Levando em conta a importância dos textos memorialísticos, e a de Miguel Torga no cenário literário português, esta tese propõe um estudo de uma das obras-primas deste autor, A criação do mundo. Fundamentada no modelo descritivo e interpretativo de leitura proposto por Fredric Jameson, a análise mostra que na organização formal da narrativa que difere tanto dos outros escritos do autor quanto de outros textos memorialísticos conhecidos, os mascaramentos ou estratégias de contenção suavizam assuntos com os quais Torga não consegue lidar e falam mais do autor do que é manifesto no texto. / Taking into account both the importance of memorialistic texts and of Miguel Torga in the Portuguese literary scene, this thesis proposes a study of one of this author\'s masterpieces, The creation of the world (A criação do mundo). Based on Fredric Jameson\'s descriptive and interpretive model of reading, the analysis shows that in the formal organization of the narrative, that differs from other writings by the author as well as from other well-known memorialistic texts, the maskings or contention strategies serve to soften up matters which Torga can\'t deal with and end up saying more of the author than what is manifest in the text.

Le XIXe siècle est l’âge d’or du thermalisme en France. Tout le monde prend alors les eaux. Les hommes et les femmes de lettres, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Michelet, Balzac, Hugo, Sand, les frères Goncourt, Mirbeau, Maupassant n’échappent pas au phénomène thermal et fréquentent les villes thermales. Sand en profite pour faire des excursions, Dumas fuit le choléra qui sévit à Paris, Balzac y courtise la marquise de Castries, Zola accompagne sa femme curiste, Mallarmé retrouve sa maîtresse... Mais la plupart des écrivains se rend en cure pour des raisons de santé. Ainsi, Bashkirtseff tente d’enrayer sa phtisie, Daudet, Maupassant et Lorrain y soignent leur syphilis, Chateaubriand ses rhumatismes, Verlaine ses ulcères à la jambe, et Proust pour son asthme. Tous ces écrivains curistes ont témoigné de leur expérience, que ce soit dans leur correspondance ou dans leurs romans, poèmes, récits de voyage. Leurs personnages séjournent également dans ces villes d’eaux : Raphaël de Valentin, héros de La Peau de chagrin, tente de rétablir sa santé à Aix-les-Bains ; Christiane Andermatt assiste à l’exploitation de la source du Mont-Oriol, la cure lui permet surtout de rencontrer son amant et d’avoir un bébé, sans que les eaux aient joué un rôle particulier ; Verdinet, Galinois et autres personnages de la comédie de Labiche, J’ai compromis ma femme, sont à Bagnères-de-Bigorre, et le neurasthénique de Mirbeau à Luchon. Voici une promenade dans le monde des eaux, vu par les écrivains, entre 1800 et 1914. / The nineteenth century is the golden age of hydrotherapy in France. Everybody comes to take the waters. Men and women of letters, Chateaubriand, Lamartine, Michelet, Balzac, Hugo, Sand, the Goncourt brothers, Mirabeau, Maupassant take part in this thermal cure phenomenon and attend water cities. Sand takes the opportunity to make excursions, Dumas runs away from rampant cholera over Paris, Balzac is involved in a courtship with the Marchioness of Castries, Zola accompanies his wife who is a patient, Mallarmé joins his mistress… But most of writers go to thermal cures for health purposes. In this way Bashkirtseff seeks to eradicate tuberculosis, Daudet, Maupassant and Lorrain treat their syphilis, Chateaubriand his rheumatism, Verlaine his leg ulcers, Proust his asthma. All these writers patients shared about their experience, in their correspondence or in their novels, poems, travel stories. Their characters live in these water cities as well ; Christiane Andermatt gets to the springs of Mont Oriol’s exploitation, the cure mostly is the opportunity for her to meet her lover and to have a baby, without waters playing a specific role ; Verdinet, Galinois and other protagonists of Labiche’s comedy, I compromised my wife, are in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, and Mirabeau’s neurasthenic, in Luchon. This is a walk in the world of waters, as seen by writers, between 1800 and 1914.

A travers son œuvre Les Bienveillantes, Jonathan Littell évoque la métamorphose de la société allemande d’avant-guerre. Son personnage principal, le jeune Maximilien Aue est la métonymie des maux que représente une existence SS. Les deux cultures sont juxtaposées : celle de la véritable science et celle de la science de l’Etat. L’anthropologie raciale et la question de l’histoire servant à la propagande nazie mettent en valeur la perspective des nazis et de leur civilisation : une civilisation parfaite selon les bourreaux et un enfer selon les victimes. Une majeure partie de cette œuvre possède les empreintes du travail de Louis-Ferdinand Céline ; le mélange de l’horreur et du dégoût crée une scénographie dépouillée de la guerre. La représentation de la Shoah à partir d’un travail littéraire sur la guerre soutient la plausibilité d’une recherche sur ce sujet en tenant compte, en même temps, du fait que l’auteur fouilla lui-même les bibliothèques de l’Europe orientale afin de réaliser son travail.Les Bienveillantes est d’abord un roman sur le nazisme, parmi le peu qui existe sur ce sujet ; étant donné que la plupart des romans ressortissant sur le sujet de la Shoah portent soit l’histoire des camps d’extermination soit une réflexion sur le sort des victimes traitant ainsi du genre de mémoire. Ce roman problématise des notions canoniques : l’image d’un SS, l’homogénéisation de l’histoire impériale. Nous remarquons que les modalités du nazisme sur le plan impérial sont variés et hétérogènes et malgré cela, il est habituellement définit à travers son homogénéité. Ce roman réussit à marquer son originalité par le fait qu’il repose sur la documentation que Littell avait réalisée en cours de dix ans ; un travail d’historien, il concrétise le concept proposé par Frederick Cooper dans son livre, Colonialism in Question, Theory, Knowledge, History, qui exige une étude détaillée du système nazi en soulevant des procédés et des conceptions littéraires basés sur l’explication de l’impérialisme de plusieurs points de vue et de donner à cette étude, par la suite, une pertinence vis-à-vis de la situation dans l’Europe d’Est sous le joug nazi. / In my Ph.D. entitled Race, langage et culture dans l’œuvre de Jonathan Littell, Les Bienveillantes, I made an attempt to showcase the functioning of the Nazi system during the III Reich through the help of the Nazi character’s discourse in the novel, Les Bienveillantes. This novel is written in French by an American writer, Jonathan Littell and published in 2006. It provides insights into the functioning of the Nazi regime, its foreign and military policy and politics towards Jews. The motivation behind choosing Les Bienveilllantes for the Ph.D. dissertation was that it engages with a historical crime against humanity through a fictional approach. Jonathan Littell- through his work, reminds us of the role of fiction in conserving European History. He depicts the process of elimination of Jews practiced in the East of Europe and called Shoah par balles (Holocaust by Bullets), which refers to the mass killing of Jews in the Eastern front by shooting them, between 1941-1944, an idea that took the backseat due to the predominance of the concentration camps in the literary history of Holocaust and mainly due to the lack of survivors of this incident as compared to the concentration camps which resulted in many survivors tales.For the purpose of situating Les Bienveillantes in the literary History of Holocaust, I have divided my research into three parts: Firstly, it is an attempt to trace the evolution of the literature on the theme of Holocaust. Secondly, it provides an insight into Nazism as a system: the novel is replete with discussions and observations on what it was to be an officer during the 3rd Reich. In some sense the novel recounts the coming of age of the principle protagonist for it’s through his gaze, through his experience of the corridors of power, that we discover the working of the government, the underpinning of its policy. And thirdly, my research work focuses on the German imperial conquest, 1939-1944; it’s specificity as compared to other imperial structures and the role it played in bringing anti-Semitism to its crescendo.

The aim of this paper is to examine the intersection of tourism and memoirs in the United States specifically how specific travel memoirs function as tourist attractions. This investigation employs performer-centered analysis as a method of inquiry in order to gain insight on tourist experience as well as concepts of travel, imagination and embodiment. The paper also employs MacCannell’s Semiotics of Attraction as a framework to illustrate the presence of the following categories: tourist, sight, and marker. The presence and the relationships established between these categories establish Into Thin Air and Almost Somewhere: Twenty-eight Days on the John Muir Trail can both be defined and function as tourist attractions.

Reading James Hogg’s 1824 novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner through a postsecular lens provides a new framework for spirituality. This framework establishes spirituality as a place of tension and uncertainty between the text’s main ideologies—Enlightenment rationality and religious, specifically Calvinist, fanaticism. The text explores this place of tension through its doubled narrative structure and by demonstrating the crisis of faith that the fictional Editor of the text undergoes. Confessions brings a compelling new paradigm to discussions of the postsecular that allows insight into the complex intersections of Enlightenment rationality and empiricism as well as religious zealotry and the supernatural.

In The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824), James Hogg uses the uncanny trope of the bier-right, a medieval superstitious belief of Christian origin that a murdered corpse will bleed in the presence or at the touch of the actual murderer, to negotiate his struggle with fading belief in local superstitions and religious faith in the Scottish Borders. Examining the origins of the bier-right, court cases involving the bier-right, and Hogg's minor works using the bier-right I offer a comparison of how Hogg manipulates and morphs this trope in Confessions. I also argue that the main character, the sinner Robert Wringhim, becomes a living-dead embodiment of the bier-right corpse.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:45:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Drumond Guerra.pdf: 948043 bytes, checksum: fc6433f98f2a477a9bf51eaf3e157fc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / The aim of this study is to analyze the constitution of identity in Ugly, autobiography of the British writer Constance Briscoe and the establishment with the reader of the autobiographical pact, as theorized by Philippe Lejeune. This study examined the use of rhetorical resources, through theorists such as Aristoteles and Heinrich Lausberg, and the question of identity, from the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin and Anthony Giddens. After analysis was verified that the character's identity is fluid, balancing between the past suffering by constant verbal abuses and its overcoming in the present. / O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a constituição da identidade em Feia, autobiografia da autora inglesa Constance Briscoe, e o estabelecimento com o leitor do pacto autobiográfico, conforme teorizado por Philippe Lejeune. Para tanto, este estudo analisou a utilização dos recursos retóricos na narrativa autobiográfica com base nas premissas de Aristóteles e Heinrich Lausberg, bem como a questão identitária, a partir das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin e Anthony Giddens. Concluiu-se, após a análise, que a identidade da personagem é fluida e equilibra-se entre os sofrimentos passados, devido a constantes agressões verbais, e sua superação no presente.

Cette étude porte sur les procédés narratifs et les dispositifs rhétoriques auxquels certains romanciers du XVIIIe siècle ont recours pour jouer avec les attentes de leurs lecteurs. En effet, ces auteurs ne cessent de revendiquer la véridicité de leurs textes et pourtant, simultanément, utilisent deux stratégies visant à forcer le lecteur à se distancer de ce qui lui est raconté: d’une part ils mettent en scène un arsenal de lieux communs si connus que le lecteur reconnaît ceux-ci comme des signaux de fictionnalité; d’autre part ils multiplient les indices empêchant de croire à la réalité des récits qu’ils relatent. Cette étude en tire un certain nombre de conséquences et propose quelques hypothèses théoriques pour rendre compte de cette poétique paradoxale du jeu. Elle en examine également les effets et les implications – principalement rapportés à la figure du lecteur – et interroge la notion, à première vue contradictoire, de ‘vérité de la fiction’. / This dissertation analyzes the narrative devices and rhetorical techniques used by eighteenth-century novelists in order to play with the expectations of their readers. These authors present their fictional narratives as true accounts. At the same time, however, they use strategies that force the readers to distance themselves from what they read: on the one hand, these authors present a series of literary topoï, which are so familiar to the readers that they can only be taken as a sign of fictionality; and on the other hand, the authors give a series of clues that prevent the readers from believing what is said. This study examines the consequences of these procedures and offers several theoretical hypotheses in order to understand the paradoxical poetics of play. It questions the effects and the implications of this poetics on the reader and proposes the apparently contradictory concept of “fictional truth” as a way to think through the various notions of play in eighteenth-century fiction.

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Driss Chraïbi est un écrivain dont l’œuvre a donné naissance à des réactions diverses dès son début littéraire en 1954 : romans, mémoires, romans policiers, sa création ne s’est pas limitée à un seul genre, ni à une seule source d’inspiration. Si à une première vue elle peut donner l’impression d’une œuvre éparse et sans lien véritable, une lecture plus approfondie donne à voir au contraire une œuvre dont la complexité réside précisément dans son unité. Le fil conducteur de notre recherche a été l’existence d’une écriture pseudo-autobiographique dans quatre des romans de Driss Chraïbi : Le Passé simple, Succession ouverte, La Civilisation, ma Mère !... et L’Inspecteur Ali. Pour confirmer cette hypothèse nous nous sommes appuyée sur une étude comparative entre ces œuvres romanesques et les deux volumes de mémoires de l’auteur : Vu, lu, entendu et Le Monde à côté.Nous nous sommes efforcée donc dans cette étude de rendre compte de certains aspects de sa littérature fictionnelle qui ont été considérés comme fortement autobiographiques, à travers une étude des personnages, de certains événements, de l’atmosphère romanesque et de l’écriture chraïbienne. En respectant l’ordre chronologique des parutions des livres, nous avons voulu suivre l’évolution des sujets, des personnages et du style de Driss Chraïbi d’une œuvre à l’autre. Pour une meilleure base théorique et méthodologique, nous avons puisé dans les différentes théories de l’autobiographie et des genres apparentés, pour passer ensuite à une étude des personnages masculins et féminins. Cette recherche sur les instances narratives nous a permis d’avoir une meilleure image de la manière dont Chraïbi a utilisé certains éléments de sa propre vie pour fonder sa fiction et la façon dont il les a exposés dans ses mémoires.Un autre aspect qui nous a semblé intéressant est de montrer l’évolution du style de Driss Chraïbi entre les récits de fiction ou pseudo-autobiographiques et les deux livres de mémoires : les descriptions, les paysages, la manière d’aborder des sujets délicats comme la religion, mais aussi l’évolution de l’écriture chraïbienne à travers les différents livres. Ce sont ces éléments de détail qui gardent le mieux la trace de l’auteur, même si Chraïbi est connu pour sa volonté de brouiller les pistes et les frontières entre les genres. / Driss Chraïbi is a writer whose work has brought about various reactions ever since his literary debut in 1954: novels, memoirs, detective novels, his creation did not limit itself to one genre or one source of inspiration. At first glimpse, his works may seem scattered, without a real connection, but a more in-depth look shows the opposite. His work is complex precisely because it is so unitary. The guiding principle of our research has been the existence of pseudo-autobiographical elements in four of Driss Chraïbi's novels: Le Passé simple, Succession ouverte, La Civilisation, ma Mère !... and L’Inspecteur Ali. In order to confirm this hypothesis, we used a comparative study between these novels and the two books of memoirs by this author: Vu, lu, entendu and Le Monde à côté.Therefore, in this study, by analyzing characters, events, literary atmosphere and Chraïbi's style, we tried to give an account of certain aspects of his fictional works that have been considered strongly autobiographical. Following the chronological order by release date of the books, our purpose has been to follow the evolution of Driss Chraïbi's themes, characters and style from one work to another.For a stronger theoretical and methodological basis, we tapped into the wealth of theories concerning the autobiography and the related genres, and later switched to an analysis of male and female characters. This research of narrative instances allowed us to understand better Chraïbi's use of elements of his own life in order to build the foundation of his fiction, as well as the way in which he put them forward in his books.We also thought it was very interesting to show the evolution of Driss Chraïbi's style between his fictional or pseudo-autobiographical works and his two books of memoirs: the descriptions, the landscapes, his manner of approaching sensitive subjects like religion, as well as the evolution of Chraïbi's writing throughout his various books. These details are what keeps the traces of the author, despite the fact that Chraïbi is well-known for his propensity to blur the pathways and lines between genres.