A partir du moment où la Roumanie a introduit sa demande d'adhésion à !'Union européenne, a débuté un examen constant et approfondi de la part de l'Union au sujet des capacités du pays à s'intégrer. Pour que le pays corresponde aux exigences européennes, l'Union a imposé des critères à respecter et des obligations à remplir. Leur transposition concrète a provoqué la transformation du pays. Le système juridique roumain a été l'objet d'une refonte fondamentale et dans ce cadre, une évaluation de la législation roumaine avant et après l'adhésion fait ressortir un taux particulièrement élevé de transformations en matière pénale. Cette transformation du domaine pénal dans son ensemble n'a pas de meilleure illustration que le changement profond qu'a subi la législation en matière de criminalité transnationale organisée. Dans les conditions d'une absence quasi absolue de législation en matière de criminalité transnationale organisée au moment où ont commencé les négociations pour l'adhésion de la Roumanie à l’union européenne, intégration de l'acquis européen a eu pour conséquence un véritable «éclatement» de cette législation. Si te devoir des autorités roumaines pendant le processus d'intégration européenne du pays a été d'adopter une nouvelle législation en matière de lutte contre la criminalité transnationale organisée pour correspondre aux exigences européennes, le défi a été d'adapter cette nouvelle législation aux réalités roumaines afin de la faire fonctionner en pratique. / Romania's request for accession to the European Union launched a process of constant and extensive examination of its capacities to integrate. In order for the country to satisfy the European requirements, the European Union imposed a series of criteria to be respected and obligations to be fulfilled. The country found itself completely transformed after the transposition of the European acquis. The Romanian legal system was fundamentally reshaped and, in this context, an evaluation of the Romanian legislation before and after the accession displays a particular high rate of transformations in the criminal field. This transformation of the criminal field in its entirety is best expressed by the profound change of the legislation concerning the transnational organized crime. From a point of almost complete lack of rules in this field, the implementation of the European acquis caused a real “bursting” of the Romanian legislation concerning the fight against transnational organized crime. The duty of the Romanian authorities during the process of accession to the European Union to adopt a new legislation regarding the fight against transnational organized crime which satisfies the European requirements was followed by the challenge of adapting this legislation to the Romanian realities in order to make it function on daily basis.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-15T20:46:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 17c.pdf: 1884475 bytes, checksum: d8117b65db7b99f1196c1bb8c895e302 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T20:46:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 17c.pdf: 1884475 bytes, checksum: d8117b65db7b99f1196c1bb8c895e302 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esse trabalho pretende analisar o contexto do surgimento do direito à saúde no Rio Grande do Sul. As demandas em saúde são crescentes, o que gerou no sistema do direito uma especialização: nota-se isso a partir do “processo de formação” do direito à saúde e do direito sanitário do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse processo passa pelo fenômeno da judicialização da saúde, bem como pela produção legislativa e executiva do direito à saúde, além do reconhecido papel do controle social. Nesse processo de gênese, reconhecimento, afirmação e concretização do direito à saúde e do direito sanitário no Estado, pode-se destacar três “frentes”: poder legislativo e executivo (sistema da política), sistema do direito e controle social. O trabalho busca contextualizar os antecedentes históricos da consolidação desse processo a partir da tríade mencionada. Analisar a consolidação histórica desse direito, na sociedade complexa, contingente e paradoxal, demanda-nos referenciais teóricos que deem conta disso; por isso, a escolha pela Teoria dos Sistemas Sociais e pela Metateoria do Direito Fraterno. / This work intends to analyze the context of the emergence of the right to health in Rio Grande do Sul. The health demands are increasing, the result was the specialization of the law system; that is observed from the "shaping process" of Rio Grande do Sul’s right to health and the sanitary law. This process involves the phenomenon of judicialization of health, as well as the legislative and executive production of the right to health, besides the acknowledged role of social control. Thus, in this process of genesis, recognition, affirmation and concretion of the right to health and sanitary law (in the state of Rio Grande do Sul), we highlight three "fronts": legislative and executive power (political system), law system and social control. This paper aims to contextualize the historical consolidation of this process based on the mentioned triad. Analyze the history of the consolidation of this right, in the complex society, contingent and paradoxical demand us theoretical references to realize it, so the choice for Social Systems Theory and Metatheory of Fraternal Law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rene Zamlutti Junior.pdf: 1002564 bytes, checksum: 571b6736aa508bb37d0489d324635af1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-05-16 / The study aims to examine, in light of the new feature that came to adopt the Constitutions from the second half of the twentieth century, and constitutionalism that would result, the way the Brazilian legal system receives the international treaties that deal with human rights. For this, it will seek, first, to demonstrate how fundamental rights and human dignity became the center of the constitutions of democratic states of Western law, as a consequence of the facts found by the end of World War II. The following will analyze the phenomenon of internationalization of the protection of fundamental rights. Finally, it will be presented the way that Brazilian Constitutions followed in dealing with international treaties on human rights as well as the possibility of contradictions between domestic legislation and international law, the remedies that Brazilian doctrine and the Judiciary, especially the Brazilian Supreme Court, presented to over time to such issues, and analysis about the correctness of such solutions. Finally, it will be sought to point a constitutional exegesis Brazilian light the greatest possible protection of human rights, through a systematic interpretation of the Constitution / O trabalho busca analisar, à luz da nova feição que as Constituições vieram a adotar a partir da segunda metade do século XX, e do constitucionalismo daí decorrente, a forma pela qual o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro recepciona os tratados internacionais que versam sobre direitos humanos. Para tanto, procurar-se-á, em primeiro lugar, demonstrar como os direitos fundamentais e a dignidade da pessoa humana tornaram-se o centro das constituições dos Estados democráticos de direito ocidentais, como consequência dos fatos apurados ao término da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A seguir, será analisado o fenômeno de internacionalização da proteção dos direitos fundamentais. Finalmente, será apresentado o caminho que as Constituições brasileiras seguiram no trato com os tratados internacionais de direitos humanos, bem como a possibilidade de antinomias entre a legislação interna e a legislação internacional, as soluções que a doutrina brasileira e o Poder Judiciário, notadamente o Supremo Tribunal Federal, apresentaram ao longo do tempo para tais questões, e a análise acerca da correção de tais soluções. Finalmente, buscarse- á apontar uma exegese das normas constitucionais brasileiras que leve à maior proteção possível dos direitos humanos, por meio de uma interpretação sistemática da Constituição

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:22:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciana de Oliveira Bueno.pdf: 692348 bytes, checksum: f81580072edc0fe11acf77b5b159438d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-01 / The International Criminal Court represented a major breakthrough in the international scenery, as the accountability of agents who commit extremely serious crimes because it was created in a permanent and complementary manner to national jurisdictions, respecting the principles of universality, complementarity, natural justice and independence. This Court, which differed from background experiences, for their essential characteristics, was structured in an organized way, giving the prosecutor the important investigative role, which greatly contributed to the achievement of the Court work. The Court's decisions, in turn, are uttered with the observance of the principles of legal reserve and prior criminal law, giving them greater legal certainty and fairness. However, what is observed is that the States that are committed to cooperate with the work of the Court, often do not contribute to the investigation or to implement the decisions of the Court, which has sparked many debates about the need to apply the law of force rather than the force of law. Another issue of great importance lies in the compatibility of the rules laid down in the Rome Statute with the Brazilian Federal Constitution, which, in some cases, apparently contrasts with our legal system. However, as it will be seen throughout this study, the problem of effectiveness slips in the very development of the countries involved in the conflict and the alleged incompatibilities exist in appearance only and do not constitute in reality / O Tribunal Penal Internacional representou um grande avanço no cenário internacional, quanto à responsabilização de agentes que cometem crimes de extrema gravidade, pois foi criado de forma permanente e complementar às jurisdições nacionais, respeitando os princípios da universalidade, complementaridade, juiz natural e independência. Esse Tribunal, que se diferenciou das experiências antecedentes, por suas características essenciais, foi estruturado de forma organizada, atribuindo ao Procurador o importante papel investigativo, o que muito contribuiu para a concretização dos trabalhos da Corte. As decisões do Tribunal, por sua vez, são proferidas com a observância dos princípios da reserva legal e da anterioridade da lei penal, conferindo-lhes maior segurança jurídica e imparcialidade. Entretanto, o que se observa é que os Estados, que assumem o compromisso de cooperar com os trabalhos da Corte, por muitas vezes não contribuem com a investigação ou para a execução das decisões proferidas pelo Tribunal, o que tem suscitado diversos debates acerca da necessidade da aplicação do direito da força em detrimento da força do direito. Outra questão de grande relevo reside na compatibilidade das normas previstas no Estatuto de Roma com a Constituição Federal brasileira, as quais, em algumas hipóteses, aparentemente contrastam com nosso ordenamento jurídico. Contudo, como se verá no decorrer desse estudo, o problema da efetividade resvala no próprio desenvolvimento dos países envolvidos nos conflitos e as supostas incompatibilidades só existem na aparência e não se configuram na realidade

Qu’est-ce qui fait qu’une norme juridique est respectée en pratique ? Dans un contexte de complexification du droit international et d’émergence de nouvelles formes de normativité, le régime juridique de lutte contre les changements climatiques fournit un champ d’étude particulièrement stimulant. Pour répondre à l’urgence d’une action universelle en faveur de la protection du climat, le Mécanisme pour un développement propre du Protocole de Kyoto (MDP) constitue un outil pionnier en tant qu’instrument de marché destiné à faciliter la réalisation des obligations juridiques. Offrant la possibilité aux États industrialisés et aux entreprises de compenser leurs émissions de carbone à travers des projets réalisés dans les États en développement, le MDP a donné lieu à une pratique abondante, encadrée par une architecture normative complexe. Cette architecture est composée de normes de natures et de portées très diversifiées, façonnée par l’engouement fort des États et du secteur privé. Bonnes pratiques, codes de conduite, recommandations, sont autant de normes dépourvues de caractère obligatoire, mais qui connaissent cependant une remarquable effectivité. / Why are legal norms complied with in practice? In the context of an evolutionary process of complexification of international legal regimes, with emergence of changing forms of normativity, the international climate change regime offers an interesting illustration. As collective answer to the challenge of mitigation of the green house gas emissions at the global level, an open market of carbon credits was created, in order to make attractive and financially interesting the mitigation projects. As a pioneer, the Clean Development Mechanism, one of the flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, is at the disposal of the industrialized States and of the private sector to reduce their carbon emissions in the territory of developing States. This Mechanism gives raise to an intense practice, regulated by a complex normative architecture. This architecture is composed by norms very diverse in nature and scope, designed by the infatuation of the States and private sector. Good practices, codes of conduct, recommendations, as norms, despite their non-binding character, that are particularly effective. Through the tentative of qualification of this legal system, this analysis describes a participative law- making process, where norms are continuously debated among actors. The system organizes new ways in order to ensure legal certainty, whereas the key question of its coherence is raised. This research finally allows envisaging a tool of identification of factors of the legal effectiveness, which could inspire other emerging normative models.

Family is the foundation society. Women are the backbone of families even in fundamental patriarchal society like Malaysia. However, Malaysia’s system of religious accommodation results in different rights available to individuals based on the states diverse religious affiliation. Contemporary family issues are inadequately addressed in current Malaysian Family Law: one for the Muslims and one for the non-Muslims. Most cases highlighted inconsistencies when conversion to Islam affected the rights of women during breakdown of marriage. In permitting a path to accommodate diversity, and to reach a new engagement between the civil and the Shariah courts, it is necessary to appreciate Malaysia’s history, sentiment, constraints and strengths. This paper proposes that not only Malaysia has adequate strengths to provide a strong platform to address the conflict, but possesses the mechanisms to create a dynamic set of joint governance of Family Laws to enhance religious accommodation.

Family is the foundation society. Women are the backbone of families even in fundamental patriarchal society like Malaysia. However, Malaysia’s system of religious accommodation results in different rights available to individuals based on the states diverse religious affiliation. Contemporary family issues are inadequately addressed in current Malaysian Family Law: one for the Muslims and one for the non-Muslims. Most cases highlighted inconsistencies when conversion to Islam affected the rights of women during breakdown of marriage. In permitting a path to accommodate diversity, and to reach a new engagement between the civil and the Shariah courts, it is necessary to appreciate Malaysia’s history, sentiment, constraints and strengths. This paper proposes that not only Malaysia has adequate strengths to provide a strong platform to address the conflict, but possesses the mechanisms to create a dynamic set of joint governance of Family Laws to enhance religious accommodation.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

This dissertation provides a theoretically grounded framework for investigating "legal rhetoric." By making a distinction between the discursive elements of a Legal system and the broader rhetorical notion of Law, rhetorical critics can better understand the interdependent relationship between citizens, their legal structures, and their cultures. The Legal system represents the forum in which legal disputes are addressed. In contrast, the Law signifies the principles of justice and fairness that give rise to legal disputes addressed by the Legal system. This dissertation emphasizes the important role that media play in disseminating information about specific legal disputes and providing citizens an opportunity to reflect on which principles of justice and fairness are to be valued. This study specifically examines the text, reasoning, and media coverage of Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger, two U.S. Supreme Court cases related to the University of Michigan's use of racial classifications in its admissions process. By comparing which arguments and rhetorical elements from the Supreme Court's 2003 decisions were reported in the press, this dissertation both demonstrates the rhetorical concepts of the "Law" and the "Legal System" and suggests how citizens and rhetorical scholars can more fully critique legal texts. / text

SUMMARY The key words in this final master degree work “Connection, Purpose and Place of Punishment Enforcement and Criminal Law” are the branch of punishment enforcement law, the branch of criminal law, legal system, punishment, connection of punishment enforcement law and criminal law in legal system. Punishment enforcement law and criminal law make some kind of the aggregate in legal system which regulates all questions connected with investigation of criminal act and realization of the imposed punishment. It is noted that the branch of punishment enforcement law and the branch of criminal law are independent branches of the law in the legal system. They are different by their indications, subject and specific principles but they can’t function isolated from each other and are close related. The branches of punishment enforcement law and criminal law form common state’s legal basis of crime control.