Latin America has been declared by the actual Mexican administrative a priority area; however, that declaration does not reflect the reality. Why is that so? The objective of this thesis is to explain the principles, the acts and the obstacles of Mexican foreign policy towards Latin America. At the same time, the author aims to reveal whether Mexico is a Latin American country and what is its role in that region. First chapter deals with Mexican identity and its determination in the region, the following chapter then describes the evolution of Mexican foreign policy focusing on the actual government. The third and the fourth chapter are dedicated, respectively, to the multilateral and bilateral aspects of Mexican foreign policy towards Latin America. In the last part, the author gives a summary of the main deficits and challenges of Mexican foreign policy towards Latin America and the perspective areas are pointed out. The thesis is complemented with a case study which is meant to show the strengths and weaknesses of Mexican foreign policy towards the region.

This final thesis describes new transformed system of development assistance in Czech Republic and provided forms of assistance in Latin America. In firs theoretic chapter we can read about this current system. Secon part is dedicated to concrete forms of development assisance in each state in LA. Other part describes economic relations with Czech Republic measured by turnover.Finaly there is summary informing about influence of commerece realtions on providing the development assistance.

Objective: Cultural neuropsychologists face barriers such as access to culturally appropriate psychometric instruments and norms. Further, three commonly encountered dilemmas in cultural neuropsychology include the following questions: (1) How do psychologists determine the best normative data to use for a given assessment scenario? (2) Do measures and models developed with North American samples also work in adaptations of instruments used with cross-cultural samples? (3) How can alternative and cost-effective measures be developed to meet the need for additional assessment tools? In response to these dilemmas, this dissertation consists of three papers aimed at developing Latinx and cultural neuropsychology psychometric resources for one of the most common cultural assessment scenarios: intelligence assessment amongst Spanish-speaking individuals using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Chapter 1. A sample of 305 highly educated Colombian corporate executives completed the WAIS-IV. Data were scored using norms from Colombia, Chile, Mexico, Spain, United States, and Canada and scores were compared using ANOVA. Additionally, a comparative sociodemographic framework was established to contextualize our sample to the standardization samples and populations of the six countries. Chapter 2. Accumulating evidence indicates the original factor structures published in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales may not best describe the data captured by these tests, and instead supports a five factor Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model over a four factor Wechsler model, and a bifactor model over a higher-order model. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was used to evaluate factor structure of the Chilean-WAIS-IV (Wechsler, 2013) normative sample (ages 18-60; N=672) to better understand its psychometrics and to contribute to much needed cross-cultural study of alternative WAIS-IV factor models. Results marginally favored CHC and bifactor models but provided strong support for higher-order and Wechsler model variants as well, pointing to the need of further theoretical, methodological, clinical, and cross-cultural research. Chapter 3. The recent publication of the Chilean adaptation of the WAIS-IV has contributed to ongoing efforts to provide more psychometric instruments culturally appropriate for regions in South America. While not all assessment situations necessitate administration of the full WAIS and calculation of a full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ), there is virtually no published research on WAIS-IV short forms for estimating IQ in Latin America. This study used a rigorous series of methods (adapted from Smith et al., 2000) to develop robust estimated IQ short forms, aligned with Wechsler and CHC models, using the Chilean WAIS-IV standardization data (ages 18-90; N=887). Linear scaling was used to produce normative tables for the 28 best two-, three-, four-, and five subtest short forms of the Chilean WAIS-IV. Discussion. Together, the three papers of this dissertation provide psychometric guidance and resources not only for Latin American neuropsychologists in the area of intelligence assessment, but also more broadly for all cultural neuropsychology researchers and clinicians. / Graduate / 2020-06-25

[pt] Nos ní­veis atuais de globalização, fluxo de informações e sensibilidade das economias e empresas em todo o mundo, e onde os mercados financeiros,os processos, operações e dinâmicas organizacionais são cada vez mais padronizados, torna-se cada vez mais importante a precisão dos indicadores e dados que são utilizados na avaliação de empresas para a percepção quanto as suas situações financeiras por meio da observação de indicadores de capital de giro, em especial, em novos mercados e paí­ses e para as empresas globalizadas. Este trabalho proprõe um modelo de avaliação de situação econômico-financeiro de empresas baseado em uma analise conjunta da aplicação dos clássicos e tradicionais Indicadores de Liquidez com o Modelo Dinâmico de Capital de Giro, estudado e desenvolvido por Michel Fleruiet. O trabalho propõe sua aplicação em empresas de quatro paí­ses da America Latina, Argentina, Brasil, Chile e México. Testes aplicados sobre as Demonstrações Financeiras das empresas dos setores de tecnologia e energia representando cem por cento das empresas de capital aberto destes setores nos paí­ses revelaram que e benéfica a utilização conjunta dos modelos de avaliação de situação econômico-financeiro e de autofinanciamento. / [en] On the current globalization levels, information flow and economies and companies sensibility all over the world, and where financial markets, the procedures, operatives and organizational dynamics are at each more standardized, becomes as more important the indicators precision and the data that are used evaluating companies to perceive regarding its financial situations by the observation of the working capital indicators, specially over new markets and countries and for globalized companies. This study intend to propose an evaluation model for financial-economic companies situation based on a jointly application of the classics and traditional Liquid Indicators with the Dynamic Working Capital Model studied and developed by Michel Fleuriet. The studies propose to apply it over four Latin America countries, Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Such trials accomplished over Financial Statements of technology and energy companies representing one hundred percent of open market capital companies of these segments on countries, revealed that it's beneficial the use of both models of evaluation of the financial-economic situation and auto- sufficiency jointly.

As reflexões em torno do Patrimônio Imaterial são decorrentes de uma mudança na compreensão dos conceitos de patrimônio e cultura. As narrativas patrimoniais, a partir de então, voltam-se à valorização da diversidade cultural, e a compreensão de cultura passa a ser entendido como o campo de elaboração de signos e sentidos por uma comunidade ou um grupo. Nesse contexto, a Salvaguarda dos bens de natureza imaterial, frequentemente, se dá por meio do processo de Musealização desses bens, sendo possível observar que, na América Latina, existem similitudes na maneira de se trabalhar a Musealização dos bens imateriais. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar como o processo de Musealização é apropriado como estratégia de Salvaguarda do Patrimônio Imaterial, visando verificar as associações e divergências na articulação dos processos de Patrimonialização e Musealização dos bens de natureza imaterial. Para tanto, foram analisadas as experiências do Museu de Folclore Edison Carneiro, no Brasil, e do Museu Nacional de Culturas Populares, no México. O trabalho parte, ainda, de uma compreensão da Musealização enquanto cadeia de processos de caráter infocomunicacional; de uma compreensão de Cultura enquanto campo em que os sujeitos elaboram os signos e símbolos, bem como a significação das estruturas sociais. Compreendendo a ideia de Patrimônio Imaterial como conjunto de expressões, tradições e saberes, que estão na base das identidades das comunidades, e que são transmitidos de geração em geração, o presente trabalho se caracteriza enquanto pesquisa básica, uma vez que busca preencher uma lacuna no conhecimento, e se estrutura enquanto pesquisa bibliográfica. / The reflections related to the Intangible Heritage arise from a change in the comprehension of the concepts of heritage and culture. The heritage narratives turn to a cultural diversity\'s appreciation, and the culture\'s comprehension starts to be understood as a field of elaboration of signs and meanings by a community or a group. In this context, the Safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage often happens through a Musealization process, and it is possible to observe that in Latin America there are similarities in the way they usually tackle this issue. Therefore, this research intends to analyze how the Musealization process is appropriate as a strategy of the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage, aiming to verify the associations and deviations in the processes of Patrimonialization and Musealization of intangible assets. Thus, we analyze the experiences of the Museum of Folklore Edison Carneiro, in Brazil, and the National Museum of Popular Cultures, in Mexico. Furthermore, this study sets out to an understanding of Musealization as a chain of infocommunicational processes, as well as a comprehension of Culture as a field in which the subjects elaborate not only the signs and symbols, but also the meaning of the social structures. We understand the Intangible Heritage as a set of expressions, traditions, and knowledge that are the foundation of the communities\' identities, and that are transmitted from generation to generation. This work is characterized as basic research since it aims to fulfill a gap knowledge and it structures itself as a bibliographical research.

[pt] Esse trabalho analisa de forma comparada o pensamento do cubano José Martí e o do uruguaio José Enrique Rodó, a partir de alguns de seus escritos. Ambos os autores influenciaram significativamente a intelectualidade hispanoamericana em fins do século XIX e início do XX. Em seus discursos escreveram em nome da América, não se restringindo apenas aos próprios países. A forma que usaram para se expressarem, abrangendo o continente americano e excluindo os Estados Unidos, guarda relação com o contexto político, social e econômico de seus países naquele período. É nosso interesse identificar as razões que motivaram tanto Martí quanto Rodó a estruturarem seus discursos de modo a abranger boa parte do continente americano e compreender como ambos os autores definiram uma identidade latino-americana. Também procuramos entender como Martí e Rodó construíram a polarização entre a América Latina e os Estados Unidos e perceberam a presença norte-americana no continente. / [en] This work examines in comparative thought the Cuban José Martí and the Uruguayan Jose Enrique Rodó, from some of their writings. Both authors have significantly influenced the Hispanic-American intellectuals in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In theirs speeches, they were not restricted to their own countries, but covered all the America. The form they used for expressing themselves, covering the Americas and excluding the United States, is related to the political, social and economic development of their countries in that period. It is our interest to identify the reasons that motivated Martí and Rodó to structure their speeches to cover the American continent and understand how both authors defined an identity to Latin America. Also try to understand how Marti and Rodó built the polarity between Latin America and the United States and how they observed the North-American presence in the continent.

No description available.

The offshore wind potential of the Caribbean Sea has barely been exploited. Currently, the offshore wind power industry in Latin America and the Caribbean region is still at very early stages, leaving aside an important resource that otherwise could contribute to satisfy the growing energy demand of the zone. In this study the possibilities arising from a massive exploitation of the wind resource in the Caribbean Sea are assessed. The objective is to investigate if the resources contained in it would be sufficient to satisfy the energy demand of Latin America and the Caribbean, which is foreseen to be about 1900 TWh/year by 2020. To address this question, the “Infinite wind farm” concept is used as a simple way to model the meteorological behaviour and the wind speed in the area. The model is utilized in combination with the bathymetric data of the Caribbean Sea and with a simple economic analysis, to evaluate what the requirements to satisfy the energy demand would be in terms of area, number of turbines, and levelized cost of energy (LCoE). The assessment is performed utilizing different turbine sizes, and inter-turbine separations to find the combination that minimizes the LCoE. It is found that the energy demand of Latin America and the Caribbean could be satisfied using only 125000 km2 (4.5% of the total Caribbean Sea area) of waters shallower than 25m at a cost of 69 €/MWh, if the turbines were separated 6.5D from one another and if they had a rotor diameter of 250m. In that case, 47760 turbines should be installed using only conventional monopile foundations.

Esta tese tem por objeto as relações entre o marxismo de matriz comunista e o nacionalismo popular no Peru, entre os anos 1920 e19 30, e no Brasil, entre as décadas de 1950 e 1960. Parto da hipótese de que foram essas duas correntes ideológicas concorrentes que plasmaram, entre os anos 1920 e a Revolução Cubana, o universo político-ideológico das esquerdas latino-americanas, em particular, e das classes subalternas do subcontinente, de modo geral. O maior sucesso dos nacionalistas populares em ganhar a adesão dos trabalhadores se deveria à incompreensão dos comunistas em relação à especificidade da questão nacional na região, isto é: o caráter inconcluso da formação das comunidades imaginadas nacionais, tanto pela exclusão da cidadania de amplas camadas populares, como pela dependência externa. Ao longo do trabalho, procurarei demonstrar como essa relação seguiu padrões opostos nos dois países: indo de uma origem comum à hostilidade, no primeiro caso, e do conflito à aliança, no segundo. Explicarei esses padrões divergentes, tanto pelas diferenças entre as respectivas formações sociais, como pelos distintos contextos internacionais, em especial no que se refere ao movimento comunista. Com essa pesquisa comparada, procurarei submeter à crítica as interpretações da chamada teoria do populismo, em especial no que diz respeito ao Brasil e ao problema das relações entre comunistas e nacionalistas no período pré-1964. / This thesis discusses the relationship between the Marxism of communist background and popular nationalism in Peru, during the 1920s and 1930s, and in Brazil, during the 50s and 60s. My hypothesis is that this two concurring ideologies formed, from the 1920s until the Cuban Revolution, the political and ideological universe of the Latin American left, in particular, and that of the subcontinents subaltern classes. The greater ability of the popular nationalists to gain support from the working classes is due to the incomprehension on behalf of the communists of the national problem in the region: the unfinished character of the national imagined communities, caused by the exclusion from citizenship of vast popular masses and external dependency. The work shall demonstrate that the relationship between nationalists and communists followed opposite patterns: going from a common background to hostility in the first case, and from conflict to alliance in the second. With this comparative research, I seek to criticize the interpretations inspired by the theory of populism, especially in the Brazilian case and on the subject of the communist/nationalist relations in the pre-1964 period.

Essa pesquisa tem como objeto o assassinato do político liberal colombiano Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, em Bogotá, no dia 9 de abril de 1948, e a consequente violenta reação popular na capital, que ficou conhecida como Bogotazo. Esse trágico acontecimento marcou o século XX colombiano e teve consequências políticas e sociais imediatas e de longa duração no país. O episódio é considerado o ponto inicial do acirramento de período de violência política que tem repercussões ainda visíveis na atualidade, a chamada La Violencia (1946-1957). Nesse sentido, sob a perspectiva da Nova História Política e da História Cultural, tendo como fontes os principais jornais colombianos e brasileiros época;o discurso político Oración por la paz, de Jorge Eliécer Gaitan; a entrevista de Fidel Castro sobre o Bogotazo e a obra literária Viver para contar, de Gabriel García Márquez, procuramos analisar o Bogotazo a fim de compreender quatro importantes componentes: o papel do personagem, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán; a natureza do motim; a memória coletiva construída sobre o episódio e o significado simbólico da data. / This research aims at the assassination of Colombian liberal politician Jorge Eliécer Gaitán in Bogota on April 9, 1948, and the consequent violent popular reaction in the capital, known as Bogotazo. This tragic event marked the Colombian 20th century and had immediate and long-term political and social consequences in the country. The episode is considered the starting point of the intensification of a period of political violence that has repercussions still visible today, called La Violencia (1946-1957). In this sense, from the perspective of New Political History and Cultural History, having as sources the main Colombian and Brazilian newspapers of the time, we tried to analyze the Bogotazo in order to understand four important components: the role of its main character, Jorge Eliécer Gaitán; the nature of the riot the Bogotazo; the collective memory built on the episode and the symbolic meaning of the date.