Kostnaden för nyproduktion av hus i Sverige har ökat markant under de senaste åren. Byggföretag har svårt att hålla både projektens löptid och kostnader nere, vilket resulterat i ett ökat marknadspris och ett växande missnöje bland slutkunder. De ökade kostnaderna beror enligt forskning på vanligt förekommande slöseri i form av såväl material som arbetskraft. I försöken att eliminera slöseri har många företag anpassat sin verksamhet efter Lean Thinking, ett system som härstammar från den japanska bilindustrin, bestående av verktyg och metoder med huvudsyfte att identifiera och eliminera slöseri. Ur detta har även nya former av byggnation fångat marknadens intresse. Industrialiserat byggande är en metod som förflyttat stora delar av verksamheten från byggarbetsplats till prefabricering i fabrik och på så sätt eliminerat många av de slöseri och riskmoment som förknippas med det traditionella synsättet på byggnation. Studien lägger fokus på hur arbete med Lean Thinking och prefabricerat byggande kan avhjälpa de kostnadsproblem som branschen ställs inför på dagens marknad. Genom en fallstudie har vi beretts möjlighet att på nära håll studera för- respektive nackdelar med ett prefabricerat byggande, samt fått möjlighet att studera en organisation där verksamheten utgår från Lean Thinking. Studien visar att det genom Lean Thinking och prefabricerat byggande går att minimera vanligt förekommande slöseri inom byggbranschen. Utförandetiden för prefabricerat byggande är också mycket kortare än vid traditionellt byggande och på så vis hålls kostnaderna nere. Genom att ytterliga utveckla prefabricerat byggande enligt Lean Thinking skulle det vara möjligt att i större utsträckning minimera slöseri och möjliggöra ett ännu smartare byggande. / The costs of house construction in Sweden have increased conspicuously over the last years. Construction companies have a hard time maintaining low project lead-times as well as keeping costs within the financial plan, which in turn has affected market price and created a growing discontent amongst buyers. Research indicates that the increased production costs are in many ways caused by the large amount of waste, in form of materials and labor, which is common within today’s construction projects. Efforts to eliminate waste has led many companies to adapt Lean Thinking, a system with roots in Japanese car manufacturing industry, containing tools and methods designed to identify and eliminate all kinds of waste. From all this, new ways of construction has been introduced on to todays market. Industrialized housing is a relatively new concept, which has eliminated a lot of waste and risks by moving construction away from an on-site project into prefabrication within factories. This study focuses on how Lean Thinking adaptation and industrialized construction can help lowering construction costs. A case study has given us the opportunity to follow an industrialized construction project up close, as well as the opportunity to study an organization that has implemented Lean Thinking. The study shows that it is possible to reduce common waste within construction industry through Lean Thinking and industrialized housing. The project lead-time for industrialized housing is also much shorter compared to traditional construction methods and therefore the costs are kept low. By continuing to evolve industrialized housing through Lean Thinking it would be possible to further reduce waste and consequently enabling an even smarter way of construction.

Research &amp; Development (R&amp;D) departments are becoming increasingly structured and routine-based, with tight schedules and daily follow-ups. This way of working stems from increased demands for delivering products to customers quickly and with high quality at a low price. At the same time, these organisations are faced with the challenge of coming up with new ideas that can become the foundations of tomorrow’s innovations. This means that R&amp;D departments must achieve both exploration, in terms of coming up with new ideas, and exploitation in terms of turning existing ideas into products available on the market. If these dual perspectives are to be met within a single work unit, the employees in that unit must achieve what we call contextual ambidexterity. Previous research has shown this to be difficult to achieve and has offered little guidance for organisations about how to organise and manage their operations in order to increase their chances of achieving contextual ambidexterity.The aim of this thesis is to explore challenges related to innovation that are encountered at the micro-level in contextually ambidextrous organisations and to shed light on factors that explain those challenges.This study has combined survey data with interview data from several organisations to analyse the relationship between aspects of efficiency and aspects of creativity. It was found that employees in a contextually ambidextrous organisation struggle to ensure enough micro-level exploration space, in other words, they have trouble finding time to explore ideas and making room for novel ideas.This research shows that a contextually ambidextrous approach in R&amp;D will likely exert two main challenges related to innovation. The first challenge is a crowding out of exploratory activities in favour of exploitatory activities. One reason for this is the combination of using productivity goals for exploitation and not using any similar targets for exploration activities. Large discrepancies in how these two types of activities are treated runs the risk that the one that is less monitored – most often exploration – is likely to be crowded out in favour of the one that is more intensely monitored.A second possible challenge is the demand on predictability in project progress that is often built into organisations as a means to enhance exploitation. This aim for predictability might create a reluctance to introduce new projects with high levels of novelty because the introduction of novel ideas contains uncertainties that jeopardise the adherence to the project plan. The combination of this view of novelty in the later phases of product development and the crowding out of exploratory activities could possibly lead to insufficient room for novel ideas to gain ground in the organisation, and this could lead to less innovative output. / <p>QC 20150225</p>

[pt] O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e validar como funcionalidades da Modelagem da Informação da Construção (BIM) podem interagir com princípios da construção enxuta para contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável em projetos de construção e alcançar projetos de maior qualidade. Para este fim, primeiramente uma breve revisão de cada um destes conceitos foi introduzida, seguida por uma extensiva e estruturada revisão da literatura, buscando combinações par a par destes tópicos. Os resultados desta revisão deram origem à uma matriz que que consolidou as interrelações, que foram destacadas e explicadas. Para validar algumas destas interrelações, um plug-in foi proposto e implementado em um ambiente de visualização BIM para ajudar o usuário a decidir pelo melhor projeto dentre diferentes alternativas, considerando também a perspectiva do usuário em termos do que mais gera valor ao projeto. Para ilustrar e validar a usabilidade e importância do plug-in, o projeto de um galpão com determinados requerimentos foi considerado. Quatro alternativas de projeto foram modeladas considerando diferentes tipos de superestrutura e envelope das edificações, bem como variados materiais. Estes modelos foram exportados como arquivos IFC e então importados no ambiente BIM. Através do plug-in desenvolvido, foi então importada uma base de dados externa e calculados os indicadores de custos gerais, emissões de CO2 e comforto térmico para cada modelo baseados nos dados contidos nos elementos e na base de dados importada. Finalmente, foram consideradas ponderações inseridas por usuários para cada indicador e exibidos os resultados em forma de gráficos, indicando a melhor opção através de um Método de Decisão de Múltiplos Atributos. Apesar de os modelos utilizados nesta pesquisa terem sido hipotéticos e mais indicadores serem necessários para melhores resultados, foi possível verificar que análises automatizadas podem otimizar tarefas de tomada de decisão que em outras circunstâncias seriam ineficientes e imprecisas. Desta forma, algumas das interações percebidas foram validadas e a importância da integração entre os conceitos foi confirmada. / [en] The main purpose of this study was to evaluate and validate how Building Information Modeling functionalities could interact with lean construction principles to support sustainable development in building design and deliver higher quality projects. To that end, first a brief introduction to each of these concepts was introduced, followed by an extensive and structured literature research looking for pairwise combination of these topics. The results of this review generated a matrix that brought up interactions, which were highlighted and explained. To further validate some of these interrelationships, a plug-in was proposed and implemented on a BIM enabled visualization environment to help the user decide the best design between alternatives, while considering his perspective on what generates value to the project. To illustrate and validate the usability and importance of the plug-in, the design of a warehouse with certain requirements was considered. Four design alternatives were modelled considering different types of superstructures along with the building envelope and varied types of materials. These models were exported as IFC files and then imported to the BIM environment. The plug-in then imported an external database and calculated general costs, CO2 emissions and thermal comfort indicators for each model based on data contained on elements and the imported database. Finally, it considered user weightings on each indicator and graphically displayed results indicating which of the options would be the best through a Multiple Attribute Decision Method. Even though the used models were hypothetical and more indicators would be required for more robust results, it was possible to verify that automated analysis considering indicators can optimize decision making tasks that otherwise would be inefficient and innacurate. This way, some of the perceived interactions were validated and the importance of integrating these concepts was confirmed.

Este trabalho se propõe a desenvolver um método de avaliação da base de fornecedores da cadeia de suprimentos têxtil com foco na realização de uma auditoria das competências operacionais que avalie as práticas da organização auditada em relação aos objetivos de desempenho em qualidade, custo e entrega (QCE). O método proposto deve apoiar as etapas de qualificação, de tomada de decisão e de monitoramento no processo de avaliação da base de fornecedores. A abordagem proposta para a elaboração do método foi a de adotar as práticas promovidas pelo pensamento enxuto, devido às necessidades do setor têxtil no contexto atual. O método foi elaborado a partir de modelos de avaliação sistemática de competências sob a perspectiva do pensamento enxuto. O primeiro objetivo buscado neste trabalho foi verificar se a abordagem de verificar a adoção das práticas promovidas pelo pensamento enxuto pode ser estendida para o processo de avaliação das competências operacionais dos fornecedores em relação aos objetivos de QCE no contexto da cadeia têxtil. O segundo objetivo foi elaborar e testar um método de avaliação das competências operacionais dos fornecedores em relação aos objetivos de QCE baseado na abordagem do pensamento enxuto. O terceiro objetivo foi de explorar como o método proposto para avaliação de fornecedores pode ser utilizado para enriquecer as etapas de tomada de decisão e de monitoramento no processo de avaliação da base de fornecedores em uma organização. Para buscar estes objetivos foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo em organizações da cadeia têxtil brasileira. Os métodos de pesquisa aplicados foram a observação participante, que foi aplicado pelo pesquisador em 10 em organizações enquanto registrava as observações e levantava os dados necessários, a pesquisa quase-experimental e a aplicação do método proposto no direcionamento do monitoramento de fornecedores, ambos aplicados em 6 organizações onde o pesquisador realizou observações e entrevistas para coleta de dados. Também foram coletados dados referentes a estas 6 organizações numa organização compradora que é cliente das mesmas. Os dados coletados serviram para verificar a aderência desses fornecedores às práticas de produção enxuta, bem como a relação entre estas práticas e o desempenho histórico dos fornecedores. Da análise desses dados, resultaram recomendações para apoiar a tomada de decisão sobre a forma de tratar cada fornecedor a qual foi comparada com a que a organização compradora havia decidido. Os dados também foram utilizados para analisar cada fornecedor por meio de uma matriz que relaciona suas competências operacionais em termos de QCE com a importância que a organização compradora atribui a cada um desses objetivos. A conclusão da pesquisa é de que o método proposto é adequado para avaliar fornecedores na cadeia têxtil, porém revelou ter limitações para ser usado na avaliação de fornecedores posicionados em determinadas partes da cadeia. Também é mostrado que o método proposto pode ajudar a organização compradora a evitar decisões equivocadas na tomada de decisão e que pode ainda ajudar a refinar o monitoramento da base de fornecedores. / This study aims to develop a method of evaluation of the textile supply chain supplier base focusing the realization of an audit of operational capabilities to assess the practices of the audited organization in relation to performance goals in quality, cost and delivery (QCD). The proposed method should support the steps of qualification, decision-making and monitoring in the evaluation of the supply base. The approach proposed for the development of the method was to adopt the practices promoted by lean thinking, in face of the needs of the textile sector in the current context. The method was developed based on models of systematic evaluation of capabilities from the lean thinking perspective. The first objective pursued in this work was to examine whether the approach to verify the adoption of practices promoted by lean thinking can be extended to the process of evaluating the suppliers\' operational capabilities regarding QCD goals in the context of the textile chain. The second objective was to develop and test a method for assessing the suppliers\' operational capabilities regarding QCD goals based on the lean thinking approach. The third objective was to explore how the proposed method for supplier assessment can be used to enrich the steps of decision-making and monitoring in the evaluation of supplier base in an organization. To pursue these objectives a field research was conducted in organizations of the Brazilian textile chain. The applied research methods were participant observation, which was applied by the author in 10 organizations while he registered observations and raised the required data, quasi-experimental research and the application of the proposed method in guidance of supplier monitoring, both applied in 6 organizations where the author conducted observations and interviews to collect data. Data on these 6 organizations were also collected in an organization which is their client. The collected data served to examine the adherence of these suppliers to lean manufacturing practices and the relationship between these practices and the suppliers\' historical performance. The analysis of these data rendered recommendations to support decision making as for how to deal with each supplier which was compared to the decision the client-organization had taken. The data were also used to analyze each supplier through a matrix that relates their operational skills in QCD with the importance given by the client-organization to each of these goals. The conclusion of the research is that the proposed method is suitable for evaluating suppliers in the textile chain, but revealed limitations to be used in the assessment of vendors placed in certain parts of the chain. It is also shown that the proposed method can assist the client organization to avoid wrong decisions in decision making and can also be helpful to refine the monitoring of the supplier base.

O trabalho busca investigar, através de uma pesquisa-ação, a aplicação da logística integrada na busca de soluções para a melhoria nos processos de um ambulatório hospitalar público. Essa aplicação está orientada por um modelo de excelência logística, no qual são identificados seis elementos considerados condicionantes para se alcançar o desempenho logístico de uma organização: definição estratégica, processo de mudança, mecanismos de integração, gestão de alianças, sistemas de informação e medidas de desempenho. Ao se desdobrar esses seis elementos, buscou-se na literatura conceitos e técnicas que supririam as necessidades de cada um. Os principais foram: mentalidade enxuta, gestão de mudanças, gestão por processos, ferramentas de mapeamento de processos e diagrama de causas e efeitos. O trabalho apresenta todo o desenvolvimento da pesquisa-ação, que parte desde o conhecimento da situação atual até a apresentação das propostas de soluções, seguido pela reestruturação dos processos. Verificou-se que tanto o modelo como as técnicas associadas para a operacionalização do mesmo foi uma poderosa ferramenta para a análise do ambiente ambulatorial, bem como para o direcionamento das mudanças e para a proposição de seu funcionamento futuro. / This paper seeks investigate, through a research-action, the integrated logistics application for solutions to improve a public hospital policlinics process. This application is oriented by a logistics excellence model, which are identified six basics elements to obtain the logistics performance of an organization: strategic orientation, process change, integration mechanisms, alliance management, information systems, performance measurement. Unfolding these six elements, concepts and techniques of the literature were sought to supply the needs of each element. The main concepts and techniques were: lean thinking, change management, process management, tools of process mapping and causes and effects diagram. The work shows the whole research-action development, since the actual situation mapping until the solution proposals, followed by the process change. It was verified that as much as the model and the associated techniques were a powerful tool for the policlinic environment analysis, as well for give direction to changes and for the future model proposition.

The main goal of this diploma thesis is to investigate the possibilities of the usage of Kanban system within a banking environment. To achieve this goal, the history, advantages, disadvantages and main areas of its usage are analyzed and described. Another goal of this thesis is to define the suitable terminology for Czech environment and to inspect the extent to which the concept of Kanban is compatible with the existing approaches and methodologies to project management. The market analysis of available software tools to support the concept of Kanban is performed (criteria definition, evaluation and final comparision). Based on all the previously described outputs a methodology to implement Kanban in banking environment is designed.This methodology is then used in the final chapter of the thesis -- the case study from an international bank, providing middle management with a step by step guide to successfuly implement Kanban system.

It is globally recognized the group of advantages and differential competitive generated by the adoption of the work methodology developed by Toyota, and denominated, in the occident, Lean Thinking. The group of tools that composes this methodology is applied broadly and it has vast bibliography proving its effectiveness in the great organizations, especially in the automobile industry, however its applicability in small organizations, manufacturer or not, with continuous flows or intermittent it should be equally productive, although it is still more lacking of studies. The case study presented in this work focuses planning aspects, implementation, control and measure of the acting attributed to the Lean Thinking in an industry global leader in technology of control of movements. It possesses dozens of production cells in the studied unit, it operates at a market of great competitiveness, sazonalidade and of constant technological evolution, demanding a combination of abilities to have flexibility, speed, reliability, quality and good costs. It is made an evaluation of the program of implantation of the methodology Lean and their results, confronting them with some available studies in the world literature. The analysis of the methodology used by the company in the implantation of its program offers as a model proposal for implantations in similar environment. / É mundialmente reconhecido o conjunto de vantagens e diferenciais competitivos gerados pela adoção da metodologia de trabalho desenvolvida pela Toyota, e denominada, no ocidente, Mentalidade Enxuta. O conjunto de ferramentas que compõe esta metodologia é largamente aplicado e dispõe de vasta bibliografia comprovando sua eficácia nas grandes organizações, notadamente nas automobilísticas, porém sua aplicabilidade em pequenas organizações, manufatureiras ou não, de fluxos contínuos ou intermitentes deve ser igualmente produtiva, embora ainda seja mais carente de estudos. O estudo de caso apresentado neste trabalho enfoca aspectos de planejamento, implementação, monitoramento e medida do desempenho atribuídos à Mentalidade Enxuta em uma indústria líder global em tecnologia de controle de movimentos. Possui dezenas de células de produção na unidade estudada, opera em um mercado de grande competitividade, sazonalidade e de constante evolução tecnológica, exigindo uma combinação de habilidades para se ter flexibilidade, rapidez, confiabilidade, qualidade e bons custos. É feita uma avaliação do programa de implantação da metodologia Lean e seus resultados, confrontando-os com alguns estudos disponíveis na literatura mundial. A análise da metodologia utilizada pela empresa na implantação de seu programa oferece-se como uma proposta de modelo para implantações em ambientes similares.

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote world class manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability. In this research paper, we review global automotive industry trends which influenced the introduction of the government's visionary MIDP. We then discuss their impact on the performance of the South African assembly and component sectors at industry and finn level. This leads to a series of recommendations for improved performance to world-class manufacture, world-wide quality standards and global competitiveness

Magister Commercii - MCom / Political and economic sanctions between 1970 and 1994 isolated the inward-oriented economy of South Africa from global trends. A variety of factors, such as a challenging new global competitive environment, production overcapacity, falling protectionist tariff barriers in a period of liberalisation, world-class manufacture and globalisation, are contributing to the reform of the economy and the automotive industry. The South African automotive industry therefore faces a major reform in trade policy. The South African government introduced the Motor Industry Development Plan (MIDP) in 1995, to create the necessary levels of competitiveness, promote worldclass manufacture practices, increase levels of investments and exports that would consequently lead to the successful reconstruction and development of this sector of the South African economy. Subsequent research has shown that the successful adoption of world-class manufacture (or lean production) processes in the South African automotive industry is necessary not only for survival, but also for increased competitiveness of the industry and the improved economic performance of automotive firms. However, complicated links exist between the adoption of world-class manufacture for improved levels of operational competitiveness. for firm-level success, on the one hand, and long-term sustainability of the industry, on the other hand. Combined firm level economic success and long-term sustainability of the industry depend on factors such as international trends, connectivity to global value chains, modern technological capabilities, lean production and enterprise systems, substantial investments, increased exports, world-wide quality standards, as well as customer satisfaction, human resource development, advanced education, skills development, worker participation, government policy and institutional support. This is borne out by a recent study of the auto component sector, utilising a lean , production 'market driver' toolkit. The study found that although component manufacturers significantly improved their operational competitiveness, they have not necessarily experienced improved economic performance levels. More important is connectedness and integration into global value chains, via intermediaries, mergers and acquisitions. The changing political economy of automotive value chains is also important in shaping fum-level operational success and industry sustainability.

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