El presente trabajo de investigación desarrolla el análisis de la viabilidad del proyecto Centro de Bienestar R.I.E., una empresa dedicada a brindar los servicios de clases virtuales de ejercicios y de relajación, dirigido exclusivamente para personas mayores de 60 años. Este proyecto pretende atender la necesidad del cuidado de la salud física y emocional del adulto mayor en nuestro país; quienes debido al contexto actual de la crisis sanitaria, generado por la pandemia del COVID-19, ha sido identificado como parte de la población vulnerable frente a este virus. Es así que, esta idea de negocio le brindará la opción a este segmento de contratar los servicios de clases virtuales, a través de membresías, para que desde la comodidad de su hogar puedan mantener una rutina física que los ayude a mantener un buen estado físico. En principio, el proyecto está dirigido al NSE A y B del segmento y que residen en Lima Metropolitana; sin embargo, se proyecta una expansión gradual a nivel nacional para el segundo año y tercer año de operaciones. De acuerdo con la investigación del mercado, la viabilidad del proyecto, según el análisis respectivo, presenta resultados favorables para los tres años de horizonte planteados, con una tasa de porcentaje de retorno de inversión, lo cual demuestra que el proyecto tiene grandes probabilidades de éxito. / This research work develops the analysis of the viability of the R.I.E. Wellness Center Project, a company dedicated to providing virtual exercise and relaxation lessons services, aimed exclusively for people over 60 years old. This project aims to meet the need for physical and emotional health care of the elderly in our country; who, due to the current context of the health crisis, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has been identified as part of the population vulnerable to this virus. Thus, this business idea will give this segment the option of hiring the services of virtual classes, through memberships, so that from the comfort of their home they can maintain a physical routine that helps them maintain a good physical condition. At the beginning of the project, the socioeconomic level is aimed at A and B of the segment who reside in Metropolitan Lima; however, a gradual expansion at the national level is projected for the second and third years of operations. According to market research, the viability of the project, according to the respective analysis, presents favorable results for the three-year horizon proposed, with a% rate of return on investment, which shows that the project has a high probability of success. / Trabajo de investigación

[pt] Entre 2004 e 2020, 18,9 por cento das cidades brasileiras tiveram ao menos um prefeito que também era empresário. No Brasil, esse cargo é relevante para alocação de recursos governamentais e execução de políticas públicas. Com essa competência constitucional, o representante eleito pode direcionar recursos para sua firma, direta ou indiretamente. Mesmo se isso é feito legalmente, o desempenho empresarial do político eleito pode ser relevante para os eleitores. Por isso, esse trabalho usa 3 bases de dados administrativas, sobre candidatos, donos de empresas e contratos de emprego formal, para responder se as firmas do prefeitos cresceram desproporcionalmente durante seus mandatos. A fim de estabelecer uma interpretação causal, o método de close election é aplicado. Esse trabalho conclui que, ao longo dos quatro anos do mandato, as empresas dos prefeitos cresceram, aproximadamente, 25 por cento a mais do que cresceriam se seu dono tivesse perdido a eleição. / [en] Between 2004 and 2020, 18.9 percent of the Brazilian municipalities had at least one mayor that was also a business owner. In Brazil, this office is relevant for government spending allocation and public policy decisions. With this constitutional competence, the elected official could swing resources to their firm directly or indirectly. Even if this is done within the borders of legality, information on the performance of politician-owned enterprises may be relevant for voters. Therefore, this work uses three administrative data sources on candidates, firm ownership, and formal employment contracts to answer if mayor-owned firms grew disproportional during their owner s term. To provide causal interpretation, the estimations are undertaken applying a close election discontinuity design. This work, therefore, compares firms from barely elected mayors with companies owned by almost victorious candidates. It concludes that mayor-owned companies grew approximately 25 percent more than they would if their owner had lost the election during the four years of the term.

Text in Afrikaans / This dissertation is focused on questions on how the metropolitan municipalities, with specific reference to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM), originated and developed. Against this background, the study consists of a theoretical exploration of the nature of the metropolis as a feature, as well as specific concepts related to it, an investigation into the most important metropolitan problems and an outline of the historical complications regarding the origin of metropolitan municipalities. In addition to this, personnel matters, financial relations and systems, the integrated development plans, ward committees and the role of councillors within the context of the CTMM were also investigated. / Public Administration / M.P.A.

La hausse démographique de la population des aînés dans le dernier tiers du XX siècle et leur désir d’une retraite productive où ils puissent réinventer une nouvelle étape de leur vie, ont produit un changement dans les salles de classes des institutions formelles et informelles au Québec. Les aînés d’aujourd’hui retournent aux salles de classes mais pas pour la même raison que lorsqu’ils étaient adolescents ou étudiants à l’université, là où l’éducation était connectée aux objectifs professionnels et à la promotion sociale, mais plutôt avec le désir d’intégration continue et de la croissance personnelle. Ce désir est traduit par un apprentissage tout au long de la vie. En effet, l’éducation du Troisième âge devient importante, ainsi que la gérontagogie (branche de la gérontologie) qui étudie le processus d’apprentissage des aînés. Le rôle des Universités du troisième âge (UTA) demeure important mais aussi celui des institutions diverses comme par exemple les « Elder Hostels » et les Centres Communautaires. Dans ce contexte-ci, et basé sur nôtre expérience d’animateur d’ateliers d’espagnol d’une Université (de la province) du Québec, nous présentons quelques méthodologies et stratégies appliquées aux cours d’espagnol langue étrangère (ELE). Ces méthodologies et stratégies sont résumées dans un journal du professeur qui nous aidera à observer le niveau d’efficacité de celles-ci dans les ateliers de conversation. Ainsi, nous avons la possibilité de créer notre propre approche méthodologique qui pourra venir en aide à d’autres professeurs d’espagnol. / The demographic growth of the senior population in the last third of the XX century, and their desire to choose a productive retirement which allows them to reinvent themselves in this new stage of their life, have resulted in changes in the environment in the classroom of formal and informal educational institutions in Quebec. Today’s seniors return to school with very different objectives from the time they were teenagers or university students, when education was connected to career goals and social advancement. They want to return for personal growth through life-long learning. Actually, as our population ages, Third Age Education has become increasingly important along with the area of Gerontagogy (branch of Gerontology) which addresses the learning needs of seniors. In addition, the role of the Universities of Third Age and other institutions such the Elder Hostels and Community Centers dedicated to seniors becomes more important. In this context, and based on our own experience as an instructor of Spanish workshops at a university in the province of Quebec, we introduce some of the methodologies and strategies applied in our courses of Spanish foreign language (ELE). These methodologies and strategies are summarized in our teacher diary. The teacher diary will help us to observe the level of effectiveness of these strategies in conversation workshops, which in turn, will allow for the creation of our own methodological approach. Hopefully this will help other Spanish teachers of seniors. / El aumento demográfico de la población de adultos mayores en el último tercio del siglo XX y el deseo de los mismos en optar por una jubilación productiva que los lleve a reinventarse en una nueva etapa de su vida, han producido un cambio en las aulas de las instituciones formales e informales en Quebec. Los adultos mayores de hoy vuelven a las aulas, pero no de manera formal como cuando eran adolescentes o universitarios, donde la educación estaba conectada con los objetivos profesionales y la promoción social, sino con un deseo de continua integración y de crecimiento personal. Este deseo se traduce en un aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. En efecto, la educación de la tercera edad cobra importancia al surgir la gerontagogía (rama de la gerontología) que sigue los procesos de aprendizaje en edades avanzadas. Además, por un lado se acrecienta el rol que adoptan las Universidades de la Tercera Edad en todo este cambio, y por otro se refuerzan las demás instituciones relacionadas con el adulto mayor, como los Elder Hostels y los centros comunitarios para mayores. En este contexto y basándonos en nuestra experiencia de instructor de talleres de conversación de español en una universidad de Quebec, exponemos algunas de las metodologías y estrategias que han sido aplicadas en las clases de ELE con alumnos mayores, y que son luego resumidas en un diario del profesor. De esta manera, el diario nos ayuda a observar el grado de efectividad de estas estrategias en los talleres de conversación, estableciendo nuestro propio enfoque metodológico, que esperamos pueda servir a otros profesores de español dedicados a enseñar a este grupo generacional.

<p>Local government is arguably the most significant sphere of government to lay citizens, as it is the point of contact of citizens with their government. Local government enables a direct link between the general public and the basic services that they are entitled to by means of their constitutional and legislatively entrenched rights. It is the only sphere of government that allows and encourages face-to-face engagement between citizens and their governors, providing the necessary platform for interaction, contact and communication. It is imperative therefore that this tier of government operate optimally and competently, as it represents a reflection of the operation of government wholly. Research unfortunately illustrates that public perceptions of local government are negative, with levels of trust in local government being substantially lower than those in provincial and national governments. The responsibility for failure to perform would lie squarely on the shoulders of those individuals leading any institution. The leading incumbents driving a municipality are the political and administrative heads, i.e. executive mayor and municipal manager.</p>

RÉSUMÉ FRANÇAIS Ce mémoire fait l’étude du régime de prévention et de sanction des conflits possibles entre les intérêts de la municipalité d’une part et de ceux de ses élus de l’autre. L’objet de recherche est abordé selon une approche historique et éthique basée sur le régime juridique actuel. Le mémoire est divisé en 3 chapitres : (1) la notion de conflit d’intérêts ; (2) le cadre juridique à la base du régime de sanction des conflits d’intérêts et (3) celui sur le régime de prévention des conflits d’intérêts dans le domaine municipal. Le chapitre préliminaire situe l’objet de recherche à l’intérieur des grandes tendances de la recherche juridique sur la question et présente un cadre de réflexion sur la notion de conflit d’intérêts. L’examen des conflits d’intérêts repose avant tout sur un questionnement et sur un jugement de nature subjective : ce qui a été considéré comme un conflit d’intérêts autrefois ne l’est pas nécessairement de nos jours et ce, en dépit du fait que le cadre juridique évolue aussi dans le temps. On ne peut donc pas dégager avec exactitude et pour toujours ce qui constitue un conflit d’intérêts de ce qui n’en constitue pas un. Le chapitre premier est divisé en 4 sections. On y traite notamment de la règle relative à l’interdiction pour un élu municipal de contracter avec la municipalité. On y démontre que l’origine de cette règle remonte aux premières lois municipales du XIXe siècle et que cette dernière a subi assez peu de modifications au fil des ans. La troisième section porte sur les cas de malversation, d’abus de confiance et les autres inconduites prohibées par la Loi sur les élections et référendums dans les municipalités (L.R.Q. c. E-2.2). Une quatrième section sur les accusations criminelles d’abus de confiance et de corruption vient clore le premier chapitre. Chacune de ces sections est abordée notamment en faisant l’historique des dispositions législatives en cause ainsi qu’en faisant certains parallèles avec la législation des autres provinces canadiennes. Le chapitre 2 sur le régime de prévention des conflits d’intérêts est divisé en 4 parties. La première section porte sur l’obligation pour un élu de déclarer annuellement ses intérêts pécuniaires. Cette obligation n’est pas unique au Québec puisqu’elle est présente dans quelques législations provinciales canadiennes. La deuxième section porte sur l’obligation pour cet élu de dénoncer verbalement son intérêt dans une question abordée par le conseil municipal réuni en séance ou en comité. Là encore, l’origine de cette approche préventive est fort ancienne et a longtemps été considéré comme le seul moyen de dénoncer son intérêt sans subir les sanctions prévues par la loi. Une troisième section s’intéresse au cadre juridique entourant les soumissions publiques et qui vise à éliminer toute situation possible de favoritisme ou de patronage. Une quatrième section aborde la question des codes d’éthique et de leur utilité ainsi que les développements récents sur cette question avec le dépôt en 2009 du rapport du Groupe de travail sur l’éthique dans le milieu municipal. Une conclusion vient clore le mémoire en présentant une synthèse de l’étude assortie de commentaires personnels sur les conclusions du Groupe de travail précité. / ENGLISH SUMMARY The objective of this master’s paper is to review the system of prevention and sanctions in the area of possible conflicts between, on the one part, the interests of the municipality and on the other, that of the elected officials. The research approach to the subject is both historical and ethical and is based on the existing legal system. The study is divided into three (3) chapters: (1) the concept of conflict of interest (2) the legal basis of the system of sanctions for conflicts of interest (3) the system of prevention of conflicts of interest in the municipal field. The preliminary chapter sets the research subject within the broader field of legal research on the question and presents a framework of thought on the notion of conflicts of interest. The examination of the concept of conflicts of interests begins by the questioning and making of subjective judgments: what has in the past been considered as a conflict of interest is no longer seen the same way today and this despite the fact that the legal system also evolves with the times. We cannot therefore identify permanently and with precision that which constitutes a conflict of interest and that which does not. It depends on the facts and the circumstances in each case. Chapter 1 is divided into 4 sections. We will review in particular the rules relating to the prohibition against an elected official contracting with the municipality. We will show that the rule takes its origin in the first legislation relating to municipalities dating back to the 19th century and that these rules have not been greatly modified since. The third section deals with misappropriation breach of trust and other misconduct prohibited by la An Act respecting Elections and Referendums in Municipalities (L.R.Q. c. E-2.2). A fourth section dealing with criminal charges for breach of trust and corruption brings the first chapter to an end. In each one of these sections we review the history of the legislation in question and by making certain comparisons with legislation in other provinces. Chapter 2 dealing with the system of prevention of conflicts of interest is divided into four (4) parts. The first section deals with the elected official’s obligation to make an annual declaration of pecuniary interests. This obligation is not unique to Quebec; it is also found in legislation in other Canadian provinces. The second section covers the obligation of an elected official to declare his or her interest in any question that is under study by council either in full session or in committee. Here again the origin of this preventative approach is quite ancient and has long been considered as the only means of declaring one’s interest without having to face the consequences provided at law. A third section deals with the legal system covering public tenders. This system is not only meant to insure healthy competition but also to eliminate any possible situation of favouritism or patronage that an elected official might be tempted to pass on to a supporter. A fourth section explores the matter of Codes of Ethics and their usefulness as well as recent developments in the area following on the tabling of the report in 2009 of the Groupe de travail sur l’éthique dans le milieu municipal. The conclusion presents a summary of the study including personal comments on the conclusions of the said study group.

<p>Local government is arguably the most significant sphere of government to lay citizens, as it is the point of contact of citizens with their government. Local government enables a direct link between the general public and the basic services that they are entitled to by means of their constitutional and legislatively entrenched rights. It is the only sphere of government that allows and encourages face-to-face engagement between citizens and their governors, providing the necessary platform for interaction, contact and communication. It is imperative therefore that this tier of government operate optimally and competently, as it represents a reflection of the operation of government wholly. Research unfortunately illustrates that public perceptions of local government are negative, with levels of trust in local government being substantially lower than those in provincial and national governments. The responsibility for failure to perform would lie squarely on the shoulders of those individuals leading any institution. The leading incumbents driving a municipality are the political and administrative heads, i.e. executive mayor and municipal manager.</p>

La hausse démographique de la population des aînés dans le dernier tiers du XX siècle et leur désir d’une retraite productive où ils puissent réinventer une nouvelle étape de leur vie, ont produit un changement dans les salles de classes des institutions formelles et informelles au Québec. Les aînés d’aujourd’hui retournent aux salles de classes mais pas pour la même raison que lorsqu’ils étaient adolescents ou étudiants à l’université, là où l’éducation était connectée aux objectifs professionnels et à la promotion sociale, mais plutôt avec le désir d’intégration continue et de la croissance personnelle. Ce désir est traduit par un apprentissage tout au long de la vie. En effet, l’éducation du Troisième âge devient importante, ainsi que la gérontagogie (branche de la gérontologie) qui étudie le processus d’apprentissage des aînés. Le rôle des Universités du troisième âge (UTA) demeure important mais aussi celui des institutions diverses comme par exemple les « Elder Hostels » et les Centres Communautaires. Dans ce contexte-ci, et basé sur nôtre expérience d’animateur d’ateliers d’espagnol d’une Université (de la province) du Québec, nous présentons quelques méthodologies et stratégies appliquées aux cours d’espagnol langue étrangère (ELE). Ces méthodologies et stratégies sont résumées dans un journal du professeur qui nous aidera à observer le niveau d’efficacité de celles-ci dans les ateliers de conversation. Ainsi, nous avons la possibilité de créer notre propre approche méthodologique qui pourra venir en aide à d’autres professeurs d’espagnol. / The demographic growth of the senior population in the last third of the XX century, and their desire to choose a productive retirement which allows them to reinvent themselves in this new stage of their life, have resulted in changes in the environment in the classroom of formal and informal educational institutions in Quebec. Today’s seniors return to school with very different objectives from the time they were teenagers or university students, when education was connected to career goals and social advancement. They want to return for personal growth through life-long learning. Actually, as our population ages, Third Age Education has become increasingly important along with the area of Gerontagogy (branch of Gerontology) which addresses the learning needs of seniors. In addition, the role of the Universities of Third Age and other institutions such the Elder Hostels and Community Centers dedicated to seniors becomes more important. In this context, and based on our own experience as an instructor of Spanish workshops at a university in the province of Quebec, we introduce some of the methodologies and strategies applied in our courses of Spanish foreign language (ELE). These methodologies and strategies are summarized in our teacher diary. The teacher diary will help us to observe the level of effectiveness of these strategies in conversation workshops, which in turn, will allow for the creation of our own methodological approach. Hopefully this will help other Spanish teachers of seniors. / El aumento demográfico de la población de adultos mayores en el último tercio del siglo XX y el deseo de los mismos en optar por una jubilación productiva que los lleve a reinventarse en una nueva etapa de su vida, han producido un cambio en las aulas de las instituciones formales e informales en Quebec. Los adultos mayores de hoy vuelven a las aulas, pero no de manera formal como cuando eran adolescentes o universitarios, donde la educación estaba conectada con los objetivos profesionales y la promoción social, sino con un deseo de continua integración y de crecimiento personal. Este deseo se traduce en un aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida. En efecto, la educación de la tercera edad cobra importancia al surgir la gerontagogía (rama de la gerontología) que sigue los procesos de aprendizaje en edades avanzadas. Además, por un lado se acrecienta el rol que adoptan las Universidades de la Tercera Edad en todo este cambio, y por otro se refuerzan las demás instituciones relacionadas con el adulto mayor, como los Elder Hostels y los centros comunitarios para mayores. En este contexto y basándonos en nuestra experiencia de instructor de talleres de conversación de español en una universidad de Quebec, exponemos algunas de las metodologías y estrategias que han sido aplicadas en las clases de ELE con alumnos mayores, y que son luego resumidas en un diario del profesor. De esta manera, el diario nos ayuda a observar el grado de efectividad de estas estrategias en los talleres de conversación, estableciendo nuestro propio enfoque metodológico, que esperamos pueda servir a otros profesores de español dedicados a enseñar a este grupo generacional.

This article addresses the question of whether extreme weather events should form the basis for individuals or even the States, may be exempted from complying with its legal obligations.The old, but still very viable institution of force majeure can empower both companies and nations to absolve themselves of their responsibilities and duties. However, in a world where human-induced climate change is proven, could we say that such disasters are truly«natural»? Does it make sense, from a legal and factual matter, that they continue to allow the parties to be exempt from liability when modern science has shown that in all probability people, not some enigmatic power, have caused most universally of the problems that hold us harmless looking?Force majeure is based on the idea that the «man» somehow is separate from «nature». This article challenges this idea and argues that, in many cases, no longer makes sense to apply the institution of force majeure. At least, judges should be very careful in doing so for reasons of public policy and allocation of risks. In addition, the contracting parties must have enough caution to claim that they may be able to exempt themselves from future liability clauses appealing «force majeure». / Este artículo aborda la pregunta sobre si los eventos de clima extremo deben servir de base para que los particulares o, incluso los Estados, puedan eximirse de cumplir con sus obligaciones legales.La antigua, pero aún muy viable, institución de la fuerza mayor, puede facultar tanto a las empresas como a los Estados-Nación a eximirse de sus responsabilidades y deberes. Sin embargo, en un mundo donde el cambio climático antropogénico está probado,¿podríamos decir que tales desastres son verdaderamente «naturales»? ¿Acaso tiene sentido, desde un punto de vista legal y fáctico, que se les siga permitiendo a las partes eximirse de responsabilidad legal cuando la ciencia moderna ha demostrado con toda probabilidad que, las personas -no algún misterioso poder universal- han ocasionado la mayoría de los problemas por los que buscamos eximirnos de responsabilidad?La fuerza mayor se basa en la idea de que el «hombre», de alguna manera, se encuentra separado de la «naturaleza». Este artículo cuestiona esta idea y argumenta que, en muchos casos, ya no tiene sentido aplicar la institución de la fuerza mayor. Al menos, los jueces deben ser muy cuidadosos al hacerlo por razones de política pública y asignación de riesgos, así como las partes contratantes deben tener la suficiente precaución al pensar o pretender que pueden ser capaces de eximirse de responsabilidad futura invocando cláusulas de «fuerza mayor».

Text in Afrikaans / This dissertation is focused on questions on how the metropolitan municipalities, with specific reference to the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM), originated and developed. Against this background, the study consists of a theoretical exploration of the nature of the metropolis as a feature, as well as specific concepts related to it, an investigation into the most important metropolitan problems and an outline of the historical complications regarding the origin of metropolitan municipalities. In addition to this, personnel matters, financial relations and systems, the integrated development plans, ward committees and the role of councillors within the context of the CTMM were also investigated. / Public Administration and Management / M.P.A.