Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 11, 2006). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 304-315).

This (diploma) thesis aims to introduce alternative dispute resolution within international business relationships and it subsequently focuses on one of them, which is mediation. This topic was chosen with regards to its recency and an evolving trend of alternative dispute resolution both in Czech Republic, and abroad. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. Introductory chapter introduces the issue of ADR, their characteristics, advantages and the division. The second chapter focuses on the definition of business relationships, international business relationships and suitability of application of ADR in these cases. The third chapter is dedicated to the characteristics of individual types of ADR such as negotiation, conciliation, collaborative law, arbitration, med-arb, medaloa, minitrial and expertise and their mutual comparison. The fourth chapter is devoted to the legislation of ADR within Czech Republic and subsequently to the international legislation of ADR. The fifth chapter focuses on mediation, its characteristics, definition, its forms, history and both national, and international legislation. The sixth chapter aims to introduce mediation within private international law. In the seventh chapter the mediator is characterised by using the comparison of the Czech and Austrian...

No description available.

This thesis aims to introduce alternative dispute resolution within international business relationships and it subsequently focuses on one of them, which is mediation. This topic was chosen with regards to its recency and an evolving trend of alternative dispute resolution both in Czech Republic, and abroad. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. Introductory chapter introduces the issue of ADR, their characteristics, advantages and the division. The second chapter focuses on the definition of business relationships, international business relationships and suitability of application of ADR in these cases. The third chapter is dedicated to the characteristics of individual types of ADR such as negotiation, conciliation, collaborative law, arbitration, med-arb, medaloa, minitrial and expertise and their mutual comparison. The fourth chapter is devoted to the legislation of ADR within Czech Republic and subsequently to the international legislation of ADR. The fifth chapter focuses on mediation, its characteristics, definition, its forms, history and both national, and international legislation. The sixth chapter aims to introduce mediation within private international law. In the seventh chapter the mediator is characterised by using the comparison of the Czech and Austrian legislation. Final...

Ilgai trunkantis konfliktas tarp Izraelio ir kaimyninių arabų valstybių yra procesas, įtraukiantis vis naujus tarptautinius veikėjus, kurie mėgina pritaikyti įvairias strategijas ir metodus, galinčius nulemti šalių sutarimą tokiu būdu, kad jis būtų naudingas ne tik konfliktuojančioms šalims, bet ir tarptautiniu mastu, sukuriant taikią aplinką regione. Tarptautinis tarpininkavimas yra vienas iš dažniausiai naudojamų derybų metodų, kaip priemonė skirta spręsti tarptautinius konfliktus. Tačiau tai nėra vien tik empatija ir gerų norų grindžiamas procesas, tai iš esmės yra užsienio politikos instrumentas, naudojamas valstybių, norint pasiekti savo tikslų. Šiuo darbu mėginama analitiškai pažvelgti į tris realius tarpininkavimo atvejus Vidurio Rytų regione (Jungtinės Tautos, JAV Prezidentas J. Carteris, JAV kaip valstybė) ir pateikti jų išsamią analizę, remiantis tikrais įvykiais, oficialiais dokumentais ir įvairiomis monografijomis, kurios sudaro teorinį darbo pagrindą. Tokiu būdu atskleidžiama, kad tarpininkavimas visų pirma siejasi su trečiosios šalies intervencija į konfliktą, kai ši siekia palengvinti ar išspręsti nesutarimus derybų metu. Taip pat šiame darbe įrodoma, kad tarpininkavimas dar gali būti naudojamas kaip priemonė, skirta plėsti savo įtakos zonas. Pagrindinė darbo išvada - tokie veiksniai kaip konflikto šalys, jų tarpusavio santykiai, tarptautiniai veikėjai, suinteresuoti konfliktu, jų galios šaltiniai, bei tų šaltinių panaudojimo priemonės, konfliktuojančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Conflict between Israel and its neighboring Arab states is the process of increasing involvement of new international actors who are trying to adapt different strategies and methods that might lead parties to the consensus, which would be useful not only for themselves but also to international politics, creating a peaceful environment for the region. International mediation is the method of negotiations that is one of the most commonly used means of international conflict resolution. However, it is important to highlight that there is no independent international mediation theory that can justify the behavior of actors in world politics so the main problem which enforced to make this study is the lack of integral international mediation theory and its analysis. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of different mediation models and its efficiency regarding the mediation type and time perspectives. The following tasks were set to achieve the main objective of this study: • To discuss the aspects of the selection of effective solutions to conflict resolution; • Review the diversity of mediation factors; • Analyze the most important theoretical foundations of the international mediation studies, including the essential role of mediation and its types; • Find and assess the effectiveness concept of the international mediation; • Perform a comparative analysis of the types of international mediation; The study was to discuss three real... [to full text]

This thesis deals with the topic of international mediation. It starts with its theoretical concept and analyzes the individual elements of the definition of mediation, which it divides into essential and additional. It then covers the history of the mediation procedure in the ancient times and the modern approach. It also attempts to solve the confusing terminology of mediation and conciliation. In chapter two it moves on to the description of other hybrid forms such as MEDALOA, med-arb or arb-med. The third chapter describes the individual forms of mediation with focus on court mediation in particular. First, its implementation possibilities are explored, which are followed by practical examples of judicial mediation in different countries. Chapter four is devoted to the regulatory framework starting with international documents. It compares mediation rules of several mediation institutions across the world. Then it investigates the pros and cons of the European mediation directive 2008/52/ES and two codices of behavior for mediators. Finally, the last part of chapter four is concerned with Czech mediation law. It provides an outline of the Law No. 202/2012 Coll. and the newest soft law document - Codex of attorney-mediator. Information from this chapter is transferred to a comparison table for more...

[pt] A presente dissertação faz uso do instrumental teórico da Resolução de Conflitos a fim de analisar o gerenciamento do conflito que opõe os grupos nacionalista católico e unionista protestante na Irlanda do Norte. Tal processo culminou com a assinatura do Acordo de Sexta Feira Santa em 10 de abril de 1998. A estratégia aplicada nas negociações previa a atuação simultânea em duas frentes: na elaboração de um acordo que estabelecia o compartilhamento de instituições políticas e na construção da confiança entre as partes concentrada na questão da deposição de armas pelos grupos paramilitares. Essa dissertação busca problematizar a mediação como um processo de resolução de conflitos de natureza elitista que encara o conflito como um problema essencialmente de barganha. Compreende-se que a mediação não encoraja a reconciliação entre as comunidades antagônicas e a geração de uma cultura de cooperação política, falhando em promover a confiança entre as partes e ocasionando impasses na implementação do acordo de paz. Embora a mediação tenha sido fundamental para oferecer uma alternativa política para as partes beligerantes, o conflito na região permaneceu latente com a escalada da violência em momentos cruciais de progresso das negociações. Este estudo conclui que a concretização do acordo deveu-se muito ao esgotamento da sociedade civil e ao reconhecimento das partes da impossibilidade de vencer o conflito pela via armada. Essa conclusão aponta a necessidade de se complementar a abordagem elitista com iniciativas de resolução de conflitos constituídas no seio da sociedade civil para explicar a evolução do processo de paz na Irlanda do Norte rumo à transformação do conflito e à construção de uma paz positiva. / [en] This dissertation analyzes from a Conflict Resolution perspective the process of conflict management between catholic nationalists and protestant unionists in Northern Ireland. This process ended with the signature of the Good Friday Agreement in April of 1998. The strategy employed in the negotiations presupposed a twin track approach: the elaboration of a power sharing political arrangement and the implementation of confidence building measures for the decommissioning of arms by paramilitary groups. This dissertation aims to problematize mediation as an elitist conflict resolution process that considers conflict essentially in terms of a bargaining problem. Mediation is understood as a process that does not encourage the reconciliation of antagonist communities and the generation of a culture of cooperation, failing to promote confidence between the parties and imposing setbacks in the implementation of the peace agreement. Although mediation was able to offer to the belligerents parties a political alternative, the conflict in the region remained latent, with the escalation of violence during crucial moments when the negotiations were moving forward. This study concludes that the peace agreement was achieved much due to the disengagement of civil society in the conflict and the recognition of the parties that they would not win the conflict by forceful means. This conclusion points to the necessity of complementing the elitist approach with civil society conflict resolution initiatives in order to explain the evolution of the peace process in Northern Ireland towards conflict transformation and positive peace.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:22:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PDF - Jeane Silva de Freitas.pdf: 1197797 bytes, checksum: 363b8ac9901fe26f43c12bd71402c2d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to discuss the effectiveness of the mediating role of the United Nations (UN) and the African Union (AU) in solving the conflict in Southern Sudan. We argue that this action mediating impacted considerably in the negotiations between the republic of Sudan and the republic of South Sudan, since: (i) it was established a ceasefire in hostilities between the warring parties, especially in the border regions between the two Sudanese states; (ii) an active effectiveness on the part of the peacekeeping operations of the UN and AU to ensure civilian protection and humanitarian aid in face of escalating violence in the region; (iii) the establishment of the most significant agreements regarding the outstanding issues, especially regarding the creation of a demilitarized zone in Abyei. First, we discussed International Mediation Theory in Post-Cold War Era to clarify its main assumptions, thus considering the importance of mediation in solving international crises, taking as a basis the various types mediators. Then we carried out a descriptive presentation of the case study, the conflict in Southern Sudan, seeking to discuss the implications of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) and its subsequent implementation in 2005. In this case, we sought to emphasize issues related to wealth distribution, delimitation of borders and sovereignty of Abyei. Finally, we examined the mediating role of the UN and the AU, as a means of conflict resolution, facing these outstanding issues arising from the CPA in 2011- 2012. To do so, we pointed up its successes and failures in driving this conflict mediation process and the maintenance of peace in warring areas. Given the above, we point the central question of this study: what is the level of effectiveness of the UN and the AU as mediating institutions in building and promoting peace in South Sudan? Before the points raised, we argued that mediation effectiveness could be observed in terms of humanitarian impact on the region, actions issued by the UN Security Council and the African Peace Council in curbing violence in the States of Jonglei and Abyei. Therefore, this dissertation is structured based on qualitative analytical, exploratory and descriptive research on issues of Conflict Resolution, International Mediation, and Regional and International Organizations. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo debater a efetividade do papel mediador da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) e da União Africana (UA) na resolução do conflito do Sudão do Sul. Argumenta-se que essa atuação mediadora impactou de forma considerável nas negociações entre a república do Sudão e a república do Sudão do Sul, uma vez que: (i) percebeu-se um cessar-fogo nas hostilidades entre as partes beligerantes, especialmente, nas regiões fronteiriças entre os dois Estados sudaneses; (ii) uma ativa efetividade, por parte das operações de paz da ONU e UA, em assegurar a proteção civil e a ajuda humanitária em face da escalada da violência na região; (iii) o estabelecimento de acordos mais significativos em relação às questões pendentes, principalmente no que se referiu à criação de uma Zona Desmilitarizada em Abyei. Discute-se, inicialmente, o estudo com uma compreensão teórica acerca da Mediação Internacional no pós-Guerra Fria visando a esclarecer suas principais premissas. Considerando-se a importância da mediação na resolução de crises internacionais, tomaram-se por base os variados tipos de mediadores. Em seguida, passou-se para a apresentação descritiva do caso prático, o conflito do Sudão do Sul, buscando-se discutir as implicações do Acordo Geral de Paz (CPA) e sua posterior implementação, em 2005. Nesse caso, procuraram-se ressaltar as questões relacionadas à partilha das riquezas, a delimitação das fronteiras e a soberania da região de Abyei. Por fim, analisou-se o papel mediador da ONU e da UA, enquanto meios de resolução de conflitos, frente a essas questões pendentes, resultantes do CPA, no biênio 2011-2012. Para tanto, apontou-se seus acertos e falhas na condução do processo de mediação desse conflito e na manutenção da paz nas áreas beligerantes. Diante do exposto, volta-se para a pergunta central desse estudo: qual a efetividade da ONU e da UA, como instituições mediadoras, na construção e promoção da paz no Sudão do Sul? Frente aos pontos levantados, argumenta-se que a efetividade da referida mediação pôde ser constatada em termos do impacto humanitário no terreno, das ações emanadas pelo Conselho de Segurança da ONU e pelo Conselho de Paz Africano em conter a violência nos Estados do Jonglei e Abyei. Portanto, esta dissertação se estrutura à luz da pesquisa qualitativa-analítica, exploratória e descritiva sobre os temas da Resolução de Conflitos, da Mediação Internacional e das Organizações Regionais e Internacionais.

Comment comprendre, interpréter, et expliquer la médiation internationale ? Peut-on distinguer différentes formes de médiations internationales ? Face au recours croissant à la médiation sur la scène internationale depuis la fin de la guerre froide et à la diversité des acteurs pouvant entreprendre cette activité de pacification, un travail de clarification s’impose. Mêlant réflexion théorique et analyse de cas d’étude, nous proposons une typologie fondée sur la distinction entre une médiation politique, expertise et sociétale. Pour dégager ces types, nous interrogeons les différentes conceptions du conflit et de la paix ainsi que la rationalité à l’œuvre dans la médiation, la variété des pratiques de médiation et, en dernier lieu, les diverses fonctions de la médiation dans la recomposition du conflit et pour le médiateur. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que les limites de la typologie nous informent sur des problématiques communes aux différentes médiations. En pensant « l’unique » ou les limites des types, nous interrogeons les contextes de médiations, en replaçant les activités de médiations dans leur environnement macro et micro. Penser « le multiple » est ensuite un moyen de mettre en évidence des complexes de médiations, qui redonnent une multi-dimensionnalité au phénomène – d’où le regard sur les médiations multi-types – et témoignent aussi des évolutions possibles des formes de médiations. Enfin, « l’entre-deux » permet de questionner les médiations hybrides, marquées par la combinaison de caractéristiques les rattachant à différents types, et qui émergent des décalages entre discours et actes ainsi qu’entre effets recherchés et résultats obtenus. / How can we understand, interpret and explain international mediation? Is it possible to distinguish several types of international mediations? The growing use of international mediation since the end of the Cold War and the diversity of actors involved in this peacemaking activity explain the need for clarification. Combining theoretical considerations and case studies, we therefore propose a typology based on the distinction between a political, an expert and a societal mediation. These types are constructed through an analysis of the various ways of conceiving conflict, peace, and the rationality of mediation, the different mediation practices, and finally the diverse functions that mediations can have with regard to the conflict and the mediator. In a second part, we demonstrate that the limits of the typological exercise shed light on problems and stakes common to all mediations. We question the limits of our types in relation to the unique macro and micro contexts in which mediations are carried out. We then define “mediation complexes”, characterized by the co-existence of several types of mediations or the changing character of a mediation over time. Lastly, we reflect on hybrid mediations, which combine characteristics from different types, and emerge from the discrepancy between discourses and acts as well as between expected and obtained effects.

Although the topic of international mediation has been debated frequently amongst academic scholars, most literature has failed to address the notion of threat perception. This thesis examines the impact of threat perceptions from ideational and material force on the prospects for successful international mediation. In this comparative case study, I argue that threat perception is an influential factor conditioning the road towards peace agreements, by examining one case of failure and one case of success in international mediation of interstate conflicts. The first case in the comparison consists of the conflict between Armenia-Azerbaijan in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, where the OSCE Minsk Group has conducted mediation efforts. The second case examined is the conflict between Israel-Egypt which predominately have been mediated by the US. A conflict which ending was marked by the Camp David Accords in 1978 and resulted in a peace treaty the year after. The analysis shows that threat perception is indeed a factor of importance for outcome in relation to international mediation. Compared to previous research largely focused on material factors, the result shows that ideational factors should be considered to the same extent and are influential in both cases. This contribution to the field of war studies and international mediation literature also reflects the interconnectivity between threat perceptions from ideational and material force. An insight which I argue is pivotal for the comprehension of why some interstate conflicts appear to be resistant to resolution.