Individuals have become their own builders of conditions for their employability and responsible for their professional development (Evans, 1996; SORJ, 2000). Workers committed to their career have assumed considerable importance as essential focus (BLAU; COHEN, 2003). The career commitment sets up as a "psychological link between an employee and his career, which is based on affective relationship" (Lee et al., 2000, p. 800). On the other hand, with an unrest and unsteadiness on the today s labor market compromise the stability of their careers resulting in entrenchment. This bond is characterized by immobility of the individual with the adaptation of new opportunities in their career or motivation to change (CARSON et al., 1995). These linkages arise from the motivation of individuals, being relevant to analyze the practical implications career (CARSON et al., 1996). It is evident that the universe of hospital work consists of a congregation of knowledge, technology and diversity in its infrastructure which generates a peculiar division of labor in both technical and social criteria (PINE et al., 2013). It is noteworthy, in this context, the nurse who is responsible for the management of health services to ensure the quality of care provided to patients (FELI et al., 2011; MACHADO et al., 2012). Faced with the reality described, this study was conducted in order to analyze the prevalence of the types of bonds - commitment and entrenchment within the career of hospital nurses in public and private institutions. It was conducted a descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research with use of quantitative methodologies. Study participants totaled 237 nurses in public and private hospitals of cities located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied consisting of questions covering socio-demographic, occupational and links about the career - commitment to the entrenchment of career Blau (1985), Carson and Bedeian (1994) and Carson et al. (1995). Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, nonparametric tests and correlations. It was evidenced in the general characterization of the profile the predominance of women professionals (89.36%), of public hospitals (65.82%), aged 30 to 39 years (37.13%), married (50.43%) parents (65.11%), averaging two children (42.95%), up to 10-year career (38.98%), 6 to 10 minimum wages (52.63%) and specialists (70.98 %). Overall we identified high levels of commitment (70.46%) and low entrenchment with the career (91.98%). It is noteworthy that high levels of commitment are associated to high identification with planning a career as a nurse. When comparing the nurses in the study by type of institution it was found that professionals in the private sector (85.19%) are more affected than those of public hospitals (80.77%). The correlations, in general, were positive and moderate for the dimensions of career commitment, i.e., identity (r = 0.6219, p = 0.001), planning (r = 0.6219, p = 0.0001) and resilience (r = 0.5274, p = 0.001). It was obtained for the entrenchment with career moderate and negative correlation to the size of alternatives (r = -0.4104, p = 0.001). Therefore, it is expected that the realization of this study will serve as reflection for this category of professionals who work in the hospital motivating improvements in health care management and assistance in patient caring. / Os indivíduos passaram a ser os próprios construtores de condições para sua empregabilidade e responsáveis pelo seu aprimoramento profissional (EVANS, 1996; SORJ, 2000). Trabalhadores comprometidos com a sua carreira passaram a assumir importância considerável sendo foco essencial (BLAU; COHEN, 2003). Define-se o comprometimento com carreira como um link psicológico entre um trabalhador e sua carreira, que é baseada na relação afetiva (LEE et al. 2000, p. 800). Por outro lado, a agitação e a inconstância presentes no mercado atual comprometem a estabilidade das carreiras resultando em seu entrincheiramento. Esse vínculo caracteriza-se pela imobilidade do indivíduo frente à adaptação de novas perspectivas de carreira ou motivação para mudar (CARSON et al., 1995). Esses vínculos surgem da motivação dos indivíduos sendo relevante analisar as suas implicações práticas na carreira (CARSON et al., 1996). Evidencia-se, o universo do trabalho hospitalar o qual é composto por uma congregação de saberes, tecnologias e diversidades em sua infraestrutura o que gera uma divisão de trabalho peculiar tanto em critérios técnicos como sociais (PINHO et al., 2013). Destaca-se nesse contexto, o enfermeiro ao qual compete a gerência dos serviços de saúde a fim de assegurar a qualidade do cuidado prestada aos pacientes (FELI et al., 2011; MACHADO et al., 2012). Diante da realidade descrita, o este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o propósito de analisar a predominância dos tipos de vínculos comprometimento e entrincheiramento com a carreira, dos Enfermeiros hospitalares de instituições públicas e privadas. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, explicativa e exploratória, valendo-se de metodologias quantitativas. Os participantes do estudo totalizaram 237 enfermeiros de hospitais públicos e dos privados pertencentes a cidades localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Aplicou-se um questionário semi-estruturado constituído de questões abrangendo dados sócio-demográficos, ocupacionais e sobre vínculos com a carreira - comprometimento entrincheiramento com a carreira de Blau (1985), Carson e Bedeian (1994) e Carson et al. (1995). Os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, testes não-paramétricos e correlações. Evidenciou-se pela caracterização geral do perfil a predominância de profissionais mulheres (89,36%), de hospitais públicos (65,82%), idades entre 30 a 39 anos (37,13%), casados (50,43%), pais (65,11%),tendo em média dois filhos (42,95%), até 10 anos de carreira (38,98%), 6 a 10 salários mínimos (52,63%) e especialistas (70,98%). No geral, identificou-se níveis altos de comprometimento (70,46%) e baixos de entrincheiramento com a carreira (91,98%). Destaca-se que os altos níveis comprometimento estão associados a alta identificação e planejamento com a carreira de enfermeiro. Ao serem comparados os enfermeiros do estudo por tipo de instituição verificou-se que os profissionais do privado (85,19%) são mais comprometidos que os de hospitais públicos (80,77%). As correlações de um modo geral foram positivas e moderadas para as dimensões do comprometimento com a carreira, ou seja, identidade (r = 0,6219; p = 0,001), planejamento (r = 0,6219; p = 0,0001) e resiliência (r = 0,5274; p = 0,001). Obtevese para o entrincheiramento com a carreira correlação negativa e moderada para a dimensão limitação de alternativas (r = -0,4104; p = 0,001). Portanto, espera-se que a realização desse estudo sirva de reflexões para esta categoria de profissionais que atuam em âmbito hospitalar repercutindo em melhorias a gerencia dos serviços de saúde e da assistência ao cuidado prestada aos pacientes.

While writing this diploma thesis, I realized that the issue of the Czech Police{\crq}s activities in the context of potentially reoccurring floods is a considerably complex matter. Moreover, it is subject to a multitude of mutually intertwined and interlinked laws and regulations. In the theoretical part, I studied the relevant laws concerning high-water crises, e.g., floods, and the work of the police in such emergency situations. Also, I focused on floods as such, their types, the factors leading to high-water scenarios, and the different levels of activities during floods. Thereupon I compiled an overview of the authorities of competence during floods, and examined the laws dealing with high-water crises. The second part of my thesis details the events that occurred during the flood in the Třeboň region in 2002. Finally, my thesis presents a detailed description of the current organizational structure of the PCR, as one of the fundamental elements of the country{\crq}s Integrated Rescue System (IZS). In the practical part of my thesis, I present an evaluation of a questionnaire that was taken with the aim of analyzing the level of preparedness of the PCR for maintaining public order in the event of a flood. My research indicates that the level of the PCR{\crq}s preparedness is not adequate enough, primarily in terms of existing material provisions and communication amongst the individual units of the IZS. This problem cannot be solved on the level of the Třeboň District Police (OOP) alone, for it has to be approached centrally in the context of potential flooding in the given locality. Another drawback appears to be, apart from shortage of PCR{\crq}s material provisions, also communication amongst the IZS units, particularly on the level of field watches (ground surveillance). A survey focused on to-date experience of the PCR{\crq}s members in the area of assuring public order in flooded territories revealed that the main problems the policemen had to deal with was disobedience and obstinacy on the part of the public when asked to evacuate a place, as well as inadequate provisions for effective communication. Moreover, the survey revealed inadequate knowledge of the scope of competence on the part of the PCR when ordered to evacuate a flooded area. Clearly, the Police Code should be applied consistently and better knowledge thereof pursued through periodical training, upgrading, and independent study. Despite the above shortcomings and the many problems arising therefrom, it should be noted that the organization of rescue activities was handled well, thanks to maximum effort of all the participating persons, so that the population suffered no major casualties or significant material losses.

Actualmente, los sectores empresariales optimizan sus costos sin perder eficiencia productiva en Data Center Móviles tercer izando el servicio y adquiriendo esta tecnología ya que la infraestructura montada es de utilidad para todo ámbito empresarial. El presente proyecto trata sobre el servicio de implementación de un nuevo Data Center Contingente tipo Container, en adelante CPD, como consecuencia de las necesidades de mejora centro de los procesos de negocio. El diseño y dimensionamiento de los diferentes componentes cumplen los estándares requeridos en el mercado. Los Outdoor Enclosure Electric Shelter Prefabricados en sí y todos los equipamientos eléctricos utilizados en sus sistemas para la protección, control y supervisión, están construidos de acuerdo a las Normas vigentes de ANSI, NEMA, ASTM, IEEE, ISA, OSHA, los cuales además cuentan con Aprobaciones y Certificación de Calidad de Laboratorios como UL, CSA, SEC o Laboratorios de Control de Producción y de Certificación de Calidad equivalentes. Actualmente las empresas vienen usando enlaces propios y dedicados para manejar su información y conexión con su data center principal y de contingencia. En muchos casos desaprovechando la comunicación entre ellos por lo que se requiere la necesidad de ser más efectivos en el uso de sus recursos de comunicación, por lo cual se debe considerar los siguientes aspectos: • Modelamiento de Tráfico. • Seguridad. • Conmutación de enlaces. Currently, the business sectors optimize their costs without losing production efficiency in Mobile Data Center outsourcing service and acquiring this technology because the infrastructure is mounted useful for all business field. This project deals with the service of implementing a new quota type Data Center Container, hereinafter CPD, following needs improvement center business processes. The design and dimensioning of the different components meet the required standards in the market. The Outdoor Enclosure Electric Shelter Prefabricated itself and all electrical equipment used in systems for the protection, control and monitoring are built according to current standards of ANSI, NEMA, ASTM, IEEE, ISA, OSHA, which also have with Approvals and Quality Certification Laboratories as UL, CSA, SEC or Control Laboratories Production and Quality Certification equivalents. Currently companies are using own links and dedicated to manage their information and connection with your main data center and contingency. In many cases missing the communication between them so the need to be more effective in their use of communication resources is required, so you should consider the following: • Traffic Modeling. • Security. • Switching links.

Este trabalho apresenta proposta de modelo matemático para o problema de expansão do sistema de transmissão baseado no fluxo de carga CC considerando a utilização de links CC e FACTS resolvido através de metodologia de solução que considera a primeira e a segunda lei de Kirchhoff em processo enumerativo de branch-and-bound adaptado. A abordagem possui dois pontos em destaque: i) apresenta uma proposta de modelo matemático com possibilidade da utilização direta em problemas de expansão de linhas de transmissão que possuem tanto linhas de transmissão CA, transformadores, links CC e dispositivos FACTS e ii) é um método exato de solução do problema que garante a otimalidade da resposta e traz uma contribuição ao tradicional método branch-and-bound por incluir relaxações adicionais. O método aplicado aos sistemas de 6 barras de Garver e sistema Sul sudeste Brasileiro de 46 barras apresenta respostas adequadas e o modelo matemático testado em um sistema Garver modificado apresenta novas configurações possíveis com redução do custo total do investimento. / This work proposes a mathematical model to the transmission expansion system problem based on the DC power flow model considering the use of DC links and FACTS that is solved using a solution method considering the first and second Kirchhoff’s Law in an enumerative adapted branch-and-bound process. It is possible to highlight two key aspects of the proposed approach: i) presents a mathematical model that can be directly used on expansion transmission systems problems that have AC transmission lines, transformers, DC links and FACTS and ii) is an exact solution method that guarantees the optimum problems’s solutions and contributes to the traditional branch-and-bound method bringing additional relaxations. The solution method applied to Garver’s six-bus network and southeast Brazilian 46 bus network provides correct answers and the mathematical model tested on a modified Garver’s six-bus network presents new possible configurations that enables overall cost reduction to the problem.

L'exactitude délivrée par les systèmes de positionnement globaux par satellites (GNSS) est un facteur clé pour de nombreuses applications scientifiques telles que le positionnement de points géodésiques ou d’autres satellites, l'établissement de systèmes de référence spatio-temporels, la synchronisation d’horloges ou encore l'étude directe du lien pour sonder l’atmosphère. L'augmentation de la constellation GNSS avec des mesures de pseudo-distances entre les satellites est une option prometteuse pour améliorer l'exactitude du système. Plusieurs études présentent l'apport qualitatif de ces liens inter-satellites (ISL), mais ne permettent pas de mesurer efficacement l'impact quantitatif de cette technologie. Dans cette thèse, nous avons effectué une étude différentielle entre un système classique (possédant seulement des liens standards espace-sol) et un système augmenté avec des ISL. Les deux systèmes sont étudiés sous les mêmes hypothèses et à travers le même code de calcul. Celui-ci est composé de deux parties distinctes et autonomes : une simulation d’observables sous la forme de pseudo-temps de vol bruités, et une analyse qui délivre, après ajustement des paramètres, les bilans d’erreurs quantitatifs. La comparaison des bilans d'erreurs quantitatifs associés aux deux systèmes nous permet d’établir, pour une même application donnée, les différences de performance relatives entre les deux systèmes. Les résultats obtenus permettent de franchir un pas de plus vers la validation de l’apport des liens inter-satellites et sont à considérer pour les versions futures des systèmes de navigation par satellites. / The accuracy reached by the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is critically important for many scientific applications such as geodetic point or satellite positioning, space-time reference frame realization, clocks synchronization or the study of the links to probe the atmosphere. One option for improving the system accuracy is the use of inter-satellite pseudo-range measurements, so called inter-satellite links (ISL). Several studies have shown the qualitative interest of ISL but do not allow to efficiently measure the quantitative impact of this new technology on space-time positioning. In this thesis, we present a differential study between a standard system (with standard satellite-to-ground links only) and system augmented by ISL. The two systems are compared under the same hypothesis and simulated within the same software. The software is made of two distinct and independent parts : the simulation which generates the noisy pseudo-ranges, and an analysis which uses a non linear adjustment procedure in order to recover the initial parameters of the simulation and compute the quantitative error budgets. For a given application, the quantitative comparison between the error budgets of both systems allow us to highlight the relative merits of the two configurations. Our results are a further step in the characterization of the interest of ISL and should prove useful for the design of future satellite navigation system design.

Online social networks (OSNs) are Web platforms providing different services to facilitate social interaction among their users. A particular kind of OSNs is the location-based social network (LBSN), which adds services based on location. One of the most important challenges in LBSNs is the link prediction problem. Link prediction problem aims to estimate the likelihood of the existence of future friendships among user pairs. Most of the existing studies in link prediction focus on the use of a single information source to perform predictions, i.e. only social information (e.g. social neighborhood) or only location information (e.g. common visited places). However, some researches have shown that the combination of different information sources can lead to more accurate predictions. In this sense, in this thesis we propose different link prediction methods based on the use of different information sources naturally existing in these networks. Thus, we propose seven new link prediction methods using the information related to user membership in social overlapping groups: common neighbors within and outside of common groups (WOCG), common neighbors of groups (CNG), common neighbors with total and partial overlapping of groups (TPOG), group naïve Bayes (GNB), group naïve Bayes of common neighbors (GNB-CN), group naïve Bayes of Adamic-Adar (GNB-AA) and group naïve Bayes of Resource Allocation (GNB-RA). Due to that social groups exist naturally in networks, our proposals can be used in any type of OSN.We also propose new eight link prediction methods combining location and social information: Check-in Observation (ChO), Check-in Allocation (ChA), Within and Outside of Common Places (WOCP), Common Neighbors of Places (CNP), Total and Partial Overlapping of Places (TPOP), Friend Allocation Within Common Places (FAW), Common Neighbors of Nearby Places (CNNP) and Nearby Distance Allocation (NDA). These eight methods are exclusively for work in LBSNs. Obtained results indicate that our proposals are as competitive as state-of-the-art methods, or better than they in certain scenarios. Moreover, since our proposals tend to be computationally more efficient, they are more suitable for real-world applications. / Redes sociais online (OSNs) são plataformas Web que oferecem serviços para promoção da interação social entre usuários. OSNs que adicionam serviços relacionados à geolocalização são chamadas redes sociais baseadas em localização (LBSNs). Um dos maiores desafios na análise de LBSNs é a predição de links. A predição de links refere-se ao problema de estimar a probabilidade de conexão futura entre pares de usuários que não se conhecem. Grande parte das pesquisas que focam nesse problema exploram o uso, de maneira isolada, de informações sociais (e.g. amigos em comum) ou de localização (e.g. locais comuns visitados). Porém, algumas pesquisas mostraram que a combinação de diferentes fontes de informação pode influenciar o incremento da acurácia da predição. Motivado por essa lacuna, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos diferentes métodos para predição de links combinando diferentes fontes de informação. Assim, propomos sete métodos que usam a informação relacionada à participação simultânea de usuários en múltiples grupos sociais: common neighbors within and outside of common groups (WOCG), common neighbors of groups (CNG), common neighbors with total and partial overlapping of groups (TPOG), group naïve Bayes (GNB), group naïve Bayes of common neighbors (GNB-CN), group naïve Bayes of Adamic-Adar (GNB-AA), e group naïve Bayes of Resource Allocation (GNB-RA). Devido ao fato que a presença de grupos sociais não está restrita a alguns tipo de redes, essas propostas podem ser usadas nas diversas OSNs existentes, incluindo LBSNs. Também, propomos oito métodos que combinam o uso de informações sociais e de localização: Check-in Observation (ChO), Check-in Allocation (ChA), Within and Outside of Common Places (WOCP), Common Neighbors of Places (CNP), Total and Partial Overlapping of Places (TPOP), Friend Allocation Within Common Places (FAW), Common Neighbors of Nearby Places (CNNP), e Nearby Distance Allocation (NDA). Tais propostas são para uso exclusivo em LBSNs. Os resultados obtidos indicam que nossas propostas são tão competitivas quanto métodos do estado da arte, podendo até superá-los em determinados cenários. Ainda mais, devido a que na maioria dos casos nossas propostas são computacionalmente mais eficientes, seu uso resulta mais adequado em aplicações do mundo real.

A la croisée de la sociologie des relations interethniques et des minorités et de la sociologie urbaine, cette thèse étudie dans leurs dimensions sociales et spatiales les recompositions, expansions et contractions des frontières entre groupes placés en situation minoritaire. Elle s’appuie sur les résultats d’une enquête qualitative, ethnographique et comparative menée au sein de trois marchés de la périphérie de Nice où se concentrent des individus minorisés et marginalisés. D’une part, elle analyse les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans le fonctionnement et l’appropriation de ces espaces urbains marchands par des acteurs en situation minoritaire. Elle montre quels sont les effets concrets de telles appropriations sur le partage de l’espace, leurs relations, mais aussi les liens entre eux et leur environnement. D’autre part, elle décrit les formes d’expression publique des identités telles qu’elles se donnent à voir dans les interactions marchandes et non marchandes en cherchant à comprendre comment ces espaces de commerce orientent la façon dont les relations interethniques s’organisent dans la coprésence. En mettant en évidence l’intersection des différentes formes de domination en actes au sein de ces espaces, la thèse montre ainsi les variations de l’expérience minoritaire. / Combining the sociological study of interethnic relations and minorities and urban sociology, this thesis focuses on the reconfigurations, expansions and contractions of the boundaries between groups placed in a minority situation. This thesis draws on the results of qualitative, ethnographic and comparative investigation carried out in three marketplaces located on the outskirts of Nice where these minority groups and marginalized people are concentrated. First, this thesis studies the social relations at stakes in the functioning and appropriation of these marketplaces by minority groups. It allows to understand how this appropriation appears in the sharing of space, their relation and the links between them and their environment. Secondly, the thesis describes the various forms identities are expressed during market and non-market interactions, trying to understand how these commercial spaces orientate the way interethnic relations are organized in co-presence. By highlighting the intersection of the different forms of domination in action within these spaces, the thesis thus explores the multiplicity of minority experience.

Le cycle cellulaire chez les bactéries est un processus très étudié mais il apparait que les modèles actuels ne rendent pas compte de la complexité et surtout de la diversité des machineries et des mécanismes de régulation impliqués. En fait, notre connaissance du cycle cellulaire repose sur l'étude de quelques organismes modèles. Or les analyses comparatives ont montré que certains systèmes et mécanismes décrits sont peu conservés et donc difficilement transposables d'un taxon à l'autre. Des approches évolutives telles que la phylogénomique peuvent être utilisées pour l'étude fonctionnelle de tels systèmes biologiques à l'échelle des bactéries. Ces approches permettent notamment de déterminer les évènements évolutifs clés qui ont conduit à une telle diversité mais également d'identifier des liens fonctionnels potentiels entre protéines. De plus, le développement des méthodes de séquençage à très haut débit a conduit à une accumulation de données génomiques sans précèdent, notamment chez les procaryotes. Dans ce contexte, j'ai réalisé une analyse phylogénomique à très large échelle des protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire et sa régulation chez les Firmicutes. Mon objectif était de rechercher des patrons de coévolution entre familles protéiques pouvant refléter des liens fonctionnels. L'application des méthodes développées dans le cadre cette thèse aux protéines impliquées dans le cycle cellulaire chez les Firmicutes a permis de reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de ce processus cellulaire fondamental à l'échelle de ce phylum bactérien majeur. En particulier, j'ai pu mettre en évidence l'existence de quelques points chauds correspondant par exemple à l émergence des Bacilli ou des Streptococcaceae. L'émergence de ces taxa s'est accompagnée de nombreuses acquisitions et/ou de pertes de gènes ainsi que de nombreux réarrangements dans l'organisation des clusters de gènes codant pour ces protéines, suggérant que des changements majeurs se sont produits au niveau du cycle cellulaire et de sa régulation. J'ai également pu mettre en évidence de possibles liens fonctionnels qui n'ont jamais été décrits jusqu'à présent entre des gènes impliqués dans différentes machineries du cycle cellulaire. L'application de ces approches à l'ensemble des protéomes de Firmicutes a également permis d'identifier des protéines présentant des patrons de coévolution communs avec les protéines impliquées dans la division cellulaire et sa régulation, suggérant de possibles liens fonctionnels qu'il serait nécessaire de tester expérimentalement / The bacterial cell cycle is a very well studied process but current models don't reflect the complexity and diversity of involved molecular machineries and associated regulation mechanisms. In fact, our knowledge of cell cycle is based on study of a few model organisms. Yet, comparative analyses showed that some described systems and mechanisms are not conserved and not transposable from a taxon to another. Evolutionary approach such as phylogenomic can be used for functional studies of such systems at the bacterial scale. Those approaches allow to determine the key evolutionary events that lead to a such diversity but also to identify potential functional links between proteins. Furthermore, the development of high throughput sequencing methods leads to a big amount of genomic data, particularly for prokaryotes. In this context, I realized a very large scale phylogenomic analysis of proteins involved in cell cycle and its regulation in Firmicutes. My goal was to search some coevolution patterns between protein families reflecting potentially functional links. The application of methods that I developed during my PhD to cell cycle proteins allowed to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this cell process in Firmicutes. Notably, I highlighted some hot-spots corresponding for example to the emergence of Bacilli or Streptococcaceae. The emergence of such taxa has been accompanied by many acquisitions/losses of cell cycle genes but also many genomic rearrangements in gene clusters suggesting that major changes have occurred at the level of the cell cycle and its regulation. I also highlighted some potential functional links between genes involved in different machineries of cell cycle that have never been described. The application of these approaches to the entire proteomes of Firmicutes allowed to identify proteins presenting same evolution patterns than cell cycle proteins suggesting potential functional links that have to be experimentally tested

La maternité des femmes dépendantes aux substances psychoactives est aujourd'hui une question de santé publique. Notre recherche porte sur la prédictivité potentielle des remaniements psychiques observés pendant la grossesse de femmes toxicomanes sur la qualité du processus de maternalité et l'investissement de l'enfant. Elle correspond ainsi à une étude clinique et projective psychodynamique de l’évolution du fonctionnement psychique et des représentations liées à l’enfant de la femme toxicomane et/ou substituée devenant mère. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur l’analyse d’entretiens semi-directifs et de tests projectifs de femmes consommatrices d’opiacés et/ou sous traitement de substitution aux opiacés et de femmes non toxicomanes, entre le dernier trimestre de grossesse et les un an de l’enfant. Un second versant de cette étude propose un état des lieux des modalités d’accompagnement des femmes enceintes et mères consommatrices de drogues illicites sur le territoire Ouest-Normand ainsi qu’un projet d’accompagnement spécifique et pluridisciplinaire de cette population, élaboré au sein d’un CSAPA (Centre de Soins, d’Accompagnement et de Prévention en Addictologie). / Motherhood among women addicted to psychoactive substances is a public health concern. Our research concerns the predictive potential of the psychic reorganizations observed during pregnancy on the quality of motherhood process and of investment of the child. It is thus a psychodynamic clinical and projective study of the evolution of the psychic functioning and the representations bound to the child of drug addict woman and/or woman receiving opiate substitution treatments becoming a mother. In order to do this, we rely on the analysis of semi-directive interviews and projective tests of women opiate users and\or women receiving opiate substitution treatments and of non-addicted women, between the last quarter of pregnancy and on one year old of the child. A second part of this study proposes a state of play of welfare measures for pregnant addicted women and addicted mothers on West-Norman territory. It also proposes a project of specific and multidisciplinary accompaniment of this population which is developed within a CSAPA (Center of addiction care, support and prevention).

This thesis deals with the structure of the optical wireless link intended for indoor applications. Optical transmitters and optical receivers as the basic elements of optical links and their characteristics and parameters are described. The characteristics of lenses used in the transmitter and receiver are presented. The special chapter is devoted to the directional reflectance properties of surfaces. The last part of the thesis is focused on a specific proposal of the wireless optical links and its power level diagram.