Despite advances gained by LGBTQIA+ people the issue of discrimination against the queer population continues. Recent events surrounding comments made by alt-right leaders have continued the conversation regarding homophobia and transphobia. The followed study built on previous understandings of moral disengagement theory and communication. 15 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with queer students were conducted in order to explore the role of self-cognitive mechanisms and their potential justifications for anti-queer communication. Findings suggested that not only were mechanisms of moral disengagement present in incidents surrounding anti-queer communication, but the carried with them a range of personal and societal implications. This study offered new understandings in moral disengagement theory, its application to interpersonal communication and its possible explanation for discriminatory behavior.

This study qualitatively examined the experiences of transgender individuals who also identify as active members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (N=10). Researchers took an interpretive phenomenological approach to elicit factors which allow trans Mormon folks to hold their apparently conflicting religious and gender identities simultaneously (and the consequences of doing so). Overall, we aimed to answer the broad question, “what is it like to be transgender and Mormon?” Following a process of semi-structured interviews, transcription, and coding, the broad categories which seemed to connect many elements of the trans/Mormon experience were 1) a sense of being pulled in two directions, 2) experiences of sacrifice, and 3) experiences of loss and rejection. Findings suggest that sacrifices of authenticity, gender expression, and well-being were made because of a desire to: a) be accepted within the LDS Church, b) promote change within the LDS Church, c) maintain family relationships, d) live congruently with one’s personal interpretation of doctrine, and/or e) follow personal guidance from God. Results also suggest that most experiences of loss and rejection for trans Mormons center around their church communities and local leadership, the LDS Church as an institution, and LDS family members.

The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the terms for lgbtq people in an honor context. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with six people who identify with the lgbtq community and who describe that they have been exposed to honor related norms. The interviews were analyzed using Stockholms stads model about the staircase of honor and Suad Joseph's theory of connectivity. The results show that due to partly methodological shortcomings, it is difficult to determine whether the target group has been exposed to honor related norms or not. This is partly due to the fact that too few questions were asked about how the honor was expressed, but also to the fact that it is difficult to determine whether the target group is exposed to violence due to honor or due to heteronorms. Despite this, there are similarities between the interviewees and previous literature on the target group in terms of vulnerability, strategies and consequences. The conclusion is therefore that further research on the target group is needed to be able to more easily determine when people in the target group have been exposed to honor related norms or not.

This thesis aims to generate a model to answer why there is a notable gap in legislative action with regards to expanding and modernizing LGBTQIA+ rights between Sweden and Denmark and the other Nordic countries, groups described by Jens Rydström as the Progressive Core and Conservative Periphery respectively. In order to do so, there is an analysis of the applicability of Rydström’s model to legislative history. This legal review is then applied to the shared colonial experiences of Norway, Iceland, Finland, and the Faroe Islands to generate the beginnings of an explanatory model. The model is then complexified by using the shared colonialist past as an exemplar of lost state capacity before and after independence. This model of lost state capacity is then applied not only to the above gap, but also to the even larger legislative gap between action in the above groups and in a new category consisting of Finland and the Faroe Islands. The last step is an in-depth application of this model to the Finnish case in comparison to the Progressive Core and the Conservative Periphery. This is accomplished in two ways: first through a content analysis of party platforms from five separate eras of Finnish, Swedish, and Norwegian politics, and, secondly, through a qualitative analysis of the legislative action data.

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka det vetenskapliga kunskapsläget beträffande transpersoners utsatthet för partnervåld med avseende på våldets karaktär samt för transpersoners särskilda utsatthet och tillgång till stöd. Metod: Genom utförandet av en scoping review inkluderades tretton artiklar som analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys (manifest och latent). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman med tillhörande underteman, (1) partnervåld i samband med transidentitet; transpecifikt partnervåld, psykiskt partnervåld, (2) särskild utsatthet i samband med partnervåld; samhällsnormer, ytterligare riskfaktorer, (3) stöd från samhället och närstående; formellt stöd från samhället, informellt stöd från närstående, normativa roller för offer och förövare. Slutsats: Förekomsten av partnervåld bland transpersoner var omfattade och det fanns särskilda omständigheter som många gånger var kopplad till offrets transidentitet. Därmed uppstår ett behov av att transspecifika stödresurser utformas, samtidigt som professionellas kunskap och förståelse om målgruppen behöver öka. / Purpose: The aim was to explore the current state of knowledge within scientific research regarding transgender people’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Moreover to study the structure of the violence, transgender specific vulnerabilities and access to support. Method: Through scoping review, thirteen scientific articles were included and analyzed through content analysis (manifest and latent). Results: Three main themes emerged with appurtenant sub-themes, (1) intimate partner violence in relation to trans identity; transspecific intimate partner violence, psychological intimate partner violence, (2) specific vulnerabilities inrelation to intimate partner violence; societal norms, additional risk factors, (3) Support from society and personal network; formal support from society, informal support from personal network, normative roles for victims and perpetrators. Conclusion: Prevalence of intimate partner violence was extensive among transgender people, specific circumstances emerged related to the victims trans identity, which calls for transspecific support services and increased knowledge of the target group amongst professionals.

The study starts with a historical overview of the notion of gender and sexual identity and belonging in the German Christian church as seen from a queer and intersectional gender studies perspective. The following study moves to explore three individual experiences and encounters with the Christian church. The experiences are contemporary and have been made by queer Christians inside the church and during the creation of a personal faith that is suitable for their needs. With the analytical help of the feminist standpoint theory and queer theory, the researcher examines a limited empirical corpus based on three interviews. The study centers on the experiences of these participants and asks fundamental questions about how to unite two significant belongings that seem to be contradictory. These sample stories include individuals who openly belong to the queer community. They have worked in and for the church or study theology. The stories of such double belonging have been investigated through semi-structured interviews. The discussion and analysis outline similar experiences made by the participants. The main findings include the lack of language and role models that lead to experiences of loneliness and exclusion. How they construe their sense of faith varies as faith is individual. Nevertheless, and as highlighted, is the immense significance of being religious, the importance of spirituality and faith for the inquired members of the LGBTQIA+ community, but not necessarily church as an institution.

Bakgrund: Begreppet HBTQIA+ är ett paraplybegrepp för könsidentiteter och sexualiteter som avviker från heteronormen. Forskning visar att personer som avviker från heteronormen marginaliseras samt upplever sämre hälsa än majoriteten av den svenska befolkningen. Sjuksköterskan har ett ansvar i att besitta kunskap om HBTQIA+ personer för att kunna bemöta och vårda de patienter som avviker från heteronormen.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva HBTQIA+ personers upplevelser av hälso och sjukvård.  Metod: Metoden baserades på en litteraturöversikt med tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar.  Resultat: Resultatet redovisas genom fyra teman: “Heteronormen inom hälso- och sjukvården”, “Vårdpersonalens varierande kunskapsnivå om HBTQIA+ personer”, “Upplevelser av diskriminering och utanförskap” samt “Positiva upplevelser ". I resultatet ingår studier om HBTQIA+ personer som grupp samt studier inriktade på en eller flera specifika sexuella läggningar/könsidentiteter. Sammanfattning: Resultatet visade att en stor andel deltagare erfarit negativa upplevelser till skillnad mot positiva upplevelser av hälso- och sjukvården. De negativa upplevelserna handlade exempelvis om vårdpersonals felaktiga antaganden samt benämnande av personers sexuella läggning. De positiva upplevelserna gestaltade sig exempelvis i ett neutralt förhållningssätt ifrån vårdpersonalens sida vid frågor om partners eller sexuellt umgänge. / Background: The term LGBTQIA+ is an umbrella term that describes gender identities and sexualities that deviate from the heteronorm. Research shows that people who deviate from the heteronorm are marginalized and experience worse health than the majority of the Swedish population. The nurse has a responsibility to possess knowledge of LGBTQIA + people in order to be able to meet and care for the patients who deviate from the heteronorm. Aim: The purpose was to describe LGBTQIA+ people's experiences of healthcare Method: The method was based on a literature review with ten qualitative scientific articles Results: The result is presented through four themes: "The heteronorm in healthcare", "The care staff's varying level of knowledge about LGBTQIA+ people", "Experiences of discrimination and exclusion" and "Positive experiences". The results include studies on LGBTQIA+ people as a group as well as studies focused on one or more specific sexualorientations / gender identities. Summary: The results showed that a significant proportion of the participants experienced negative health care experiences, as opposed to positive ones. The negative experiences were, for example, about health care staff's incorrect assumptions of people's sexual orientation. The positive experiences were, for example, a neutral attitude when it came to questions about partners or intercourse.

Aromantik är en romantisk läggning som innebär att man känner lite eller ingen romantisk attraktion. För den här studien intervjuades sex aromantiska personer om hur deras läggning påverkar deras vardagsliv samt hur de ser på framtiden i relation till sin läggning. Studiens övergripande ramverk hämtas från Sara Ahmeds queera fenomenologi med fokus på de teoretiska begreppen orientering och linjer. Även Elizabeth Brakes begrepp amatonormativitet används i studien för att analysera informanternas utsagor. Den främsta slutsatsen som dras är att de genom aromantiken blir orienterade vilket öppnar upp för nya möjliga sätt att se på framtiden där den inte måste följa en amatonormativ, rak linje och innehålla exempelvis en romantisk partner. Istället kommer queera linjer inom räckhåll och en framtid där man till exempel bor ensam, med en queerplatonisk partner eller bildar familj med sina vänner blir en möjlighet. / Aromanticism is a romantic orientation meaning someone who experiences little to no romantic attraction. In this study, six aromantic people were interviewed about the ways that their romantic orientation affects their every day lives and how they view the future in relation to their orientation. The main framework used in the analysis is Sara Ahmed’s queer phenomenology and her theoretical concepts of orientation and lines. Another concept used to analyze the informants’ statements is amatonormativity, coined by Elizabeth Brake. The study mainly concludes that it is through aromanticism that the informants can become orientated which offers new possible ways of looking at the future, rather than following an amatonormative line that includes a romantic partner. Instead, queer lines come into reach and a future where one, for example, lives alone, with a queerplatonic partner or sees one’s friends as one’s family becomes seen as a possibility.

This dissertation examines emergent forms of digitally enabled boundary-spanning by considering the within- and cross-field interactions developed by LGBTQIA* organisations on social media. Within scholarship on collective actors characterised by strong collective identities, LGBTQIA* collective action fields have been conventionally found to be rather fragmented and polarised, as well as isolated from other fields. Nonetheless, recent studies have shown evidence of the emergence of cooperative and solidarity efforts by LGBTQIA* actors, suggesting that such LGBTQIA* organisations may actively engage in crossing categorical boundaries and overcoming differences in the attempt to achieve social change. Within this framework, information and communication technologies (ICTs) may provide LGBTQIA* communities with spaces to converge, share experiences, and articulate politicised identities also through the connection with other collective actors. Despite these findings, we currently lack a systematic understanding of the extent to which LGBTQIA* collective actors span field boundaries through the development of digitally enabled interactions, of how such ties evolve over time, and on the circumstances that may favour or inhibit their emergence and duration. Furthermore, the role of ICTs in supporting the emergence of boundary-spanning processes has so far been rather understudied. This dissertation addresses these concerns by conducting a mixed-method comparative research on LGBTQIA* actors based in Madrid and Milan. In particular, it focuses on different types of interactions (mentioning, sharing, and promoting collective action events) developed by such organisations on their Facebook public pages during the 2011-2020 decade. To examine the role of both cultural patterns (collective identities and framing strategies) and structural circumstances (political opportunities and threats), this study combines network and text data, analysed through social network and frame analysis. The findings provided by this research show that Spanish and Italian LGBTQIA* organisations increasingly crossed categorical boundaries through social media between 2011 and 2020, thus suggesting that ICTs do play a role in sustaining boundary-spanning processes. Moreover, they find that collective framing and networking are inextricably entangled, and hence contribute to shedding light on both symbolic and behavioural dimensions of digitally enabled boundary-spanning. To conclude, they show that actors embedded in different socio-political contexts engage in networking and framing, thus emphasising the role of contextual opportunities and threats in moderating the nexus between ICTs and boundary-spanning, as well as between framing and networking. This dissertation contributes to both social movement literature and gender studies. On the one hand, by shedding light on emergent forms of boundary-spanning processes enabled by ICTs, it not only contributes to examining the role of ICTs in empowering marginalised communities, but also further elaborates the entanglement between digital, hybrid, and on-the-ground collective actions. On the other hand, by systematically investigating an emerging phenomenon over time and across contexts, it contributes to generating knowledge on the circumstances encouraging collective actors to overcome differences and cooperate. Understanding this is of utmost importance, since cooperative relations provide collective actors with additional and diverse resources and experiences, as well as political legitimation, to resist processes of democratic erosion and achieve social change.

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka det vetenskapliga kunskapsläget beträffande transpersonersuts atthet för partnervåld med avseende på våldets karaktär samt för transpersoners särskilda utsatthet och tillgång till stöd. Metod: Genom utförandet av en scoping review inkluderades tretton artiklar som analyserades utifrån innehållsanalys (manifest och latent). Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudteman med tillhörande underteman, (1) partnervåld i samband med transidentitet; transpecifikt partnervåld, psykiskt partnervåld, (2) särskild utsatthet i samband med partnervåld; samhällsnormer, ytterligare riskfaktorer, (3) Stöd från samhället och närstående; formellt stöd från samhället, informellt stöd från närstående, normativa roller för offer och förövare. Slutsats: Förekomsten av partnervåld bland transpersoner var omfattade och det fanns särskilda omständigheter som många gånger var kopplad till offrets transidentitet. Därmed uppstår ett behov av att transspecifika stödresurser utformas, samtidigt som professionellas kunskap och förståelse om målgruppen behöver öka. / Purpose: The aim was to explore the current state of knowledge within scientific research regarding transgender people’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Moreover to study the structure of the violence, transgender specific vulnerabilities and access to support. Method:Through scoping review, thirteen scientific articles were included and analyzed through content analysis (manifest and latent). Results: Three main themes emerged with appurtenant sub-themes, (1) intimate partner violence in relation to trans identity; transspecific intimate partner violence, psychological intimate partner violence, (2) specific vulnerabilities in relation to intimate partner violence; societal norms, additional risk factors, (3) Support from society and personal network; formal support from society, informal support from personal network, normative roles for victims and perpetrators. Conclusion: Prevalence of intimate partner violence was extensive among transgender people, specific circumstances emerged related to the victims trans identity, which calls for transspecific support services and increased knowledge of the target group amongst professionals.