This work considers the legal impediments to farming in an urban environment with a particular focus on the municipal bylaws that prohibit the keeping of hens in Saskatoon. The jurisdictional competency of Saskatoon to prohibit the keeping of urban hens is challenged under both municipal law and constitutional law, and more broadly, under the general premise that liberty interests should often prevail where a bylaw is arbitrary, misinformed, and restricts the pursuit of truth and human flourishing. Saskatoon’s urban hen prohibition is argued to be premised more on a form of moral reasoning that unnecessarily distinguishes between rural and urban environments, and less, if at all, on empirical evidence. Urban agriculture is often undertaken to address the environmental and social shortfalls of the global food system, such as the system’s connection with climate change, animal welfare issues, and challenges associated with the distribution of food. Moreover, urban agriculture is a means of protecting the rights of producers and consumers, as articulated by the food sovereignty movement. In this work, a claimant’s desire to advance food rights (including food sovereignty) through the keeping of urban hens is argued to engage the guarantee to freedom of expression and freedom of conscience under Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This work explores the possibility of protecting the manifestation of social and environmental action through the guarantee to freedom of conscience. This work develops a cursory test for determining where a claimant’s guarantee to freedom of conscience is violated, drawing on the well established protection of freedom of expression and freedom of religion.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Univ., Diss.--Frankfurt am Main, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 169 - 187.

Univ., FB Rechtswiss., Diss. u.d.T. Bozyakali, Can: Eine Untersuchung der NS-Sondergerichte unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Anwendung der Verordnung gegen Volksschädlinge vor dem Sondergericht am Hanseatischen Oberlandesgericht--Hamburg, 2004.

Univ., Diss.--Regensburg, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. [339] - 370.

Thesis--Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1996. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 283-302). Also available via the Internet.

This thesis examines why courts in the United States of America (US), India and South Africa refer to foreign law in death penalty cases. To gain an understanding of what drives the apex courts of the US, India and South Africa to cite foreign law when considering domestic death penalty issues, this thesis proposes a three-part matrix to both assess the relevant case law and to analyse the academic literature on cross-citation. Firstly, it will be demonstrated that judges in national courts cross-cite comparative law out of a primary interest in constitutional interpretation. Cross-citation is used in this manner to assist judges in their domestic interpretative tasks. Secondly, it will be illustrated how courts that engage in the citation of foreign law also seek guidance from other jurisdictions as to the content of shared values, such as what type of punishment does not fundamentally and unlawfully violate the right to human dignity. Finally, this thesis assesses to what degree courts from the three selected jurisdictions are additionally referencing or applying a customary international law norm when citing foreign sources. The argument is made that the domestic courts under examination engage with comparative law in the context of a broader transnational normative project, taking the international human rights framework that developed after the Second World War as a key reference point. In doing so, this thesis argues that these courts are at times recognising and developing emerging customary norms, and at other times giving effect to and enforcing applicable international human rights law.

Trata-se de estudo de Direito Constitucional acerca dos direitos fundamentais. Inicialmente estudam-se os conceitos de direito subjetivo e de direito fundamental, elencandose as suas assim chamadas “gerações”. Após, enfrenta-se a construção doutrinária dos “deveres de proteção” dos direitos fundamentais. De mão desses conhecimentos, volta-se o foco, na segunda parte, para a teoria da “eficácia contra particulares” dos direitos fundamentais. Inicialmente, ubica-se-a no fenômeno maior da “Constitucionalização do Direito Privado”. Após, enunciam-se as teorias contrapostas que se construíram para a explicação dessa “eficácia contra particulares”, apresentando-se solução de conciliação. Aborda-se também particularidade processual atinente à divisão de competências dos tribunais de Brasília (STF e STJ) para aplicação da “eficácia contra particulares”. Conclui-se, finalmente, sobre possibilidade de superação dos riscos que os detratores dessa teoria levantam, contanto que respeitados determinados marcos teóricos. / This is a study on Constitutional Law about fundamental rights. First are focused the concepts of subjectiv right, fundamental rights, and its “generations”. Afterwards the attention shifts to the “duty of protection” of the fundamental rights. In the second part, the doctrine of the “effect of fundamental rights against private individuals” and the opposing theories about it are researched, with the proposal of a conciliatory solution. Then, the particular division of judiciary competences in Brasilia (between STJ and STF) to enforce that doctrine is targeted. Finally, the study concludes in favour of the possibility of avoiding the risks presented by the enemmies of that doctrine, if some theoretical marks are respected.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-11T19:09:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa.pdf: 1534501 bytes, checksum: bbd1226cc6f052e21a65a08ec5f4b1be (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:23:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa.pdf: 1534501 bytes, checksum: bbd1226cc6f052e21a65a08ec5f4b1be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa.pdf: 1534501 bytes, checksum: bbd1226cc6f052e21a65a08ec5f4b1be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / O presente estudo orientado precipuamente pelo método fenomenológico pretende enfrentar o problema das dimensões do mínimo existencial e sua relação com a essência do republicanismo. Examina-se a atuação jurisdicional na prevenção de condutas que subtraqem dos individuos a acesso ao campo da dignidade. Busca-se dissociar o mínimo existencial do âmbito dos direitos sociais para situa-lo em todas as possiveis relaçoes dos individuos com o Estado. Sustenta-se a necessidade de proteção dos valores republicanos especialmente a eletividade a representatividade e a responsabilidade para que seja obstada a ascensão ou retorno ao poder daqueles que já demonstraram o seu descaso com a coisa pública. Examinam-se as relações entre mínimo existencial mínimo vital reserva do possível e núcleo essencial. Defende-se a atuação responsável do Judiciário no preenchimento das lacunas decorrentes da omissão ou negligência do Legislativo e do Executivo providência que deve ser levada a efeito por meio de decisões racionais e fundadas na técnica da ponderação. Ressalta-se a necessidade de deslocamento das decisões que envolvem o mínimo existencial do campo das lides individuais para o campo coletivo seja por meio judicial ou extrajudicial com o fim de impulsionar ações da Administração no sentido de construir soluções no campo orçamentário. / Salvador