando institucionalizar gênero e criar indicadores para medir os impactos relacionados à gênero em seus projetos. O objetivo dessa dissertação é explorar o tema de gênero no contexto do desenvolvimento internacional através de uma análise de como o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento inclui gênero em suas operações. Após uma revisão literária sobre a importância de gênero e de bancos de desenvolvimento, essa dissertação irá analisar de que maneira gênero é incluído nas discussões dos projetos do Banco à nível institucional. A pesquisa será feita através de documentação disponível para o público geral, documentos internos e entrevistas em vídeo com pessoal do BID. Após uma análise dos dados coletados, recomendações para ações futuras serão dadas.

Submitted by Thomaz Silva (thomazanders@gmail.com) on 2015-04-27T15:16:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ThomazSilva.pdf: 2164433 bytes, checksum: aff5a1b4331b9bfb661d44993b1a1283 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2015-04-27T17:13:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ThomazSilva.pdf: 2164433 bytes, checksum: aff5a1b4331b9bfb661d44993b1a1283 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T18:22:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ThomazSilva.pdf: 2164433 bytes, checksum: aff5a1b4331b9bfb661d44993b1a1283 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / The main aims of this study are to investigate how municipal Comptroller General´s offices have been structured within the sub-national political system, as well as to identify similarities and differences amongst said organizations. Such activities show relevance due to the fact that, despite frequent variations on the the denomination and on the structure of the central entities of subnational internal control systems for General Comptroller's offices, there is no specific regulation that predetermines the institutional standards, organizational features or performance scopes of these public entities. The task was fulfilled by means of the following actions: (i) bibliographic research with basis on the academic production of postgraduate courses in Public Administration and Accounting (with an emphasis on the study of Comptroller´s offices) in the latest three years of CAPES (2010- 2012); (ii) cataloging and analysis of the legal instruments of institutionalization of the internal control entities in the capital cities of Brazilian states; (iii) compared organizational analysis of the structures of the local Comptroller General´s offices available. Reserach found that the academic production in the field of Public Administration on the subject is still in its infancy. It also signalled the need for greater integration of the technical field with different academic realms (Public Administration, Accounting, Political Science, Law and Sociology). It suggested as well that, in addition to the process of dissemination from the federal sphere to the local one, there are several structural bases which influence the standards adopted by municipal Comptroller General´s offices. Finally, it pointed out that it is not appropriate to approach a single institutional format to the activity of controllership, but rather a set of constituted practices accordingly fit to different local contexts. / Investigar como as controladorias gerais municipais vêm se estruturando dentro do sistema político subnacional e identificar as similaridades e diferenças entre tais organizações são os principais objetivos deste trabalho. Tais atividades tornam-se relevantes a partir da constatação de que, apesar de ser cada vez mais frequente a alteração do nome e da estrutura do órgão central dos sistemas de controle interno subnacionais para controladorias gerais, não há uma regulamentação específica que predetermine os padrões institucionais, as funcionalidades organizacionais ou os escopos de atuação desses órgãos públicos. Cumpriu-se essa tarefa por meio das seguintes ações: (i) realização de pesquisa bibliográfica a partir da produção acadêmica dos cursos de pós-graduação em Administração Pública e Contabilidade (com ênfase no estudo de controladorias) no último triênio da CAPES (2010-2012); (ii) catalogação e análise dos instrumentos legais de institucionalização dos órgãos de controle interno nas capitais brasileiras; (iii) execução de análise organizacional comparada nas estruturas das controladorias-gerais encontradas. As pesquisas feitas constataram que a produção acadêmica da área de Administração Pública sobre o tema ainda é incipiente; que uma maior integração do campo técnico com diferentes campos acadêmicos (Administração Pública, Contabilidade, Ciência Política, Direito e Sociologia) se faz necessária; que, para além do processo de disseminação da esfera federal para local, há diversas bases estruturantes que influenciam o padrão adotado pelas controladorias públicas municipais; e que, enfim, não se pode falar em consolidação de um único formato institucional de controladoria mas, sim, de práticas constituídas conforme as diferentes conjunturas locais.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 1999-04-22T00:00:00Z / From june 1893 to october 1897, the Belo Monte community (Canudos, BA,Brazil), under Antônio Conselheiro's leadership, experienced an approximately 10,335% demographic growth in the most arid region of the caatinga' and resisted for 10 months to a disproportionate war effort imposed by almost half (49.8%) of the brazilian Army contingent of that time, supported by many battalions of the military public forces, of the state of Amazonas, Bahia, Pará and São Paulo, under the command of tive generais, the elite of the terrestrial national force and, at the end of the conflict, under the command of the war minister himself, marshal Carlos Machado Bittencourt. Through the recognition of this episode as a very expressrve adrninistrative phenomenon, despite of its tragic destiny, this thesis studies the organizational models and power/authority that made possible the growth, supply and defense of Canudos in such a criticai situation. Under the perspective of an institutional understanding of the social imagery about the episode, this study proposes an analysis model denominated Organizational Semiologic Tetrahedron and compares statements by descends of the war survivors with reports by chronicler-witnesses', studious of the subject, iconographic, musicographic and literary registry over the episode. / De junho de 1893 a outubro de 1897 a comunidade do Belo Monte (Canudos, BA, Brasil), sob a liderança de Antônio Conselheiro, experimentou um crescimento demográfico na ordem de 10 335 %, na mais árida região da caatinga baiana e resistiu, durante 10 meses, a u desproporcional esforço de guerra, imposto por quase metade (49,8%) do efetivo do Exército brasileiro de então, apoiada por diversos batalhões das forças públicas dos Estados do Amazonas, Bahia, Pará e São Paulo, sob o comando de cinco oficiais generais, a elite da oficialidade da força terrestre nacional e, ao final do conflito, do próprio ministro da guerra, marechal Carlos Machado Bittencourt. A partir do reconhecimento desse episódio como fenômeno administrativo muito expressivo, ainda que de trágico destino, esta tese estudo os modelos de organização e de poder/autoridade que tornaram possível esse crescimento, o abastecimento e a defesa de Canudos em situação tão crítica. Na perspectiva de uma leitura institucional do imaginário social sobre o acontecimento, este estudo propõe o modelo de análise denominado Tetraedro Semioncológico da Organizações, e confronta os depoimentos colhidos entre descendentes dos sobreviventes da guerra com os relatos dos cronistas-testemunhas, estudiosos e os registros iconográficos, musicográficos e literário sobre o episódio.

Tendo como referência principal a discussão sobre governança, a pesquisa buscou identificar quais tipos de práticas são consideradas mais exitosas no contexto da gestão da água. O trabalho apresenta a crítica ao modelo da ciência normal e apresenta a ciência pós-normal como alternativa para um fazer científico que legitima outras formas de conhecimento, e não apenas o especialista. O trabalho toma como referência o cenário político, social, econômico, cultural e ambiental descrito pela a abordagem da sociedade de risco. Foram revisadas abordagens recentes sobre os temas da governança, da governança ambiental, governança da água, da aprendizagem social e da análise do desenvolvimento das instituições. Toda a discussão suscitada pela literatura revisada é feita à luz do Sistema Integrado de Gerenciamento dos Recursos Hídricos no Estado de São Paulo- SIGRH. Apresentamos o modelo de análise da gestão participativa MAGEP, desenvolvido como síntese da literatura revisada e uma reflexão sobre as políticas de participação social da terceira geração. O trabalho conclui que a gestão da água no Estado de São Paulo é feita em consonância com o que a literatura tem apresentado como formas adequadas de gestão do recurso hídrico. No entanto, o SIGRH em São Paulo carece de práticas inovadoras que tornem o ambiente da gestão da água mais dinâmico e com mais participação social. / The governance approach represents the main discussion in this research that tried to identify how water can be managed in a sustainable way. We criticize the normal science model, to show that the pos-normal science is an approach able to recognize different kinds of knowledge. We took the risk society approach as the political, economic, social, cultural and environmental setting where the water management becomes an important question. We reviewed works from Governance, Environmental Governance, Water Governance, Social Learning and Institutional Analysis Development to understand the Integrated Management State of São Paulo. We present the Participative Management Analysis Model built as a synthesis of the reviewed literature and the reflection about the third generation of social participation polices. We concluded that the water management in São Paulo has been done in according with what we found in the research; however it needs to have more creative practices and more social participation.

Although the world has experienced great progress in the area of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR), the contemporary transnational turn towards nationalist, right-wing and populist politics has generated a backlash, primarily affecting women and members of the LGBTQ-community (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer/questioning). Yet, opposition to gender and sexual equality, particularly in the European context, is undertheorized. Hence, this thesis sets out to explore and understand the dynamics of political homophobia as a conscious political strategy in Poland and how the homophobic rhetoric pursued by the governing party PiS and their allies has achieved resonance. That is, how anti-LGBTQ ideas have gained support as they echo the ideas, beliefs and values central to potential adherents. The advancements of political homophobia in today’s Poland is rather puzzling since there has not been an upswing in homophobic values among the population. Although the Polish society is not intrinsically homophobic, the dominating values, norms, rules and practices are generally patriarchal and heteronormative. Due to the heteropatriarchal bias of the institutional context, this thesis suggests that both informal and formal institutions may enhance the resonance of the ideas embedded in the anti-LGBTQ ideas framing. Drawing on framing theory and new institutionalism, this thesis develops a framework to analyze this dynamic and reciprocal relationship between framing strategies and the institutional context. The first section of the two-stepped analysis describes how LGBTQ has been framed by identifying the core framing tasks and various framing strategies while the second part outlines various formal rules and informal norms that have facilitated the campaign and identifies how these institutions are heteronormative. The main findings suggest that conservative elites have managed to enhance resonance for their anti-LGBTQ ideas by framing the issue in congruence with heteronormative informal norms, which are perceived to be fundamental for Polish national identity and by exploiting pre-existing formal regulations, which are seemingly neutral but produce heteronormative effects.

This thesis is a case study focused on a relationship between public policy to prevent childhood obesity and the role of the food production and marketing in the Czech Republic. The emphasis is especially given to the institutional framework of food marketed and produced for children and its social concequences, because childhood obesity is one of them. The results from the analysis are then confronted with views and opinions of children and their parents, with how they feel about food advertising. Conclusion: advertising and production of food designated for children is not regulated in the Czech Republic. On governmental level only basic standards and rules are given and self-regulation is given precedence. Parents are aware of the huge influence of advertising on their children and that is why they are not satistied with the current situation. They would appreciate stronger legislative regulation of marketing and production of food for children.

African Union (AU) multilateral efforts in governance flounder at the level of implementation and their substantive intervention worth do not accord with the aspirations embodied in adopted normative frameworks and instruments. The research served to uncover the policy and delivery challenges within the overall AU institutional system as a means of providing a perspective on the future of AU governance mechanisms and related intervention modalities. Detailed empirical engagement, through an institutional lens, with norm formation and implementation in accountability, the rule of law and state capacity, and related delivery practices, enabled the extraction of crucial efficacy challenges in the AU institutional system. The exploration, using evidence embodied in documents from the AU governance implementation system, served to confirm that the AU continues to struggle between the imperatives of integration through established shared values and the exercise of state sovereignty. Within the policy-delivery nexus, the research points to the importance of agency by AU institutions and how practices and incentives serve to pervert the aspiration for a multilateral value-adding system in governance. In addition to providing a comprehensive historical macro-overview of AU governance intervention and related implementation modalities, the research served to uncover the implementation ‘black-box’ through a careful and comprehensive study of practices in each of the governance intervention terrains. The institutional focus serves to affirm that answerability for performance in the use of public resource and the structuring of organisations, matter for delivery and the production of substantive regional integration value. The core efficacy challenges at the level of AU multilateral engagements and implementation, such as norm proliferation, the exercise of power and sovereignty, staffing and capacity gaps, point to the need for a substantive and strategic reorientation of the AU governance normative framework and related intervention modalities. As an outcome of the analysis and reflection, a ‘norm graduating model’ is proposed to accommodate contextual realities in AU Member States on the back of historically hard-fought-for shared values in governance. At the level of implementation modalities, efficacy challenges point to the importance of a more tempered and realistic delivery approach. The primary focus in the immediate term should be on building governance through a diffused peer-engagement strategy culminating in norm compliance and full adherence to the provisions of established AU governance instruments over the long-term. / Public Administration and Management / Ph. D. (Public Administration)